Combinar ideias de autores clássicos da geografia política com autores contemporâneos permite analisar temas ambientais em uma escala internacional. Para regular os diversos interesses em jogo, foram criadas convenções internacionais sobre o ambiente, que oferecem novas formas de intercâmbio, comércio e cooperação entre países. Mas a assimetria das relações entre as partes aponta para a necessidade de discutir soberania, sustentabilidade e segurança ambiental, conceitos centrais que sustentam a ordem ambiental internacional, o conjunto de acordos multilaterais sobre o ambiente. Por isso, é fundamental analisar as matrizes teóricas dos conceitos citados combinados com convenções internacionais elaboradas em reuniões de Cúpula, como as de Estocolmo, do Rio de Janeiro e a de Joanesburgo, para reforçar o diálogo na resolução de problemas internacionais. ; The combination of classical and contemporaneous authors of political geography allow us to analiser an international scale. International Conventions on Environment were created to regulate the different interests at stake. They offer new forms of interchange, commerce and cooperation among countries. However the asymmetric relationship among the parties exposes the need to discuss sovereignty, sustainability and environmental security, central concepts that maintain the international environmental order, the set of multilateral agreements on environment. For this reason, it is instrumental to examine the theoretical matrix of the above mentioned concepts in combination with the international conventions elaborated in Summits, such as the ones held in Stockholm, Rio de Janeiro and Johannesburg, to reinforce the dialogue in the resolution of international problems.
In recent decades, the International Cooperation for Development (ICD) has experienced alternative ways of implementation, integrating developed countries, developing countries and multilateral organizations in triangular arrangements. In a context of economic crisis, the limitations of ICD to promote development and the doubts on the fulfillment of the financial commitments of OECD donors, led to new roles and responsibilities for emerging economies in the international development tasks. They bet on more horizontal forms of cooperation, with approaches and practices a priori distinct from the traditional North-South Cooperation (NSC). For emerging countries such as Brazil, but also for other developing countries, Triangular Cooperation (TRC) is an instrument of support to South-South Cooperation (SSC) which allows to increase the scale of their projects, deepen their impact and explore complementarities with other countries and international organizations.
The widespread of the COVID-19 pandemic has brought significant impacts on human relations, generating ample repercussions characterized by certain patterns of national and international relations. Taking this theme as a reference this paper is aimed to analyze the patterns of socio-political interaction in relation to the securitization of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada and Brazil through a constructivist approach. The methodological basis of this research is characterized by an exploratory and descriptive nature according to its ends and as well as quali-quantitative to its means which is instrumentalized by the use of a comparative method and a discursive historical-theoretical-deductive logic. The results of the research indicate that the dynamics of national and international relations have become permeated during the pandemic by Lockean (competitive), Hobbesian (conflictive) and Kantian (consensual) the patterns of interaction due to an asymmetrical field of power that turns out to be more complex. It is concluded based on the results presented in the text that the interactional dynamics reported by Canada and Brazil demonstrate the convergence towards a negative apprehension of the COVID-19 pandemic in the social structure despite the different historical trajectories constructed on a Kantian pattern of relative consensus related to the decision-making processes in Canada in comparison to the Hobbesian pattern of intranational and international conflicts materialized in Brazil.
Introduction: The detection of pyrogens is essential for the quality control of injectable products. The Rabbit Pyrogen Test remains widely used, despite the existence of alternative methods such as the Monocyte Activation Test (MAT). Objective: To review the use of alternative methods for pyrogen testing, pointing out advances and perspectives from the recognition of MAT by the European pharmacopoeia and its acceptance for regulatory purposes in Brazil. Method: A search was performed on the PubMed and BVS databases, with further classification, categorization by topic and critical analysis of the results. Results: Twenty-four papers were identified, addressing topics such as applications of MAT, its validation and comparisons with in vivo tests. MAT presented better results when compared to other tests, both in the evaluation of biological products and in the detection of non-endotoxin pyrogens. Limitations to diffusion include difficulties in obtaining whole human blood as a source of monocytes, for which several alternatives have been proposed. Conclusions: MAT is a promising method, with application in safety evaluation of new technologies. Its application in Brazil depends on a national implementation policy, which might include greater integration between BraCVAM, Concea and RENAMA in search for its recognition for regulatory purposes. ; Introdução: A detecção de pirogênios é imprescindível no controle da qualidade de produtos injetáveis. O Teste de Pirogênio em coelhos ainda tem larga aplicação, apesar da existência de métodos alternativos como o Teste de Ativação de Monócitos (MAT). Objetivo: Revisar o uso dos métodos alternativos no teste de pirogênio, apontando avanços e perspectivas a partir do reconhecimento do MAT pela Farmacopeia Europeia e sua aceitação para fins regulatórios no Brasil. Método: Uma busca foi realizada nas bases PubMed e BVS, com posterior classificação, categorização por assuntos e análise crítica dos resultados. Resultados: Foram identificados 24 trabalhos, abordando temas como as aplicações do MAT, sua validação e comparação com testes in vivo. O MAT apresentou melhores resultados quando comparado a outros testes, tanto na avaliação de produtos biológicos como na detecção de pirogênios não-endotoxinas. Limitações para sua difusão incluem a dificuldade de obtenção de sangue total humano como fonte de monócitos, para o qual diversas alternativas têm sido propostas. Conclusões: O MAT se mostra um método promissor, com aplicação na avaliação da segurança de novas tecnologias. Sua aplicação no Brasil depende de uma política nacional de implantação, que inclua maior Integração entre BraCVAM, Concea e RENAMA na busca por seu reconhecimento para fins regulatórios.
