Suchergebnisse

In recent years, there has been an increase in the international activities of local governments in Turkey. Local governments conduct international activities by establishing sister city relations, becoming members of international organizations, and signing cooperation protocols, and memoranda of understanding/goodwill letters. The present study aimed to investigate the activities regarding the international activities of local governments in Turkey. In the study, lectures on international activities, following the description of theoretical, historical and legal backgrounds of international relations, the statistical data on the activities of local governments in Turkey are presented, and some observations and assessments were made through the information obtained from the relevant unit managers of six metropolitan municipalities in Turkey which have the strongest memberships in international organizations. As a result, it was determined that there has been an increase in the number of international activities of local governments in Turkey, memberships to these organizations have been effectively carried out, the municipalities have become a member of international organizations which are expected to benefit from, a purpose was determined by these municipalities before becoming a member, and these municipalities have become stakeholders of international organizations and have gained significant benefits through these joint projects.

Terörizm, on yıllardır çeşitli tanımları yapılmasına rağmen devlet politikaları ve çıkar çevrelerince aynı durumun farklı zamanlarda farklı şekillerde tasvir edilmesinden dolayı net kabul görmüş bir tanıma sahip olamamıştır. Bütün devletler için tarih boyunca tehdit oluşturmuş bir kavram iken, tehdidin büyüklüğü ve önemi dünya coğrafyasınca ancak 11 Eylül saldırıları sonrasında anlaşılmıştır. Türkiye, teröre karşı mücadele eden ve bu konuda en çok acı çeken ülkelerin başında gelmektedir. Dünyada çok az ülke Türkiye kadar terör sorunu ile karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Göz ardı edilmemelidir ki, Türkiye'de terörizme karşı kazanılacak zafer, tüm dünyaya örnek olacak ve barış için en büyük bir adım teşkil edecektir. Bu çalışma, genelde dünya coğrafyasının büyük bir kısmının farklı sebep ve şekillerde de olsa maruz kaldığı terör ve terörizm kavramlarının tanımlanması ve terörizmin nedenleri, amaçları, özellikleri, çeşitleri ve terörün uluslararasılaşan boyutunu ele almış; özelde ise Türkiye'nin de yıllardır maruz kaldığı PKK Terör Örgütü'nün örgüt yapısı, ideolojisi, amaç-stratejisi, geçirdiği evreler incelenmiştir. Uluslararası boyut başlığı altında ise, Birleşmiş Milletler (BM), Avrupa Birliği (AB), Avrupa Konseyi Parlamenterler Meclisi (AKPM) Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi (AİHM) gibi uluslararası örgütlerin ve bazı ülkelerin yıllar itibariyle sergiledikleri PKK politikaları ve tutumları açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. ; Although terrorism is defined for dozen of years in various ways it has not a clear definition acceptable due to it is described in different ways in different times by state policies and interest groups. While it is a concept posing a challenge for states it has been well undersood by the world after 11 September events. Turkey is a state who struggled with terrorism and felt pain in the world. There is no country in the world who suffered from terrorism as much as Turkey. It must be remembered that victory against terrorism will be a sample for all countries in the world and it will be the greatest step in the way of peace. This study deals with the definition of terrorism which major part of the world is subjected to with different reasons and reasons, aims, properties, types and the international dimension of the terror in particular PKK terror group to which Turkey is subjected to for years, with its structure, ideology, strategical aim and the steps of the event. In the international dimension title, policies and manners that is exposed by the United Nations (UN), the European Union (EU), international organisations such as Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) and European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), as well as some countries against PKK policies.

