Suchergebnisse

زمینه و هدف: کمبود مواد غذایی، تغییرات اقلیمی و دیگر عوامل سبب شده تا تولید گیاهان تغییر شکل‌یافته ژنتیکی (محصولات تراریخته) از دهه 90 میلادی مورد توجه قرار گیرد. تولید این گیاهان همان‌گونه که موجب امیدواری در رفع گرسنگی بود، به دلیل تأثیر احتمالی بر محیط زیست موج نگرانی را نیز برانگیخت. هدف از این تحقیق، بررسی تعهدات زیست‌محیطی دولت‌ها در حوزه محصولات تراریخته در پرتو اصول حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست، اتحادیه اروپا و ایران است. مواد و روش‌ها: نوشتار حاضر به شیوه توصیفی ـ تحلیلی ابتدا اصول پیش‌گفته حاکم در حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست را بررسی می‌کند تا دریابد تعهدات زیست‌محیطی دولت‌ها درباره محصولات تراریخته از نظر اصول حقوق بین‌الملل چگونه است و سپس رویکرد اختصاصی اتحادیه اروپا را بررسی و تطبیق داده و بالاخره گذرا این وضعیت را در ایران مرور می‌کند. یافته‌ها: اتحادیه اروپا برخلاف ایالات متحده دیدگاهی احتیاط‌آمیز توأم با سخت‌گیری در حمایت از مصرف‌کننده و محیط زیست پیش گرفته که ریشه در اصول کلی حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست دارد. اصولی مانند توسعه پایدار، اقدام احتیاطی، ارزیابی و اطلاع‌رسانی که به جمع رعایت مصالح دولت‌ها در دستیابی به توسعه و پیشرفت و حفظ محیط زیست می‌انجامد، در حالی که در ایران از سویی قوانین حمایتی از محیط زیست به صورت کارآمد تصویب نشده است و یا این‌که در برخی موارد محیط زیست و حمایت از آن مغفول مانده است. ملاحظات اخلاقی: در تمام مراحل نگارش پژوهش حاضر، ضمن رعایت اصالت متون، صداقت و امانتداری، رعایت شده است. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این جستار نشان می‌دهد که دولت‌ها در خصوص محصولات تراریخته متعهد به رعایت اصول کلی یا عرفی توسعه پایدار، اقدام احتیاطی، ارزیابی و اطلاع‌رسانی بوده و رعایت اصول مزبور بهترین راهکار جهت صیانت از حقوق مصرف‌کننده و حمایت از محیط زیست است. ; Background and Aim: Food scarcity, climate change and other factors have led to the production of genetically modified crops (transgenic crops) since the 1990s. The production of these plants, as they had hoped to eliminate hunger, also raised concerns about the potential impact on the environment. The purpose of this study is to examine the Governments' Environmental Obligations on Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) in the light of the International Environmetal Law, European Union and Iran. Materials and Methods: The present paper is descriptive-analytical paper and firstly examines the aforementioned principles of international environmental law in order to understand what is the environmental commitment and obligation of governments in the process of cultivation and supply for transgenic products from the perspective of international law. Then, it examines and applies the EU-specific approach and finally reviews this situation in Iran. Findings: The European Union, unlike United States, has taken a cautious approach to consumer and environmental protection. This approach is rooted in the general principles of international environmental law. Principles such as sustainable development, precautionary principle and the principle of notification that bring together the interests of governments in achieving development, improvement and environmental protection, while in Iran,It has not been enacted environmental laws effectively on the GMO or in some cases the environment and its protection have been neglected. Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed. Conclusion: The results show that governments are committed to adhering to the general or customary principles of sustainable development, precautionary principle and the principle of notification in the process of cultivating and supplying for Genetically Modified Organism (GMO), and adhering to these principles is the best way to safeguard consumer rights. Cite this article as: Pouresmaeili A, keykhosravi M, Vaezi Kakhki MR. The Studying of Governments' Environmental Obligations on Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) in the light of the International Environmetal Law, European Union and Iran. Bioethics Journal 2020; 10(35): e16.

