Suchergebnisse

The article analyzes the role of different international organizations and the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) in the field of international protection of children's rights. The main idea of the article is to determine modern methods and mechanisms of protection and realization of children's rights in international law. Much attention is given to the fact that there are a lot of different international documents that regulate this issue. The author analyzed such documents are Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Declaration of the Rights of the Child and expressed her opinion on their effectiveness. It is described in short the protection of children's rights at the regional level. The article outlines the opinions and views of various scholars who had been working in the field of child rights protection. The article admonishes that everybody has the right to apply to the European Court of Human Rights in case of violation and non-recognition of rights. The article states that numerous ECHR decisions exist on issues related to the protection of the rights of the child based on the provisions of international law. The article defines some problematic aspects of the protection of children's rights. Some attention is drawn to the collisions of the legal regulation of this issue and cases of violation of the rights of the child. Theoretical concepts and practical experience regarding the international protection of the rights of the child in international law are explored in the article. The author mentions that the national legislation of some countries in the sphere of children's rights is not perfect enough. Therefore international standards have to serve as a basis on which it would be possible to construct and develop a domestic law system that will respect children's rights. It is stressed that in the modern world exists a tendency for recognition of almost all rights and interests of the child. It is reported that new mechanisms for the protection of children's rights are developing because ...

Глобалізація світової економіки, вплинула і на розвиток туристичного сектору. Сучасний туризм відкриває особливості масового туристичного продукту разом із його стандартизацією та серійним виробництвом, спеціалізацією та різноманітністю його пропозицій, а також із сучасним продажем та рекламою, часто віртуальною. Розвиток світової економіки туризму є результатом задоволення людських потреб, починаючи з потреби на відпочинок та дозвілля, відновлення фізичних сил, споживацьких потреб і закінчуючи розумовими потребами: новий досвід, сприйняття та пізнання. Було визначено поняття глобалізації, що це є сукупність процесів інтенсифікації економічних, політичних, соціокультурних відносин, що розгортаються поверх державних кордонів. Систематизовано статистичну інформацію, яка є невід'ємним доказом розвитку глобалізації в міжнародному туризмі. Виявлено проблеми, які існують на сучасному етапі розвитку міжнародного туризму та процесів глобалізації. Систематизовано основні риси процесу глобалізації бізнесу. Визначено значення процесу глобалізації для розвитку міжнародного туризму. Розглянуто процес утворення глобальних туристських об'єднань. Подано поняття турпродукту та місце ТНК в міжнародному туризмі. Турпродукт, як відомо, представляє комплекс послуг, що надаються туристу, і часто споживається за кордоном. Глобалізацію в туризмі можна визначити як процес різкого посилення туристичних потоків, а також потоків послуг, капіталу, інформації та технологій, як правило, не потрапляють під регулювання національних урядів. Глобалізація має довготривалий характер, а її рушійною силою є, перш за все, революція у сфері інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій, лібералізація ринків і загострення міжнародної конкуренції. ; The globalization of the global economy also influenced the development of the tourism sector. Modern tourism opens the peculiarities of the mass tourist product along with its standardization and serial production, the specialization and variety of its offers, as well as with modern sales and advertising, often virtual. The development of the world economy of tourism is the result of satisfaction of human needs, from the need for rest and leisure, the restoration of physical strength, consumer needs and ending with mental needs: new experience, perception and knowledge. The concept of globalization was defined, this combination of processes of intensification of economic, political, socio-cultural relations, unfolding floor of state borders. Statistical information is systematized, which is an inalienable proof of the development of globalization in international tourism. The problems that exist at the present stage of the development of international tourism and the processes of globalization are revealed. The main features of the process of globalization of business are systematized. The importance of the globalization process for the development of international tourism has been determined. The process of formation of global tourist associations is considered. The concept of tourist products and the place of TNCs in international tourism is presented. Tourist products are known to represent a complex of services to tourists, and are often consumed abroad. Globalization in tourism can be defined as a process of sharpening the flow of tourism flows, as well as flows of services, capital, information and technology, as a rule, do not fall under the control of national governments. Globalization has a long-term character, and its driving force is, first of all, the revolution in the field of information and communica tion technologies, market liberalization and the exacerbation of international competition.