The objective of this study is to analyze some of the factors that influence the process of internationalization of Brazilian civil society as a partner for economic and social development in other countries, from the experience of the Non-Governmental Development Organization (NGDO) Viva Brazil Rio in Haiti. Although considered a successful experience, Viva Rio faced a number of obstacles in expanding its international reach, and was not yet followed by a similar movement from other Brazilian NGO's, despite support from the Brazilian government, the United Nations (UN) and other institutions from developed countries. By analyzing the ways by which the national government, international organizations, transnational corporations and NGDOs interact with Northern NGDOs of the global South, it becomes clear that the international capabilities of Brazilian NGDO's are still constrained due to the incipient internationalization of both Brazilian society and government.
O artigo trata da presente crise do capitalismo internacional, interessando-se pelo nexo entre seus aspectos propriamente econômicos e as questões políticas e institucionais que ela suscita. São discutidos alguns elementos de caráter cognitivo e metodológico importantes para uma agenda de pesquisa da crise, e em seguida é apresentado um panorama do processo de globalização neoliberal que caracterizou o mundo nas ultimas décadas e que está no centro da crise contemporânea. O artigo conclui com uma breve prospecção das mudanças que poderão advir da crise, sobretudo no que diz respeito à revalorização da política e ao fortalecimento do papel do estado. ; The article deals with the current crisis of world capitalism, relating its specifically economic aspects to political and institutional questions raised by the financial crash. It discusses some cognitive and methodological issues which are relevant for a research agenda of the process, followed by an overview of the development of neoliberal globalization. This model, which characterized the world during the last few decades, is in the heart of the contemporary economic problems. The article concludes with a brief prospect of the changes that may be stemming from the crisis, especially those related to the strengthening of politics and the state's role.
Executive Council Thirty-Fourth Ordinary Session 7 – 8 February 2019 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ; The African Union Advisory Board on Corruption (AUABC) was established in accordance with the provisions of article 22 (5) (a) of the African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption (AUCPCC). The Convention was adopted at the second ordinary session of the Assembly of Heads of States and Government of the African Union in Maputo, Mozambique, on 11th July 2003, and entered into force on 5th August 2006, thirty (30) days after the deposit of the fifteenth instrument of ratification. As at November 2018, the Convention had been signed by 49 states and ratified or acceded to by 40 States.
Objectif : L'objectif de cet article c'est d'analyser la pandémie du coronavirus prise dans sa dimension de catastrophe mondiale, ainsi que le fait que ses effets sont plus graves sur les personnes en situation de vulnérabilité, manifestant ainsi l'existence d'une véritable crise des droits de l'Homme. En tant que problème mondial, sa prise en compte conduit à l'adoption de mesures conjointes et coordonnées par les États, en application du principe de solidarité.Méthodologie : La méthode hypothético-déductive est utilisée dans la préparation de la recherche, en partant de l'hypothèse que les groupes les plus vulnérables sont plus susceptibles de subir la violation des droits causée par la pandémie.Résultats : Cette recherche a montré que le Brésil connaît une crise des droits de l'Homme en raison des effets de la catastrophe du COVID-19, en particulier l'impact sur certains groupes de personnes en situation de vulnérabilité. Par ailleurs, face à l'absence de politiques publiques efficaces, de nombreuses actions individuelles soutenues par l'initiative privée ont été entreprises en faveur de ces groupes vulnérables et en application du principe de solidarité.Contributions : Le présent travail s'inscrit dans l'application des principes de solidarité mondiale et de non-indifférence comme véritable boussole pour guider les pratiques des États face aux situations les plus défavorables qui se manifestent dans le domaine des relations internationales, qu'il s'agisse de crises économiques, de catastrophes environnementales, de bouleversements sociaux, de crime organisé, de trafic de drogue, de rupture de l'État de droit, de conflits armés, de faim, de misère et de maladies, comme dans le cas du COVID-19.Mots-clés: Pandémie; catastrophe mondiale; solidarité internationale; droits de l'Homme; groupes vulnérables. RESUMOObjetivo: O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a pandemia do coronavírus como catástrofe global, bem como o fato de que seus efeitos são mais graves sobre pessoas em situação de vulnerabilidade, a indicar a existência de uma verdadeira crise de direitos humanos. Enquanto problema de ordem mundial, seu enfrentamento enseja a adoção de medidas conjuntas e coordenadas pelos Estados, em aplicação ao princípio da solidariedade.Metodologia: Na elaboração da pesquisa, utiliza-se