Suchergebnisse

This work analyzes the Agenda 2030 in its main potentiality to lead public policies and private actions towards a more sustainable path. At the same time it acknowledges its dependency on measurements and finance mechanisms for the Sustainable Development Goals implementation. The main argument is that public expectations face difficulties to be translated in public actions, due to, among other factors, the lack of measurement and finance mechanisms. With this purpose it starts describing what is the Agenda 2030, and how this United Nations lead international declaration is structured to be monitored and implemented by States and others multi stakeholders. Secondly it analyses the importance of the measurements to address critical social environmental challenges and to allow comparison between the achievements of each member state. Third it remarks the role-played by international financial institutions, by international investment and by the private sector in general. Forth, the article highlights the drawbacks the methodology of goals can represent when used to overcome collective challenges marked by moral issues and diffuse impacts, being highly dependent on measurements and finance tools. The methodology chosen was the descriptive and normative, the techniques used were documentary, legislative and bibliographic research.

Access to potable water is absolutely essential to the maintenance of life, as well as to provide regular exercise of other human rights. The lack of access to water in sufficient quantity or access to non-potable water may cause serious and irreparable damage to people. This paper investigates the evolution of international and national recognition of this fundamental human right, whether implicit or explicit. This was accomplished by the study of international human rights treaties, bibliographic information on water resources and their corresponding legal systems, national and international. The results suggest that sustainable access to drinking water is a fundamental human right in the context of international relations and the State. Further, even without explicitly stating this right in the Constitution of 1988, Brazil has incorporated the main international provisions on the subject, but this right must be acknowledged according to the principles of non-typical fundamental rights and the dignity of the human person. This right should be universally guaranteed by the Government in sufficient quantity and quality, regardless of the economic resources of individuals. ; Access to potable water is absolutely essential to the maintenance of life, as well as to provide regular exercise of other human rights. The lack of access to water in sufficient quantity or access to non-potable water may cause serious and irreparable damage to people. This paper investigates the evolution of international and national recognition of this fundamental human right, whether implicit or explicit. This was accomplished by the study of international human rights treaties, bibliographic information on water resources and their corresponding legal systems, national and international. The results suggest that sustainable access to drinking water is a fundamental human right in the context of international relations and the State. Further, even without explicitly stating this right in the Constitution of 1988, Brazil has incorporated the main international provisions on the subject, but this right must be acknowledged according to the principles of non-typical fundamental rights and the dignity of the human person. This right should be universally guaranteed by the Government in sufficient quantity and quality, regardless of the economic resources of individuals. ; O acesso à água potável é absolutamente fundamental para a manutenção da vida, além de propiciar o regular exercício dos demais direitos humanos. A falta de acesso à água em quantidade suficiente ou o acesso à água não potável causam sérios e irremediáveis danos às pessoas. Este trabalho tem por objetivo geral investigar a evolução internacional e nacional no reconhecimento desse direito humano fundamental, sejam previsões implícitas ou explícitas sobre o assunto. O método utilizado foi o acesso aos tratados internacionais sobre direitos humanos, acervo bibliográfico a respeito dos recursos hídricos e seu ordenamento jurídico correspondente, internacional e nacional. Como principais resultados encontrados podem-se destacar que o acesso sustentável à água potável é um direito humano fundamental no âmbito das relações internacionais e no Estado brasileiro; que o Brasil incorporou as principais disposições internacionais a respeito do tema, porém sem fazer constar explicitamente na Magna Carta de 1988 o acesso à água potável como direito humano fundamental, mesmo assim deve ser reconhecido diante dos princípios da não tipicidade dos direitos fundamentais e da dignidade da pessoa humana; que esse direito deve ser garantido pelo poder público em quantidade suficiente e qualidade adequada de modo universal e sem que questões econômicas sejam obstáculos à sua efetivação.