The article deals with the correlation between the European Union law and international law. Constant participation of the European Union and its members in international organizations gave a rise to the need for establishment of interrelation between the sources of international law particularly international agreements and customs and sources of European Union law such as regulating agreements and acts of the EU institutions as well as necessity to identify which norms should be applied in a certain case and which hierarchical connections exist in these sources. This issue was research by numerous Ukrainian and foreign scholars such as T.V. Komarova, O.V. Plotnikov, K. Zigler, I.I. Maryniv, R. Jennigs, K. Tomushat and others. But unlike scientific research EU agreements do not have any provisions which would identify the type of relations between EU law and international law. It is also necessary to note that the only subject which position is important in this sphere is EU Court. In order to answer the mentioned questions decisions of the EU Court which had an impact on the formation of a new law and order on international level such as the one of the European Union (for example decision in case Van Gend en Loos) and decision of the Court which established fundamental positions regarding correlation of EU law and international law (for example in case Kadi v Council and Commission) were researched into. Provisions of EU regulating agreements related to international agreements and their place in the system of norms of the European Union were analyzed. To see the procedure of applying customary law in European law case law of the EU Court was researched. The article provides modern position of the EU Court regarding interaction between European and international law.

International migration is a global phenomenon, with its complexity, volume and influence on the economic development of countries constantly increasing. The aim of the article is to study the state of external migration processes in Ukraine and the world, analyze factors and main trends, determine the causes of external labor population migration and their consequences for the social and economic development of our country, reveal the existing threats and negative consequences of the international labor migration for the migrants and the economy of Ukraine. The methodology of researching the scope and dynamics of migration processes, the specific features of the migration policy development in Ukraine and the world is based on the application of general scientific and special methods of the scientific research: dialectical, systematic approaches, sociological survey, comparison, statistical analysis. A particular attention is paid to the identification of the social and economic causes and consequences of the international labor migration from Ukraine. The directions of the Ukrainian labor migration, taking into account the age groups and employment sectors of domestic labor migrants, are analyzed. The main approaches to improving the state migration policy based on the regulation of labor migration processes in Ukraine, slowing the dynamics of the population migration, the retention of the population number and structure at the level providing support for the territories economic development, improvement of the national international legislation, suspension of migration expenditures, creation of conditions for the cohort of Ukrainian citizens working abroad reverse migration, etc.

This article is devoted to the study of the legal regulation of international adoption in Ukraine. This article analyzes the content of the main regulations governing the implementation of international adoption. The key differences between international adoption and adoption within the state are identified. This study focuses on international agreements in the field of international adoption, as they regulate this issue in the most detail and ensure well-established, effective cooperation between member states. The state of national legislation of Ukraine in the field of international adoption is analyzed, in particular in terms of bringing it in line with international agreements that establish the principles of adoption, as well as establish guarantees of children's rights in the adoption procedure. Given that Ukraine has identified a vector for ratification of the Convention on the Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption, the article examines its mechanisms and safeguards to avoid a number of negative phenomena that occur in the field of international adoption. The article presents statistics that indicate that the adoption of children from Ukraine is numerous among foreigners, which confirms the need to pay special attention to international adoption. The most acute problems in the field of international adoption and ways to solve them have been identified. Thus, it is established that currently the legislation of Ukraine does not provide effective mechanisms to prevent the abduction and sale of children under the guise of international adoption. To combat this problem, the Convention on the Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption establishes a number of rules that must be followed in the implementation of international adoption, which confirms the importance of acceding to this agreement. There is also a lack of legal regulation, which is the lack of proper socio-psychological assessment of the child's readiness for adoption. Attention ...

The role of social media (social networks) in international relations is analyzed. The international relations as the main contributor to the world information space are singled out. Definitions of the main concepts characterizing the use of Internet technologies in the foreign policy activity of the state are given: foreign policy activity of the state, foreign policy behavior of the state, communication in the system of international relations or foreign policy communication of the state. The study used a set of general and special methods: the method of conceptual analysis in determining the basic characteristics of socio-political communication, comparative analysis, functional analysis (functions of foreign policy communication and activities). Social media and the Internet are turning into a new reality, where the main actors are states. The political image of the state is directly proportional to the image in the social media. The popularity of the state, diplomatic institutions depends on the openness of society and the advancement in social networks.

Introduction. The development of online commerce, which is gradually displacing the traditional one, is a clear trend of global economic transformations. Key aspects of e-commerce, such as online transactions, privacy and consumer protection, and customs clearance, need to be regulated at the international and national levels.The purpose of the article is to study the development of e-commerce in retail goods in the XXI century. in the context of assessing the completeness and effectiveness of international and domesticResearch methods. General scientific and special methods were used to study the legal aspects of e-commerce regulation, namely: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, abstraction and concretization, description, characterization, generalization, comparison. The methodological basis for the study was international regulations (UN Laws, European Union Directives, Acts of International Organizations) and a list of laws of Ukraine on the regulation of the electronic sphere.Results. The analysis of indicators of e-commerce development on the world market is carried out, its rapid dynamics is pointed out. International initiatives to regulate e-commerce are considered. A comparison of aspects of legal regulation of e-commerce in Ukraine and the European Union is carried out. Conclusions are made on the completeness and degree of maturity of the institutional base. Emphasis was placed on the need to strengthen regulatory mechanisms in the field of e-commerce in order to create a modern institutional system adapted to the global and European.Perspectives. It is important to focus future research on the development of guidelines for determining the effectiveness of the implementation of initiatives to regulate e-commerce at the domestic and global levels.

