Suchergebnisse

Peace and Security Council Fourth Session 6 April 2004 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ; Conseil De Paix Et De Securite Quatrième session 6 avril 2004 Addis Abéba (Ethiopie) ; السلام والأمن التابع الدورة الرابعة 6 أبريل 2004 أديس أبابا، إثيوبيا ; Paz e Segurança sessão do Conselho Quarta 6 de abril de 2004 Adis Abeba, Etiópia

This article reports on the experience of the specialization course called: Research training program for nurses to study the drugs pheonomenon in Latin America, which was offered by two institutions, one of which is local (University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing) while the other is an international organization (Interamerican drugs abuse control commission - CICAD of the Organization of American States - OAS). This program was offered consecutively in 2002 and 2003. The report discloses data on the negotation and didactical planning process for the first course, the distribution of contents and activities, experiences acquired during the teaching process and student evaluations. According to the participating students, teachers and institutions involved, offering partially in-class and partially distance courses, like the above mentioned program, has proved to be a successful experience with political, academic and social repercussions for the participants. ; Este artículo trata de un relato de experiência de ofrecimiento de docentes de los cursos de especialización; a través del "Programa de capacitación en investigación para enfermeros en el estudio del fenomeno de las drogas en Latino America", planteados de manera colaborativa por dos instituciones, una de carater publico y regional (Escuela de Enfermería de Ribeirão Preto de la Universidad de São Paulo) y otra, una organización internacional (Comisión Interamericana para el control del abuso de drogas - CICAD de la Organización de los Estados Americanos - OEA); la primera con atribuciones tecnico-científicas y la segunda responsable por el apoyo financiero. Ese programa se repitió por dos años consecutivos, en 2002 y 2003. El relato expone datos sobre el proceso de negociación y planeamiento didáctico desde el primer curso, la distribución de contenidos y actividades, las experiencias adquiridas en el proceso de enseñanza y las evaluaciones de los alumnos. Según los participantes (alumnos, profesores e instituciones involucradas) la iniciativa de ofrecimiento de cursos, parte presencial y parte a distancia como los realizados, se ha demostrado una experiencia exitosa con repercusiones políticas, academicas y sociales para todos los involucrados. ; Este artigo trata-se de um relato de experiência de oferta de dois cursos de especialização: "Programa de capacitação em pesquisa para enfermeiros-docentes no estudo do fenômeno das drogas na América Latina" implantados de maneira colaborativa por duas instituições, uma de natureza pública e regional (Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo) e outra, uma organização internacional (CICAD); a primeira com atribuições técnico-científicas e a segunda responsável pelo apoio financeiro. Esse programa repetiu-se por dois anos consecutivos, em 2002 e 2003. O relato expõe dados sobre o processo de negociação e planejamento didático desde o primeiro curso, a distribuição de conteúdos e atividades, as experiências adquiridas no processo de ensino e as avaliações dos alunos. Segundo os participantes, (alunos, professores e instituições envolvidas) a iniciativa de oferecimento de cursos, em parte presencial e em parte a distância como os realizados, ser uma experiência bem sucedida com desdobramentos políticos, acadêmicos e sociais para todos os envolvidos.

Raportissa tarkastellaan sotilaallisen t&k-panostuksen ja kilpailukyvyn välisiä yhteyksiä. Aineistona käytetään brittiläisen International Institute for Strategic Studies -laitoksen (IISS) "The Military Balance" -raportin tietoja länsimaiden sotilaallisen t&kpanostuksen kehityksestä. Julkisen vallan sotilaallisia t&k-panostuksia verrataan maiden julkisiin siviilipuolen t&k-menoihin, sotilaallisiin hankintamenoihin, sekä suhteessa maiden BKT:hen ja puolustusbudjetteihin. Raportissa on mukana myös tiivis katsaus sotilaallisen t&k-panostuksen ja tuottavuuden välistä yhteyttä kuvaavista kansainvälisistä tutkimuksista. Raportin tulosten mukaan sotilaallisella t&k-panostuksella ja kilpailukyvyllä ei ole suoraa yhteyttä. ; This study discusses the relationship between military R&D and competitiveness. The study is based mainly on a British International Institute for Strategic Studies -institutes publication "The Military Balance", and furthermore its information about the development of Western countrye´s military R&D-stakes for the years 1994 -2001. Government military R&D is compared for government R&D, defence expenditure and also to the countries gross domestic product and defence budgets. The study also includes tight review about the previous international studies, which are focused to study the relationship between military R&D and productiveness. The study concludes, that there are no direct connection between military R&D and competitiveness.

This paper is an analysis of the foreign Aid Policies of two OECD Development Assistance Committee member countries – Finland and Ireland. The analysis reveals that both Finland and Ireland share high principles on their relations with the developing world, although their current policy outlooks appear to differ significantly. Despite Finland's good economic performance and prosperity largely generated by the global demand and market access, the government has so far failed to include the increasing of ODA on its priority agenda. In addition to the declining commitment, the selection criteria for Finnish aid recipients appears to be partially commercially motivated. Ireland on the other hand has a solid record of targeting the poorest of the poor with its development assistance and has recently increased development country focus in national policies. The challenge for Ireland is the effective utilisation of these funds and even more importantly keeping the government's public, international commitment to the 0,7 percent recommendation level despite the possible future slowdown of the economy.