The European Union set up an experiment in international relations that arouses the most varied reactions, going from extreme euphoria to nationalist xenophobia. This feeling of confusion is due not only to the wide range of issues that are embraced nor the organic complexity of the institution, but, principally, to superficial analysis emanating from the traditional doctrine, which still stubbornly lies on the surface, focusing in the appearance of international phenomena, without entering into its real concrete and full essence. Thus, in order to develop a consistent study is fundamental to understand European integration in their most hidden aspects, without disregarding their political and legal form, but up to them until unravelling the reality of its political economy. Up to this point it is possible to understand which lesson could be extracted from European experience to South American reality.

The challenge of performing environmental governance at the international level has resulted in the creation of several environmental agreements focused on the common interests involved in the management of natural resources among countries. In recent decades, there has been a proliferation of such agreements, which made the environment the second area with the largest number of international agreements in the world (second only to international trade), which indicates the growing importance given to environmental issues in international arenas. Among these agreements, we highlight the result of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Rio-92): the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. This paper presents an overview of the status of implementation of these conventions in Brazil, focusing on the governance framework (institutional and legal), as well as on the actions taken to meet the commitments arising from these agreements. Main gaps and some of the challenges to be faced in the implementation of the analyzed conventions in Brazil are also identified.

This article analyzes the use of water as ballast to balance the vessels, as well as the existing legislation in the country that protects, monitors and punishes those who are responsible for illegal shedding in national jurisdiction waters. That is important, considering ballast water has become a national and international risk with serious consequences such as bioinvasion. It was discovered that ballast water has become one of the fastest forms of marine pollution because it acts quietly. In an attempt to avoid environmental and economic losses, several conventions and international treaties were agreed between countries such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, adopted in Montego Bay. At the national level, Brazil has important institutions for marine environmental protection such as ANVISA, the National Health Surveillance Agency; ANTAQ, National Agency of Waterborne Transport and broad legislation such as Law (6938/81), the National Environmental Policy; the Criminal Environmental Law (9.605/98) and, specifically, NORMAM 20, issued by the Brazilian Navy's Directorate of Ports and Coasts, which states that every ship to moor at national ports must prove the exchange of ballast water at sea. The research used the legal and theoretical methodology, deductive reasoning and literature from technical and government sites. The results show that Brazil has a concern over the issue and the national legislation proves the effort to prevent marine pollution. However, research in the field is necessary so that invading organisms are discovered prior to the pollution. In addition to that, legislation and supervision must be improved. ; This article analyzes the use of water as ballast to balance the vessels, as well as the existing legislation in the country that protects, monitors and punishes those who are responsible for illegal shedding in national jurisdiction waters. That is important, considering ballast water has become a national and international risk with serious consequences such as bioinvasion. It was discovered that ballast water has become one of the fastest forms of marine pollution because it acts quietly. In an attempt to avoid environmental and economic losses, several conventions and international treaties were agreed between countries such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, adopted in Montego Bay. At the national level, Brazil has important institutions for marine environmental protection such as ANVISA, the National Health Surveillance Agency; ANTAQ, National Agency of Waterborne Transport and broad legislation such as Law (6938/81), the National Environmental Policy; the Criminal Environmental Law (9.605/98) and, specifically, NORMAM 20, issued by the Brazilian Navy's Directorate of Ports and Coasts, which states that every ship to moor at national ports must prove the exchange of ballast water at sea. The research used the legal and theoretical methodology, deductive reasoning and literature from technical and government sites. The results show that Brazil has a concern over the issue and the national legislation proves the effort to prevent marine pollution. However, research in the field is necessary so that invading organisms are discovered prior to the pollution. In addition to that, legislation and supervision must be improved.