The article analyses the development of the concept of international crime in the "Hague" period, which covers the last decades of the last century and is closely related to the establishment of ad hoc international tribunals in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. The article reveals the legal grounds for the establishment of these tribunals, the features of their activities, jurisdiction and principles of responsibility of persons who committed crimes in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. The establishment of international justice bodies by UN Security Council decisions has provoked a number of debates about their legitimacy, but it is undeniable that the activities of ad hoc international tribunals have contributed to the initiation of a new stage in the development of international criminal justice, further development of international criminal law, in particular in the development of the Rome Statute and the Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the International Criminal Court. All types of tribunal jurisdictions are disclosed, but special attention is paid to the substantive and personal jurisdictions of tribunals, which became the basis for the theoretical justification of the "Hague" modification of international crime, as well as the practical implementation of this concept in tribunal decisions. It is shown that the categories of international crimes that constitute the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (serious violations of the Geneva Conventions, violations of the laws or customs of war, genocide and crimes against humanity) and the categories of crimes defined in the Statute of the International Tribunal for Rwanda against humanity and violations of the Geneva Conventions) in the documents of the tribunals have been developed in comparison with the Nuremberg and post-Nuremberg periods. ~ 74 ~ ВІСНИК Київського національного університету імені Тараса Шевченка ISSN 1728-3817 It is shown that the substantive jurisdiction of the ICTY and the ICC does not coincide with the provisions of the Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals. The differences relate to the list of categories of crimes; parallel jurisdiction of international ad hoc tribunals and national courts; extending the competence of ad hoc tribunals to cases of crimes committed both during wars between states and during internal armed conflict, etc. The content of the categories of crimes, their composition, the subjects of responsibility have been clarified. In particular, the characteristic features of the crime of genocide and crimes against humanity are identified; the conditions, elements and subjects for the recognition of their qualifications are indicated. The author pays attention to the principles of personal jurisdiction, shows that in the decisions of international tribunals ad hoc has developed the principle of individual responsibility for international crimes that constitute substantive jurisdiction. The application of the principle of universal jurisdiction in the activity of tribunals is revealed. The author concludes that the establishment of ad hoc international criminal tribunals and their activities has contributed to the development of the concept of international crime and the separation of a special "Hague" modification. Keywords: international crime, tribunal, "Hague" modification, international justice, jurisdiction, criminal liability

Ріонідзе Х. Еволюція міжнародно-правового регулювання гендерної рівності. Наукова стаття присвячена формуванню розвитку та правового регулювання принципу гендерної рівності в міжнародному праві, який належить до цінностей Європейського Союзу (ЄС), а також відіграє важливу роль для України в умовах європейської інтеграції. Сьогодні ставлення до жінок у суспільстві істотно відрізняється від ставлення до чоловіків, і це стосується різних сфер життя: соціальної, політичної, правової. Таким чином, політичнагендерна нерівність включає меншу представленість жінок на виборних посадах та в політичнихколах. Гендерна рівність означає існування суспільства, в якому і жінки, і чоловіки мають рівніможливості, права та обов'язки у всіх сферах життя. Рівність між жінками та чоловіками – цеоднаковий доступ до освіти та охорони здоров'я, рівні можливості для фінансової незалежностіта реалізації їхніх особистих і професійних інтересів тощо. Однією з найбільш значних подій у міжнародному праві середини ХХ століття стало закріплення принципу недискримінації та подальший розвиток міжнародних та регіональних правових стандартів, спрямованих на покращення та захист правусіх жінок та дівчат. Водночас захист жінок та дівчат, а також чоловіків та хлопчиків – це перш за все відповідальність держави. Міжнародне право встановлює обов'язок держав захищати власних громадян, зокрема й від гендерної дискримінації. Натепер гендерна рівність набуває пріоритету в діяльності міжнародних організацій. На сучасному етапі розвитку суспільства питання гендерної рівності займають не останнє місце за актуальністю, аджерівності зараз стає центральним показником розвитку кожної країни нерівність за статевою ознакою вповільнює розвиток суспільства. Ось чому досягнення гендерної ; The article is devoted to the formation of development and legal regulation of the principle of genderequality in international law, which is referred to the level of values of the European Union (EU), and also plays an important role for Ukraine due to the context of European integration. Today, the attitude towards women in society is significantly different from the attitude towards men and this applies to different spheres of life: social political legal Thus, political gender inequality includes lessrepresentation of women in elected positions and lower representation in political and corporate circles. Gender equality means the existence of a society in which both women and men have equal opportunities, rights and responsibilities in all spheres of life. Equality between women and men is equal access to education and health care, governance and power for both sexes, their equal opportunities for financial independence, and the realization of their personal and professional needs and interests. One of the most significant developments in international law in the middle of the twentieth century was the consolidation of the principle of non-discrimination and the further development of international and regional legal standards aimed at improving and protecting the rights of all women and girls. At the same time, the protection of women and girls, as well as men and boys, is first and foremost the responsibility of the state. International law establishes the obligation of states to protect their own citizens, including against gender discrimination. Currently, gender equality is gaining priority in the activities of international organizations. At the present stage of development of society, the issues of gender equalities are not the last place in terms of relevance. Gender inequality slows down the development of society. That is why the achievement of gender equality is now becoming a central indicator of the development of each country