o método hipotético-dedutivo, na medida em que se partiu do pressuposto de que grupos mais vulneráveis são mais suscetíveis à violação de direitos causada pela pandemia.Resultados: Esta pesquisa demonstrou que o Brasil vivencia uma crise de direitos humanos em razão do impacto da catástrofe da COVID-19, em especial no impacto em alguns grupos de pessoas em situação de vulnerabilidade. Além disso, observa-se que diante da deficiência de políticas públicas efetivas, inúmeras ações individuais com apoio da iniciativa privada foram empreendidas em prol desses grupos em situação de vulnerabilidade e em aplicação do princípio da solidariedade.Contribuições: O presente trabalho delineia na aplicação dos princípios da solidariedade global e da não indiferença como uma verdadeira bússola a orientar as práticas dos Estados diante das mais adversas situações que se manifestam no campo das relações internacionais, sejam elas provenientes de crises econômicas; catástrofes ambientais; convulsão social; crime organizado; tráfico de drogas; rompimento com o Estado de Direito; conflitos armados; fome, miséria e doenças, como no caso da COVID-19.Palavras-chave: Pandemia; catástrofe global; solidariedade internacional; direitos humanos; grupos vulneráveis. ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of this article is to analyze the pandemic of the coronavirus as a global catastrophe, as well as the fact that its effects are more serious on people in vulnerable situations, indicating the existence of a real human rights crisis. As a global problem, its confrontation requires the adoption of joint and coordinated measures by the States, applying the principle of solidarity.Methodology: The hypothetical-deductive method is used in this research, since it is based on the assumption that more vulnerable groups are more susceptible to the violation of rights caused by the pandemic.Results: This research has shown that Brazil is experiencing a human rights crisis due to the impact of the COVID-19 catastrophe, especially in the impact on some groups of people in vulnerable situations. In addition, it is observed that in the face of the deficiency of effective public policies, numerous individual actions with support from private initiative have been undertaken on behalf of these groups in situations of vulnerability and in application of the principle of solidarity.Contributions: The present work outlines in the application of the principles of global solidarity and non-indifference as a true compass to guide the practices of States in the face of the most adverse situations that manifest themselves in the field of international relations, whether they come from economic crises; environmental catastrophes; social upheaval; organized crime; drug trafficking; breakdown with the rule of law; armed conflicts; hunger, misery and diseases, as in the case of COVID-19.Keywords: Pandemic; global catastrophe; international solidarity; human rights; vulnerable groups. ; Cet article vise à analyser la pandémie de coronavirus prise dans sa dimension de catastrophe mondiale, ainsi que le fait que ses effets sont plus graves sur les personnes en situation de vulnérabilité, manifestant ainsi l'existence d'une véritable crise des droits humains. En tant que problème mondial, sa prise en compte conduit à l'adoption de mesures conjointes et coordonnées par les États, en application du principe de solidarité. La méthode utilisée dans l'étude a été hypothétique-déductive, car la recherche partait de l'hypothèse que les groupes les plus vulnérables sont plus susceptibles de subir la violation des droits causée par la pandémie. Cette prémisse visait à obtenir des données prouvant ou indiquant une possible crise des droits de l'Homme vécue au Brésil. A cet effet, l'impact de -la Covid-19 sur certains groupes de personnes en situation de sous-suffisance a été observé, ainsi que l'efficacité de toute action entreprise en application du principe de solidarité.
This paper analyzes the opportunities for greater participation of Brazilian police officers in United Nations peace operations, offering recommendations for facilitating such contributions and maximizing their impact with a view to Brazil's international profile. Following a presentation of the general evolution of peace operations with an emphasis on the rule of law component, the text introduces the tasks, doctrine and challenges of past police participation in these operations, using concrete examples, and discusses the national institutional arrangements that govern police components, including recruitment and training. The text's third section maps Brazilian internal processes, essentially in three phases: before, during and after deployment. The analysis begins with the selection process and training. Still before deployment, there is discussion of the provision of documents and health services to those deployed. Deployment itself is treated in some detail, with emphasis on officers' communication with Brazil and on legal and financial questions. The fourth and final section offers concrete policy recommendations for the continued utility of these contributions as an opportunity to strengthen Brazil's profile in an important international activity. The policy inputs are divided between the international, (Brazilian) federal and state levels.