The production of medicines with quality, safety and efficacy is essential to meet national and international requirements, aiming at subsidizing pharmaceutical care within the public health. Given the strategic role in which the public health industrial complex is inserted, compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) of the World Health Organization (WHO) is essential to export its drugs via international organizations. The objectives of this article were to identify the main technical requirements recommended by WHO and enforced by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (Anvisa), for compliance and recognition of GMP for medicinal products, and to compare them critically, to obtain the prequalification of medicines. This literature and documentary review promoted a comprehensive approach on national regulations and WHO guidelines. This work enabled to show a high degree of harmonization concerning the topics/subtopics compared between WHO and the national standards guides imposed by Anvisa about GMP, which demonstrates an integration of the national legislation in the international context, corroborating the alignment between Anvisa and WHO regarding compliance with GMP. ; A produção de medicamentos com qualidade, segurança e eficácia é fundamental para atender às demandas nacionais e internacionais, com o fito de subsidiar a assistência farmacêutica no âmbito da saúde pública. Diante do papel estratégico em que o complexo fabril público de saúde está inserido, o cumprimento das Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF) da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) é essencial para a exportação de seus medicamentos via organismos internacionais. Os objetivos deste artigo foram identificar os principais requisitos técnicos recomendados pela OMS e exigidos pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa), para o cumprimento e reconhecimento das BPF de medicamentos, e compará-los, de maneira crítica, em prol da obtenção da pré-qualificação de medicamentos. A metodologia empregada promoveu uma abordagem abrangente acerca das regulamentações nacionais e dos guias da OMS, por intermédio da seguinte técnica de coleta de dados: pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. O presente trabalho possibilitou evidenciar um alto grau de harmonização acerca dos tópicos/subtópicos comparados entre os guias da OMS e a normatização nacional imposta pela Anvisa em BPF, o que demonstra uma inserção da legislação nacional no contexto internacional, corroborando o alinhamento entre a Anvisa e OMS, no tocante ao cumprimento das BPF.

This article aims at addressing the impasse created by the government of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) when it granted to Soco, an English multinational company, the permit to exploit oil and start drilling inside the Virunga National Park in the province of North Kivu, Ituri area, which is protected by UNESCO as a Heritage of Humanity and recognized worldwide as the sanctuary of the mountain gorillas, okapis and several other endangered animals or animal species. The article is inspired in the international mobilization promoted by Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) such as the Human Rights Watch (HRW), Global Witness, World Wide Fund For Nature (WWF) and by other national and international human and animal rights movements, as well as by Ituri's civil society. What is the future of Virunga Park in face of the economic development from oil exploitation to benefit poor riparian populations praised by the Central Government and the sustainable development based on the preservation and conservation of the Park recommended by the non-governmental organizations and the movements listed above? Considering the arguments of the Government in favor of economic development to fight the poverty and misery of the riparian populations, in one hand, and the UN's opposite positioning through UNESCO, NGOs and the civil society, on the other hand, the dialectic method is going to be used by means of a descriptive research founded on a bibliographic survey.

This research focuses on the issue of surrogate motherhood in private international law and is justified because of intense medical and scientific progress in the area and conflicts and litigations proposals for recognition of the nationality of children from the surrogate motherhood procedures as each country legislates according to the national reality, requiring discussions about the harmonization of interests internationally. Thus, the research seeks to question the contributions of the Hague Conference on Private International Law to the harmonization of legal systems in the field of surrogacy and especially what are its effects to the Brazilian legal system. To this end, the first topic investigates advances in assisted human reproduction technique focusing on surrogacy in order to find out how comparative law has found answers to the questions arising from the procedure. Subsequently, the study focuses on the study of Brazilian law and the related international effort verified by the Hague Conference. Finally, the paper identifies the national law suffers limitations to solve the problems arising from transnational surrogacy, and therefore the need for multilateral cooperation is emphasized so that, in unison, children's rights are guaranteed. In this regard, we highlight the practical results obtained from the Hague Conference on resolving the problem of nonnationality. The theme also poses challenges for the future with regard to trafficking in children, the vulnerability of women involved in surrogate motherhood and the very burden of the contract. ; Esta pesquisa se debruça sobre a temática da maternidade de substituição no direito internacional privado e se justifica em razão do intenso progresso médico-científico na área e dos conflitos e lides propostas para o reconhecimento da nacionalidade de crianças oriundas dos procedimentos de maternidade substitutiva, dado que cada país legisla de acordo com a realidade nacional, necessitando-se discutir sobre a harmonização dos interesses no âmbito internacional. Assim, a pesquisa pretende questionar quais as contribuições da Conferência de Haia sobre Direito Internacional Privado para a harmonização dos ordenamentos jurídicos em matéria de maternidade de substituição e, especialmente quais os reflexos para o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Para tanto, investiga-se os avanços da técnica da reprodução humana medicamente assistida com foco na maternidade de substituição, de modo a averiguar como o direito comparado tem encontrado respostas para as questões oriundas do procedimento. Posteriormente, o estudo discorre sobre as disposições do direito brasileiro relacionado e o esforço internacional verificado pela Conferência de Haia. Ao final, o trabalho identifica que o direito interno sofre limitações para resolver os problemas oriundos da maternidade de substituição transnacional e, por isso, ressalta-se a necessidade de cooperação multilateral para que, em uníssono, sejam garantidos os direitos das crianças. Nesse aspecto, destacam-se os resultados práticos verificados a partir da Conferência de Haia na solução do problema da anacionalidade. A temática ainda impõe desafios para o futuro no que concerne ao tráfico de crianças, à vulnerabilidade das mulheres envolvidas na gestação de substituição e à própria onerosidade do contrato.