The activation of globalization and integration processes creates an objective need for regulation of banking activity at the international level. Uniform standards for regulating financial services sectors are developed by international organizations and continue to serve as the basis for the development of national regulatory standards, while the system for monitoring compliance with these standards operates in each separate country. The article states that banking supervision is implemented through regulatory and supervisory activities, outlining various organizational models of entities that oversee the activities of financial services sectors. In world practice there are various models of institutional building of the banking regulation and supervision systems, each of which has its advantages and disadvantages. Each country chooses one of the models that will be effective, active and consistent with the architecture of the financial system and the peculiarities of the national banking system. The regulation of banking activities at the international level is not aimed at unification of organizational models of structures that in some countries supervise the activities of financial services sectors. Most importantly, regulatory and oversight bodies of different countries should be guided by the same principles and standards in their activities, as well as having all the necessary powers to effectively carry out their tasks. Mandatory condition is the consolidation of these powers at the legislative level.

Reserves are an important accounting and economic categoryand subject of accounting, occupy an important place in current assets andparticipate in shaping the final product of the company and included in thevalue of its equity. The basic condition of economic activity of agriculturalenterprises is sufficient and rational use of inventory, from which they operate,ensuring further development of social economic relations.The article aims to study the characteristics of accounting reserves inforeign countries and comparisons with Ukrainian practice.Constant changes current legislation of Ukraine, conditions of capital,increasing demands of users of information, transformation of national accountingin accordance with international standards determine the objective necessity ofdeepening the study of inventory accounting in agricultural enterprises.In the article the reserves in foreign accounting practice are examined.Different perspectives on the concept of «reserves» and choice of theassessment method are shown. Comparison of foreign reserves accountingpractices with the national experience in Ukraine is carried out.

The article deals with challenges and opportunities for international labour migration in Ukraine. It is stressed that the approach to regulation of international labour migration should be comprehensive and should encompass a whole range of factors influencing migration flows, which will ensure making appropriate economic and social changes. The present concept of regulation of international labour migration in Ukraine is analyzed and the need for its improvement is discussed. The priority goals of the Concept of State Migration Policy in Ukraine are highlighted. It is stated that state migration policy is carried out in both emigration and immigration. Some of the key factors of immigration and emigration are identified. It is proved that migration policy in Ukraine is being shaped towards the European Union, which envisages a mutually beneficial redistribution of human resources over the countries. The paper claims, that achieving the quality of life as high as in the EU countries is a key demand for the integration into the European Union. It is emphasized that the existing legislation on migration has some weak points related to developing and fulfilling human potential of migrants. A range of measures to regulate international labour migration is introduced. Based on the research findings, the following actions are proposed to meet the aims of regulation of international labour migration in Ukraine: reduction of emigration from Ukraine by improving its socio-economic status; training and retraining of potential emigrants tailored to the specific characteristics of labor market growth in the country; stimulation of internal mobility aimed at the reduction of emigration; regulation of external employment of Ukrainian citizens; creation of conditions for attracting and efficient using of migrants' money transfers; using transnational connections of migrants; halting the employment of national human resources; stimulation of immigration attractiveness for certain professional; halting illegal and undesirable migration; regulation of immigrants in Ukraine; legalization of illegal present immigrants; signing bilateral agreements between countries on return migration; stimulating re-emigration; protection of the rights and interests of labour migrants in Ukraine and abroad.