Terörizm, on yıllardır çeşitli tanımları yapılmasına rağmen devlet politikaları ve çıkar çevrelerince aynı durumun farklı zamanlarda farklı şekillerde tasvir edilmesinden dolayı net kabul görmüş bir tanıma sahip olamamıştır. Bütün devletler için tarih boyunca tehdit oluşturmuş bir kavram iken, tehdidin büyüklüğü ve önemi dünya coğrafyasınca ancak 11 Eylül saldırıları sonrasında anlaşılmıştır. Türkiye, teröre karşı mücadele eden ve bu konuda en çok acı çeken ülkelerin başında gelmektedir. Dünyada çok az ülke Türkiye kadar terör sorunu ile karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Göz ardı edilmemelidir ki, Türkiye'de terörizme karşı kazanılacak zafer, tüm dünyaya örnek olacak ve barış için en büyük bir adım teşkil edecektir. Bu çalışma, genelde dünya coğrafyasının büyük bir kısmının farklı sebep ve şekillerde de olsa maruz kaldığı terör ve terörizm kavramlarının tanımlanması ve terörizmin nedenleri, amaçları, özellikleri, çeşitleri ve terörün uluslararasılaşan boyutunu ele almış; özelde ise Türkiye'nin de yıllardır maruz kaldığı PKK Terör Örgütü'nün örgüt yapısı, ideolojisi, amaç-stratejisi, geçirdiği evreler incelenmiştir. Uluslararası boyut başlığı altında ise, Birleşmiş Milletler (BM), Avrupa Birliği (AB), Avrupa Konseyi Parlamenterler Meclisi (AKPM) Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi (AİHM) gibi uluslararası örgütlerin ve bazı ülkelerin yıllar itibariyle sergiledikleri PKK politikaları ve tutumları açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. ; Although terrorism is defined for dozen of years in various ways it has not a clear definition acceptable due to it is described in different ways in different times by state policies and interest groups. While it is a concept posing a challenge for states it has been well undersood by the world after 11 September events. Turkey is a state who struggled with terrorism and felt pain in the world. There is no country in the world who suffered from terrorism as much as Turkey. It must be remembered that victory against terrorism will be a sample for all countries in the world and it will be the greatest step in the way of peace. This study deals with the definition of terrorism which major part of the world is subjected to with different reasons and reasons, aims, properties, types and the international dimension of the terror in particular PKK terror group to which Turkey is subjected to for years, with its structure, ideology, strategical aim and the steps of the event. In the international dimension title, policies and manners that is exposed by the United Nations (UN), the European Union (EU), international organisations such as Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) and European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), as well as some countries against PKK policies.

Today few people deny the existence of regional substate diplomacy (Criekemans 2010). But there is still no common agreement on a region's right to do so and, above all, on their scope of action. This question goes against what used to be the dominant approach in international relations, the state-centric approach that leads to the logic of speaking with one voice. Increasingly, a multilevel-governance approach has contested this state-centric view and proposes an alternative logic of multiple actors speaking with their voice, nuancing strongly the seminal distinction between "sovereignty-bound" and "sovereignty-free" actors (Rosenau 1990). From the 1970s, the world has seen the growing presence of sovereignty-free actors in international relations. Among these actors, non-central or, better, substate, governments of federal states have developed intensive foreign relations. These governments are using a range of techniques: from shaping the federal government's foreign policy to establishing themselves directly in the international arena (Blatter et al. 2008). For minority nation governments this is particularly a challenge, as they have to act internally – where they have developed full-fledged legislative powers within a multinational federation – and externally – where international and national laws are often still reluctant to recognise their right of action (Lejeune 2003). Yet some minority nations have thrived in developing their own international relations. Bavaria, Catalonia, Flanders, Quebec, Scotland and Wallonia are often seen as successful international players even if they are not fully sovereignty bound (Michelmann 2009; Criekemans 2010). The international actions of these minority nations have been characterised under the umbrella of "identity paradiplomacy" (Paquin 2003); that is, a willingness to use international relations to foster a nation-building process within a multinational state. This observation was particularly prevalent for minority nations strongly in competition with a federal government about their nationbuilding process, albeit for different reasons, namely Flanders, Quebec and Scotland (Paquin 2004). The case of Wallonia seems to fits less well into the identity paradiplomacy framework, which therefore raises the question of alternative roads to international relations. This is the core question of this chapter: is identity paradiplomacy the only way to go for minority nations? Quebec and Wallonia are both well known for their active foreign relations.