The Underwater Cultural Heritage is a kind of heritage that is little studied and, for that reason, protection to Underwater Cultural Heritage is yet one of the greatest novelties of the present times. There was no standard to regulate it at the international level by 2001. In turn, at a domestic level, the legislation of the Spanish State fails to have a law to protect it in a specific way, except for Law 16/1985 dated June 25 and issued by the Spanish Historic Heritage - LPHE, which includes it within the archeological heritage.The present legal paper addresses the legislation in force in the Spanish State on Underwater Cultural Heritage, with special attention given to Law 16/1985 dated June 25 of the Spanish Historic Heritage.

Law n. 11,638/2007 legitimized the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption process in Brazil and introduced an accounting system detached from tax purposes in the country. This law aims to reduce the influence of tax law on accounting standards and improve the quality of financial reporting, as IFRS are considered to be higher quality standards. International literature shows a reduction in earnings quality in environments where accounting and tax rules are strongly linked. Moreover, the influence of tax legislation on financial accounting is seen to encourage unconditional conservatism, a bias with no advantages for financial market efficiency. Thus, tax neutrality is expected to provide a more favorable institutional environment for quality financial reporting by detaching corporate accounting from tax accounting. In light of the above, this study aims to verify whether the advent of tax neutrality influences unconditional conservatism in Brazilian public companies. The methodology used involves panel data regressions. The sample consists of non-financial publicly-traded companies with information published in Economática® covering 2002 to 2014. The results show differences in the relationship between taxation and financial reporting between firms that are subject to different levels of monitoring in the Brazilian stock market. Evidence of unconditional conservatism is only found in companies that are subject to greater market monitoring. In this group, it is observed that taxation does not induce unconditional conservatism in reported earnings, which is expected in a tax neutrality context. ; A Lei nº 11.638/2007 (Brasil, 2007) legitimou o processo de adoção das International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) no Brasil e introduziu um regime contábil desvinculado da finalidade tributária no país. Dentre os objetivos da referida lei estão a redução da influência da legislação fiscal nas normas contábeis e a melhora na qualidade do reporte financeiro, uma vez que as IFRS são consideradas normas de qualidade superior. A literatura internacional apresenta evidências de redução no poder informativo dos lucros em ambientes nos quais normas contábeis e tributárias estão fortemente vinculadas. Ademais, a influência da legislação fiscal sobre a contabilidade financeira é apontada como incentivo ao conservadorismo incondicional, viés que não apresenta vantagens à eficiência dos mercados financeiros. Assim, infere-se que a neutralidade tributária pode proporcionar um ambiente institucional mais favorável ao reporte financeiro de qualidade ao desvincular a contabilidade societária da contabilidade fiscal. Diante do exposto, o presente artigo tem o objetivo de verificar se o advento da neutralidade tributária influencia o conservadorismo incondicional nas companhias abertas brasileiras. A metodologia utilizada envolve regressões para dados em painel. A amostra é composta por companhias não financeiras de capital aberto com informações divulgadas na Economatica® no período de 2002 a 2014. Os resultados evidenciam diferenças na relação entre tributação e reporte financeiro entre firmas sujeitas a diferentes graus de monitoramento no mercado acionário brasileiro. São encontrados indícios de conservadorismo incondicional em empresas sujeitas a maior monitoramento de mercado, apenas. Neste grupo, observa-se que a tributação não induz o conservadorismo incondicional nos lucros divulgados, o que é esperado em um contexto de neutralidade tributária.