Includes bibliographical references. ; Presented at the Building resilience of Mongolian rangelands: a trans-disciplinary research conference held on June 9-10, 2015 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. ; Heavy livestock losses from severe winter conditions (dzud) in Mongolia in recent years have prompted a variety of interventions by government and development agencies, aiming to reduce herders' vulnerability to severe weather and other climate factors. Unfortunately, many of these interventions have not systematically diminished risk to herders. In this paper we identify several strategies deployed by herders for managing dzud risks and impacts through informal mutual aid networks. We contrast these strategies to interventions taken by international donor agencies operating in Mongolia, which have largely focused on the household as an independent socio-economic unit. We conclude that risk mitigation can be improved through recognition of informal mutual aid networks, and through support to mutual aid institutions.

Intentional and Unintentional Injuries;Healthy ApproachReferences Haddon WJr, Suchman E, Klein D. Accident Research: Methods and Approaches. Harper & Row Publishers, Chicago, IL, USA. 1964.Global Burden of Diseases, World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/topics/global_burden_of_disease/en/ Date of access, Sept. 2012.Iranian Census Center. http://www.amar.org.ir/, Date of Access August 2012.Iranian Legal Medicine Organization, www: lmo.ir/ Date of access, Sept. 2012.Hargarten, J.W.R.a.S.W. (2002). Principles of the Disease of Injury. Rosen's Emergency Medicine. J.A. Marx. St. Louis, Missouri, Mosby Inc. 1:821-828.Jones BH, Canham-Chervak M, Sleet DA .An evidence-based public health approach to injury priorities and prevention recommendations for the U.S Military. Am J Prev Med. 2010 Jan; 38(1 Suppl):S1-10.Khorasani-Zavareh D. System versus traditional approach in road traffic injury prevention: a call for action. J Inj Violence Res. 2011 J; 3(2): 61.Peden M, Scurfield R, Sleet D, Mohan D, Hyder A, Jarawan E, MathersC: World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004.H. Soori, S.J. Hussain and J.A. Razzak.Road safety in the Eastern Mediterranean Region – findings from the Global Road Safety Status Report. EMHJ 2011; 17 (10): 770-76.World Health Organization. Data systems- A road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners. World Health Organization. Geneva 2010.Margie Peden, Richard Scurfield, David Sleet, Dinesh Mohan, Adnan A. Hyder, Eva Jarawan Colin Mathers. World report on road traffic injury prevention: summary .World Health Organization Geneva 2004. Economic Commission for Europe. Glossary of transport statistics, 3rd Ed. New York, NY, United Nations Economic and Social Council, 2003 (TRANS/WP.6/2003/6) (http:// www.unece.org/trans/main/wp6/pdfdocs/glossen3.pdf, accessed 16 September 2012. 2008). World Health Statistics 2008. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008 (http://www.who.int/whosis/ whostat/2008/en/index.htm, accessed 16 September 2012.Mathers C, Loncar D. Updated projections of global mortality and burden of disease, 2002–2030: data sources, methods and results. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2005.Kopits E, Cropper M. Traffic fatalities and income growth. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 2005, 37:169–178.Vincenten J, Michalsen A. Priorities for child safety in the European Union: agenda for action. Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2003, 9:1–8.WHO mortality database: tables. Geneva, World Health Organization (http://www.who.int/healthinfo/morttables/en/index.html, accessed 21 September 2012).Rahman A. Bangladesh health and injury survey: report on children. Dhaka, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, ICMH, UNICEF and TASC, 2005.Sitthi-amorn C. Child injury in Thailand: a report on the national injury survey. Bangkok, Institute of Health Research, TASC and UNICEF, 2006 (http://www.tasc- gcipf.org/downloads/Thai%20child%20report.pdf,accessed 22 August 2012).Bener A. The neglected epidemic: road traffic accidents in a developing country. State of Qatar. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2005, 12:45–47.Pedem M, Oyegbite K,Ozanne-Smit J, Hyder AA, Branche c, Rahman AKMF and et al. Mortality due to injuries in Maputo city, Mozambique. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2006, 13:1–6.Hyder AA, Labinjo M, Muzaff ar SSF. A new challenge to child and adolescent survival in urban Africa: an increasing burden of road traffic injuries. Traffic Injury Prevention 2006, 7:381–388.World Health Organization. Global status report on road safety: time for action. Geneva. 