Self-determination is a crucial concept in establishing the legitimacy of political communities in the international system, and thereby in constructing social identities and political loyalties. At the most general level, self-determination refers to an idea of a right to freedom. In international politics, it also refers to a norm on ways of bounding political communities. At the same time, what selfdetermination precisely means is contested and contingent. I argue that self-determination evolves today amidst a tension between the challenges of diversity and liberal peace dictates. While diversity has to do with varieties of cultural expression, socioeconomic organization and political status, liberal peace dictates concern global governance practices that tend to impose previous liberal models of democracy, development and human rights. The essay first presents the evolution of the meaning of self-determination in international politics. Then it addresses critical approaches upon contemporary liberal peace. The remaining sections analyze how contemporary self-determination movements present claims highly suggestive to rethink forms of political community, of state-community relation, and of participation in global governance structures.
Self-determination is a crucial concept in establishing the legitimacy of political communities in the international system, and thereby in constructing social identities and political loyalties. At the most general level, self-determination refers to an idea of a right to freedom. In international politics, it also refers to a norm on ways of bounding political communities. At the same time, what self-determination precisely means is contested and contingent. I argue that self-determination evolves today amidst a tension between the challenges of diversity and liberal peace dictates. While diversity has to do with varieties of cultural expression, socioeconomic organization and political status, liberal peace dictates concern global governance practices that tend to impose previous liberal models of democracy, development and human rights. The essay first presents the evolution of the meaning of self-determination in international politics. Then it addresses critical approaches upon contemporary liberal peace. The remaining sections analyze how contemporary self-determination movements present claims highly suggestive to rethink forms of political community, of state-community relation, and of participation in global governance structures.
According to the survey by the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA) in collaboration with the Brazilian Agency for Cooperation (ABC), Brazil contributed during the period of 2005-2009, with funds for International Development in the order of R $ 3.2 billion. Of the total budget for Brazilian Cooperation for International Development (COBRADI), R $ 929.7 million, almost 30%, corresponded to contributions to multilateral development funds such as the International Development Association (IDA) of the World Bank, the Fund for Special Operations (FSO) of the Inter-American Development Bank and the African Development Fund (ADF) of the African Development Bank. This paper seeks to describe the role of these institutions, their priorities, funding conditions and the Brazilian contribution throughout their participation as shareholders. Likewise, it seeks to launch for discussion a few elements present in the current debate on the quality of aid offered by those institutions that provide resources for the development of the poorest countries in the world, within highly concessional terms and to which Brazil has allocated a significant portion of their contributions during the period.
DOI:10.1590/2179-8966/2020/49180ResumoA Lei n. 13.979, de 6 de fevereiro de 2020, regula medidas de saúde pública relacionadas à emergência do novo coronavírus com alto potencial restritivo de direitos fundamentais, inclusive a quarentena e o isolamento. Esta análise crítica aborda a dimensão internacional da emergência, além da tramitação casuística e antidemocrática da lei brasileira. Com base na legislação epidemiológica em vigor, escrutina estas medidas excepcionais e as salvaguardas à sua implementação.Palavras-chave: Quarentena; Coronavírus; Emergência InternacionalAbstract Law no. 13,979, of February 6, 2020, regulates public health measures related to the emergence of the new coronavirus with high potential to restrict fundamental rights, including quarantine and isolation. This critical analysis addresses the international dimension of the emergency, and the casuistic and anti-democratic procedure of the Brazilian law. Based on the epidemiological legislation in force, it scrutinizes restrictive measures and safeguards for its implementation.Keywords: Quarantine; Coronavirus; International Emergency
Due to the growing importance of environmental policies in the United States of America and the European Union, including the impact on international trade, the authors propose a comparative analysis of the rules and institutions that govern the environmental issue in these two actors. After considering the concept of power in terms of environment and trade, the authors identify the impact of EU and US environmental measures on the international trading system. Subsequently, the text analyzes the two policies separately, identifying institutions and environmental rules, highlighting changes arising from the set of environmental measures recently announced by both. The article concludes that, despite important differences, especially in the way the two environmental policies are built internally, both have important similarities in the intentional connection between foreign trade and the environment, a characteristic exemplified in the simultaneity of the proposed border carbon tax, whose effects are uncertain for the environment and predictable for traditional industrial sectors in both markets.
Ethnic agrarian African societies innovate new forms of societal organisations, bridging their rural, urban and international lifeworlds, thus defending their culture against the impacts of globalisation.