Objetivo: elaborar y aplicar un método para evaluar la eficacia de reprocesadores automatizados de endoscopios flexibles en un momento en el que no hay un método oficial o laboratorios capacitados para cumplir con los requisitos descritos en las normas específicas para este tipo de producto para la salud en Brasil. Método: el presente estudio metodológico fue desarrollado en base a las siguientes referencias teóricas: Organización Internacional de Normalización (International Organization for Standardization - ISO) norma ISO 15883-4/2008 y Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia de la Salud de Brasil (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária - ANVISA) Resolución del Directorio Colegiado (Resolução de Diretoria Colegiada - RDC) № 35/2010 y 15/2012. El método propuesto se aplicó a un dispositivo comercialmente disponible usando un desinfectante al 0,2% a base de ácido peracético de alto nivel. Resultados: el método de evaluación propuesto se evaluó como fuerte después de que las recomendaciones formuladas en la legislación pertinente se incorporaron con algunos ajustes para garantizar su factibilidad. La aplicación del método propuesto proporciona evidencia de la eficacia de los equipos de prueba para la desinfección de alto nivel de endoscopios. Conclusión: el método propuesto puede servir de referencia para la evaluación de reprocesadores de endoscopios flexibles, proporcionando de este modo bases sólidas para la compra de esta categoría de productos de salud. ; Objetivo: propor e aplicar um método para a avaliação da eficácia de processadoras automáticas de endoscópios flexíveis, em um momento em que ainda não existe no Brasil um método oficial, nem tampouco laboratórios capacitados que contemplem os requisitos das normas específicas aplicáveis a esse tipo de produto para a saúde. Método: caracterizou-se como pesquisa metodológica e foi desenvolvido com base em três referenciais teóricos: norma técnica International Organization for Standardization (ISO) - ISO 15883-4/2008, Resolução de Diretoria Colegiada (RDC) nº35/2010 e RDC nº15/2012 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). Aplicou-se o método proposto em um equipamento específico, comercialmente disponível, utilizando desinfetante de alto nível à base de ácido peracético 0,2%. Resultados: o método de avaliação proposto mostrou-se robusto, à medida que as recomendações das legislações pertinentes ao equipamento avaliado foram incorporadas, com algumas adaptações para sua exequibilidade. A aplicação do método proposto permitiu atestar a eficácia do equipamento utilizado na desinfecção de alto nível de endoscópios. Conclusão: o método pode servir de referência para a avaliação de reprocessadoras de endoscópios flexíveis, subsidiando a aquisição dessa categoria de produtos para a saúde. ; Objective: to elaborate and apply a method to assess the efficacy of automated flexible endoscope reprocessors at a time when there is not an official method or trained laboratories to comply with the requirements described in specific standards for this type of health product in Brazil. Method: the present methodological study was developed based on the following theoretical references: International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard ISO 15883-4/2008 and Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária - ANVISA) Collegiate Board Resolution (Resolução de Diretoria Colegiada - RDC) no. 35/2010 and 15/2012. The proposed method was applied to a commercially available device using a high-level 0.2% peracetic acid-based disinfectant. Results: the proposed method of assessment was found to be robust when the recommendations made in the relevant legislation were incorporated with some adjustments to ensure their feasibility. Application of the proposed method provided evidence of the efficacy of the tested equipment for the high-level disinfection of endoscopes. Conclusion: the proposed method may serve as a reference for the assessment of flexible endoscope reprocessors, thereby providing solid ground for the purchase of this category of health products.