2009.World Health Organization. TEACH-VIP curriculum [electronic resource]. Users' manual. 2005.David R. Meddings, MHSc, FRCP(C), Lyndee M. Knox, Matilde Maddaleno, Alberto Concha-Eastman, Joan Serra Hoffman. World Health Organization's TEACH-VIP Contributing to Capacity Building for Youth Violence Prevention. Am J Prev Med 2005; 29(5S2):259–265.Akbari M, Naghavi M, Soori H. Epidemiology of Deaths from injuries in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Eastern Medietr Health J 2006; 12(3/4): 50-58.Falls. Geneva, World Health Organization, Violence and Injury Prevention and Disability Department (http:// www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/other_injury/falls/en/index.html, accessed Sept 2012.Christoffel KK, Scheidt PC, Agran PF, Kraus JF, McLoughlin E, Paulson JA. Standard definitions for childhood injury research: excerpts of a conference report. Pediatrics, 1992, 89:1027–1034.Khambalia A, Josh P, Brussoni M, Raina factors for unintentional injuries due to falls in children aged 0–6 years: a systematic review. Injury Prevention, 2006, 12:378–385.Bartlett SN. The problem of children's injuries in low income countries: a review. Health Policy and Planning, 2002, 17:1–13.Morrison A, Stone DH. Unintentional childhood injury mortality in Europe 1984–93: a report from the EURORISC Working Group. Injury Prevention, 1999, 5:171–176.A league table of child deaths by injury in rich countries (Innocenti Report Card No. 2). Florence, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, 2001 (http://www.unicef-icdc. org/publications/pdf/repcard2e.pdf, accessed Sept 2012.Hyder AA, Sugerman D, Ameratunga S, Callaghan J A, Falls among children in the developing world: a gap in child health burden estimations? Acta Paediatrica, 2007, 96:1394–1398.Bangdiwala SI, Anzola-Pérez E, Romer CC, Schmidt B, Valdez-Lazo F, Toro J, D'Suze C. The incidence of injuries in young people: I. Methodology and results of a collaborative study in Brazil, Chile, Cuba and Venezuela. International Journal of Epidemiology, 1990, 19:115–124.Del Ciampo LA, Ricco RG, De Almeida CA, Mucillo G. Incidence of childhood accidents determined in a study of home surveys. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics, 2001, 21:239–243.Savitsky B, Aharonson-Daniel L, Giveon A. Variability in pediatric injury patterns by age and ethnic groups in Israel. Ethnicity and Health, 2007, 12:129–139. Bener A, Hyder AA, Schenk E. Trends in childhood injury mortality in a developing country: United Arab Emirates.Accident and Emergency Nursing, 2007, 15:228–233.Facts about injuries: burns. Geneva, World Health Organization and International Society for Burn Injuries, 2006 (http://www.who.int/entity/violence_injury_prevention/publications/other_injury/en/burns_factsheet.pdf, accessed Sept 2012.Davies JW. Toxic chemicals versus lung tissue: an aspect of inhalation injury revisited. Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation, 1986, 7:213–222.Saffle JR, Davis B, Williams P. Recent outcomes in the treatment of burn injury in the United States: a report from the American Burn Association patient registry. Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation, 1995, 16:219–232.Moritz AR, Henriques FC. Studies of thermal injury II: the relative importance of time and surface temperature in the causation of cutaneous burns. American Journal of Pathology, 1947, 23:695–720. Lund C, Browder N. The estimation of areas of burns. Surgical Gynecology and Obstetrics, 1944, 79:352–358.MacLennan N, Heimbach D, Cullen FB. Anesthesia for major thermal injury. Anesthesiology, 1998, 89:749–770. Walton J, Mandara AR. Burns and smoke inhalation. Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, 2005, 6:317–321. WHO mortality database: tables. Geneva, World Health Organization (http://www.who.int/healthinfo/ morttables/en/index.html, accessed 21 April 2012). Barrow RE, Spies M, Barrow L N, Herndon D N. Influence of demographics and inhalation injury on burn mortality in children. Burns, 2004, 30:72–77. Achebe UJ, Akpuaka FC. Chemical burns in Enugu. West African Journal of Medicine, 1989, 8:205–208. Chuang SS, Yang JY, Tsai FC. Electric water heaters: a new hazard for pediatric burns. Burns, 2003, 29:589–591. Nursal, T Z, Yildirim S, Tarim A, Caliskan K, Ezer A, Noyan T. Burns in southern Turkey: electrical burns remain a major problem. Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation, 2003, 24:309–314.

Energy as one of the most important factors of production, today has a great contribution to the economic growth and development of countries and has played the greatest role in the development of recent human civilization. This role, from transportation to food production and the provision of medical and health services, is becoming more prominent day by day. In order to continue the supply of energy in order to continue to use it, a lot of investment must be made. That is why energy security has been so much the focus of energy policymakers around the world. In this book, we first address the issue of defining and examining the importance of energy security then we talk about fossil fuels. In the following, we will discuss the effects of fossil fuels on the Earth's climate and biosphere. The issue of international agreements, including the Paris Agreement, will also be considered, as well as providing solutions to fossil fuel damage by introducing renewable energy sources, which will be one of the chapters of this book. Finally, we will examine the disadvantages and disadvantages of renewable energy to realize that these energies are not perfect in themselves! Instead of fearing, or sitting and calculating, that there are a few years left until the end of the life of oil reserves, the world needs a policy that thinks about the available alternatives. Much more and better alternatives to the fossil fuels that have driven the world and industry for years. Renewable energy sources are another proposition facing human societies. A way to overcome the energy crisis and the time bomb that seems to be tuned to announce the end of energy at any moment. In fact, we should listen to the proposal of the Saudi Minister of Energy in the 1970s, who said: "The Stone Age did not end because the stone ran out. The age of oil must end much sooner than the end of oil."

Backgrounds and Aims: Using Geographical Information System (GIS) can decreases the burden of road traffic injuries effectively by identification of hot spot to modification in hazardous areas. The aim of the study was determining geographical distribution of human risk factors associated with road traffic injuries by using Geographical Information System (GIS) in Iran. Materials and Methods: The national database of road traffic injuries registered by the Iranian traffic Police (Rahvar NAJA) was used. The human risk factors were investigated by recognition of the hazardous points and geographical distribution of associated risk factors. The Hot Spot Analysis and Map clustering approaches were employed to meet the objectives. Results: The mean age of injured subjects was 34 years and the most affected age group was 20-39 years. Death and injury occurrence within out of cities ways were 0.3 % and 28% respectively. Geographical distribution of risk factors also showed that roads of Northern provinces i.e. (Gilaan and Mazandaran) were the hazardous rising as well as Qazvin to Rasht and Qom to Tehran roads. Sistan and Balochestan Provinces and Tehran had the highest (4.8%) and the lowest (0.1%) rates of road traffic injuries leading to death in the country. Conclusions: Northern provinces and its leading axes by hazardous rising and Sistan and Balochestan province with fatal injuries need to identify the cause of injuries' and, if necessary, more tighten regulations and more controls by the traffic police must be applied. REFERENCESPeden M, Scurfield R, Sleet D, Mohan D Hyder A A, Jarawan E . (2004).World report on road traffic injury prevention: World Health Organization Geneva. 