O artigo analisa interações entre membros do empresariado e o governo brasi­leiro durante o governo Lula, de 2003 a 2010, no âmbito das políticas públicas domésticas e ex­terna nacionais que teriam fomentado as rela­ções com países africanos com vistas a ganhos instrumentais. Defende-se que tanto atores pri­vados quanto estatais, por convergências e/ou associações de interesses, teriam obtido vanta­gens ao trabalhar sincronicamente. Enquanto o setor privado lograria diminuir seus custos políticos e financeiros com investimentos no exterior, o governo brasileiro, paralelamente, poderia utilizar-se desses investimentos priva­dos como meio de expandir sua influência in­ternacional e lograr seus objetivos. Nesse con­texto, foram analisados três casos de empresas brasileiras que realizaram investimentos na África no período indicado. ; The ar­ticle analyses interactions between members of the Brazilian private sector and the Brazi­lian state apparatus during Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's two terms as president, from 2003 to 2010, within the domestic and foreign public policies' framework, which would have fomen­ted relations with African countries pursuing instrumental gains. The article supports the thesis that actors from both private and gover­nmental sectors achieves advantages as they emprehend synchronic actions. While the pri­vate sector succeeds in minimizing its opera­tional and political costs in its external invest­ments, the Brazilian government, in parallel, uses such private investments as a means of ex­panding its international influence and achie­ve its objectives. In light of this, three cases of Brazilian companies that invested in Africa during the investigated period, are analyzed. ; The ar­ticle analyses interactions between members of the Brazilian private sector and the Brazi­lian state apparatus during Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's two terms as president, from 2003 to 2010, within the domestic and foreign public policies' framework, which would have fomen­ted relations with African countries pursuing instrumental gains. The article supports the thesis that actors from both private and gover­nmental sectors achieves advantages as they emprehend synchronic actions. While the pri­vate sector succeeds in minimizing its opera­tional and political costs in its external invest­ments, the Brazilian government, in parallel, uses such private investments as a means of ex­panding its international influence and achie­ve its objectives. In light of this, three cases of Brazilian companies that invested in Africa during the investigated period, are analyzed.

Privatautonomie ist ein so zentrales und altes Thema, dass es fast nur im Facettenreichtum der verschiedensten Perspektiven annähernd zu fassen ist. Die Referate umfassen viele der Rechtsordnungen deutscher und portugiesischer Sprache, von Österreich und Deutschland über Portugal und Brasilien bis hin zu den kapverdischen Inseln. Sie umfassen eine ganze Reihe der klassischen privat-, handels- und wirtschaftsrechtlichen Gebiete, aber auch Betrachtungen zu Rechtsgeschichte und Rechtsphilosophie. Die Beiträge stammen aus Wissenschaft ebenso wie Praxis, der Generalsekretär von Unidroit erläutert die Privatautonomie breit im Vertragsrecht allgemein, das Verbraucherrecht bildet einen Kontrast dazu, das Testamentsrecht eine dritte Perspektive und vieles mehr. Nicht zuletzt wird das deutsch-lusitanische Recht durch Betrachtungen zu kulturellen Dimensionen flankiert, Rhetorik ebenso wie Literatur runden das Panorama ab. Privatautonomie präsentiert dieser Band als ein spannendes, facettenreiches Thema

This paper examines changes in oil revenue management in the period from the market-oriented reforms of the 1990s to the new oil sector regulatory framework introduced in 2010. Grounded on a combination of the long-term view afforded by historical institutionalism and the tools for modelling agents' behaviour offered by rational choice institutionalism, it stresses the importance of ideas and associated interests in the policy outcome, considering stakeholder interaction in the process, the institutional framework, the new critical juncture, and the new domestic and international setting. The result indicates that the Brazilian oil policy follows the ideas path during the 1990s and 2000s, reflecting the dominant interests in each phase. As well, the domestic economic outlook was critical to determine the extent to which the government had to follow international agencies policy recommendations. ; Este trabajo examina los cambios en la gestión de los ingresos petroleros desde el período de las reformas orientadas al mercado de los años 1990 hasta el nuevo marco regulatorio del petróleo aprobado en 2010. Basado en la combi­nación de la perspectiva a largo plazo del institucionalismo histórico y en las herramientas del institucionalismo de la elección racional para modelar el comportamiento de los agentes, el estudio subraya la importancia de las ideas e intereses en el resultado de la política pública, considerando la interacción de los actores en el proceso, el marco institucional, nuevas coyunturas críticas y configuraciones nacionales e internacionales. Los resultados indican que la política pública de petróleo en Brasil siguió la trayectoria de las ideas durante el período, reflejando los intereses dominantes en cada fase. Además, la situación económica doméstica desempeñó un papel clave al determinar la necesidad de seguir las recomendaciones de políticas económicas de las organizaciones financieras internacionales. ; Este trabalho examina as mudanças no gerenciamento das receitas petrolíferas desde os anos 1990, período das reformas orientadas para o mercado, até o novo marco regulatório do petróleo aprovado em 2010. Baseado na combinação da perspectiva de longo prazo do institucionalismo histórico e nas ferramentas para modelar o com­portamento dos agentes do institucionalismo da escolha racional, o estudo sublinha a importância das ideias e dos interesses no resultado da política pública, considerando a interação dos atores no processo, o marco institu­cional, novas conjunturas críticas e configurações nacionais e internacionais. Os resultados indicam que a política pública de petróleo no Brasil segue uma trajetória calcada nas ideias vigentes durante o período, refletindo os interesses dominantes em cada fase. Além disso, a situação econômica doméstica teve papel-chave ao determinar a necessidade de seguir as recomendações de políticas econômicas das organizações financeiras internacionais.

El presente artículo objetiva elaborar un análisis de política comparada por medio del mapeo de la experiencia de paradiplomacia financiera en algunos países emergentes. El trabajo expone el concepto de paradiplomacia financiera; esboza el modelo de la paradiplomacia financiera en países de estructura de gobierno federativo; compara las experiencias de paradiplomacia financiera en cuatro países emergentes (Argentina, India, México, Rusia); y hace una síntesis de las experiencias en comparación con Brasil. El estado concluyó que la paradiplomacia financiera en el mundo emergente se encuentra limitada una vez que los gobiernos subnacionales están obligados a captar en los mercados de créditos domésticos a costos, en general, bien superiores al mercado internacional y/o tener que aceptar la intermediación del gobierno central en la contratación de préstanos junto a los organismos financieros internacionales, siendo pocos los que captan directamente en los mercados de capitales globales ; This article engages into a comparative policy analysis through the mapping of the financial paradiplomacy experience in some emerging market countries. The article introduces the concept of financial paradiplomacy, outlines the financial model of paradiplomacy in countries with federal government structures, compares the experience with financial paradiplomacy in four emerging market countries (Argentina, India, Mexico and Russia), and provides an overview of those experiences compared with Brazil. The article concludes that financial paradiplomacy in emerging markets is limited since subnational governments are required to raise funds in the domestic credit markets at costs above the international market and/or having to accept the intermediation role of the respective central governments in order to obtain loans from the international financial organizations; with just a few of emerging market countries whose subnational governments raise funds directly in the global capital market. ; O presente artigo objetiva elaborar uma análise de política comparada por meio do mapeamento da experiência de paradiplomacia financeira em alguns países emergentes. O trabalho expõe o conceito de paradiplomacia financeira; esboça o modelo da paradiplomacia financeira em países de estrutura de governo federativo; compara as experiências de paradiplomacia financeira em quatro países emergentes (Argentina, Índia, México e Rússia); e faz uma síntese das experiências em comparação com o Brasil. O estudo conclui que a paradiplomacia financeira no mundo emergente se encontra limitada uma vez que os governos subnacionais ficam obrigados a captar nos mercados de crédito domésticos a custos em geral bem superiores ao mercado internacional e/ou terem de aceitar a intermediação do governo central na contratação de empréstimos junto aos organismos financeiros internacionais, sendo poucos os que captam diretamente nos mercados de capitais globais.