2004.Kopits E, Cropper M. Traffic fatalities and economic growth. Accid Anal Prev 2005;37(1): 169-78.Channa R, Jaffrani H A, Khan A J, Hasan T, Razzak J A. Transport time to trauma facilities in Karachi: an exploratory study. Int J Emerg Med 2008; 1(3): 201–4. Soori H, Hussain S, Razzak J. Road safety in the Eastern Mediterranean Region–findings from the Global Road Safety Status Report. East Mediterr Health J 2011;17(10):770-6.Soori H. Descriptive study (Chapter 8) in Basic applied epidemiology. Percian text book 2nd edition.Tehran: Arjmand publisher; 2008.Gesler W. The uses of spatial analysis in medical geography: a review. Social Science & Medicine 1986; 23(10): 963-73.Ameratunga S, Hijar M, Norton R. Road-traffic injuries: confronting disparities to address a global-health problem. The Lancet 2006;367(9521): 1533-40.Akbari M, Naghavi M, Soori H. Epidemiology of deaths from injuries in the Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr health J 2006;12(3/4): 382-90.Rasouli M R, Nouri M, Zarei M R. Saadat S, Rahimi-Movaghar V. Comparison of road traffic fatalities and injuries in Iran with other countries. Chin J Traumatol 2008;11(3): 131-4.Ainy E, Soori H, Mahfozphoor S, Movahedinejad AA. Presenting a practical model for governmental political mapping on road traffic injuries in Iran in 2008: a qualitative study. J R Soc Med Sh Rep 2011; 2(10):79.Khorasani-Zavareh D, Mohammadi R., Khankeh H R, Laflamme L, Bikmoradi A, Haglund B J A. The requirements and challenges in preventing of road traffic injury in Iran. A qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2009; 23(9): 486-91.Nantulya V M, Reich M R. The neglected epidemic: road traffic injuries in developing countries. BMJ 2002; 324(7346): 1139-41. Elvik R. Road safety management by objectives: A critical analysis of the Norwegian approach. Accid Anal Prev 2008;40(3): 1115-22.Liang L Y, Mo'soem D, Hua L T. Traffic accident application using geographic information system. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies 2005;6(1): 3574–89.Braddock M, Lapidus G, Cromley E, Cromley R., Burke G, Banco L. Using a geographic information system to understand child pedestrian injury. Am J Public Health. 1994;84(7): 1158-61. Lascala E A, Gerbe D, Gruenewald P J. Demographic and environmental correlates of pedestrian injury collisions: a spatial analysis. Accid Anal Prev 2000;32(5): 651-8.Lightstone A, Dhillon P, Peek-Asa C, Kraus J. A geographic analysis of motor vehicle collisions with child pedestrians in Long Beach, California: comparing intersection and midblock incident locations. Inj Prev 2001;7(2): 155-60.Daum M L, Dorsch W R. Managing Land Use and Institutional Controls with GIS . Journal of Map & Geography Libraries: Advances in Geospatial Information, Collections & Archives2008 ;4(1): 163-73.Erdogan, S, Yilmaz I, Baybura T, Gullu, M. Geographical information systems aided traffic accident analysis system case study: city of Afyonkarahisar. Accid Anal Prev 1998; 40(1): 174-81.Al-Kharusi W. Update on Road Traffic Crashes. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2008;466(10): 2457-64.Fars news. Saturday 5th October 2012.Mwatelah J. Application of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to Analyze causes of Road traffic Accidents (RTAs)–case Study of Kenya. International Conference on Spatial Information for Sustainable Development Nairobi, Kenya. 2–5 October 2001.Cusimano MD, Chipman M., Glazier R. H, Rinner C, Marshall S P. Geomatics in injury prevention: the science, the potential and the limitations. Inj Prev 2007;13(1): 51-6.Rezaeian M, Dunn G, St Leger S, Appleby L. Geographical epidemiology, spatial analysis and geographical information systems: a multidisciplinary glossary. J Epidemiol Community Health 2005;61(2): 98-102.