With the Cold War over, a lasting new world order seemed to establish itself,under the hegemony of a single planetary superpower. Within a short span oftime, this order showed itself to be rather precarious, despite the recurringaffirmations of American politico-military supremacy. The new socialstruggles have had a decisive role in producing and giving visibility to thiscrisis of hegemony. To what extent have their advances been compromised bythe political impact of the September 11, 2001 attacks? To put in another way,is the new conjuncture favorable to the recomposition of American hegemony? The present article is an attempt to contribution to the study ofthe nexus between social struggles and international relations in this turbulent beginning of the millennium. ; Encerrada a Guerra-Fria, pareceu se instalar uma duradoura nova ordem mundial sob ahegemonia da única superpotência planetária. Em pouco tempo, este ordenamento serevelou bastante precário, apesar da recorrente afirmação de supremacia políticomilitarnorte-americana. As novas lutas sociais desempenharam papel decisivo para aprodução e visibilidade desta crise de hegemonia. Em que medida, seus avançosficaram comprometidos pelos impactos políticos dos atentados de 11 de setembro de2001? Inversamente, a nova conjuntura é favorável à recomposição da hegemonianorte-americana? O presente artigo é um esboço de contribuição para o exame dosnexos entre lutas sociais e relações internacionais neste turbulento início de milênio.

Em meados de 1973, surgiu, no interior das Forças Armadas portuguesas, o Movimento dos Capitães, cujos objetivos eram, no início, apenas sócio-profissionais. Com aRevolução de 25 de abril de 1974, chefiada pelo agora chamado MFA - Movimento dasForças Armadas -, ocorreu a divisão em três correntes.Os oficiais moderados, mais próximos dos socialistas eram, simbolicamente, liderados pelo grupo dos nove (entre eles, o mentor intelectual do programa do MFA, major Melo Antunes). Os "gonçalvistas" defendiam o aprofundamento da revolução numa linha terceiro-mundista ou das chamadas "democracias populares" do Leste Europeu e contaram, por algum tempo, com o apoio dos Partido Comunista Português e do Primeiro-Ministro, coronel Vasco Gonçalves. A terceira vertente do MFA era a dos "copconistas" (do COPCON, Comando Operacional do Continente), liderados por Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, cuja entrevista, de importância histórico-política inestimável, Lutas Sociais tem a satisfação de publicar. ; In mid-1973 the Captains' Movement arose within the Portuguese ArmedvForces. Its objectives were initially merely socio-professional. With the Revolution that occurred on April 25, 1974, led by the newly named Movement of the Armed Forces (MFA), there occurred a division of the movement into three currents. The moderate officers, closest to the socialists,were symbolically led by the group of nine (among them, the intellectual mentor of the MFA program, Maj. Melo Antunes). The "gonçalvistas"defended the deepening of the revolution in line with the thinking of the nona ligned movement or the so-called "popular democracies" of Eastern Europeand had the support, for a time, of the Portuguese Communist Party and thePrime Minister, Col. Vasco Gonçalves. The third current of the MFA was the"copconistas" (their name came from the Continental Operational Command,or COPCON), led by Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho. Lutas Sociais is proud topublish an interview with Saraiva de Carvalho, which is of inestimablehistorical importance.

O propósito deste artigo é repensar, nos marcos teóricos da crítica marxista, os problemas da crise de legitimidade das democracias burguesas, na América Latina nosanos 90, por conta do confronto que os movimentos sociais impõem ao Estado,enquanto representante dos interesses das classes dominantes e elemento fundamental no processo de acumulação de capital. ; The objective of this article is to rethink, from a Marxist theoretical perspective, the legitimacy crises of the bourgeois democracies of LatinAmerica in the 1990s, taking into consideration the confrontation that social movements impose upon the State, in its role as the representative of theinterests of the dominant classes and as a fundamental actor in the process of capital accumulation.

Os autores analisam as lutas sociais na Argentina a partir dos anos 90 até os recentesacontecimentos que derrubaram o governo Fernando De La Rua, em plena vigência doestado de sítio. Ao mesmo tempo sinalizam três etapas dessas lutas: 1993-1997 (augedas mobilizações populares); 1997-1998/9 (desaparecimento da unidade na luta dos trabalhadores); 1999-2001 (nova ascensão das lutas sociais). ; The authors analyze social struggles in Argentina from the 1990s up to the recent events that overthrew the government of Fernando De La Rua in the midst of an officially declared state of siege. They point to three phases ofstruggle: 1993-1997 (peak of popular mobilization); 1997-1998/9(disappearance of unity in worker struggles); 1999-2001 (new upsurge of social struggles).

O artigo problematiza criticamente o debate sobre o conceito de "terceiro setor", apartir não do que é chamado "terceiro setor", mas das reformas mais gerais operadassob a hegemonia do grande capital, particularmente o financeiro. Procura-secaracterizar a origem setorializadora desse termo que, de um lado, impede uma visãode totalidade e, portanto, deita por terra a perspectiva de transformação social; e, deoutro, determina sua clara funcionalidade ao projeto hegemônico de reestruturação docapital que, orientado nos postulados neoliberais, mistifica a sociedade civil, desarticulae apazigua as lutas sociais, além de propiciar maior aceitação à reforma do Estado,particularmente no que refere à Seguridade Social e à responsabilidade estatal naresposta à "questão social" como direito de cidadania. ; This article critically problematizes the debate on the concept of the "thirdsector," departing not from the fact that it is called the "third sector," butfrom the more general reforms undertaken under the hegemony of big capital,particularly financial capital. It tries to characterize the sectoralized origin ofthat term, which, on the one hand, impedes a vision of the totality and, as aresult, undercuts a socially transformative perspective and, on the other hand,determines its clear functionality for the hegemonic project of capitalrestructuring. This project, oriented by neoliberal postulates, mystifies civilsociety and disarticulates and pacifies social struggles, at the same time that itpromotes a greater acceptance of state reform, particularly with regard tosocial security and the state's responsibility to treat the "social question" as aright of citizenship.

Crítica teórico-política às formulações de Perry Anderson (janeiro,2000), em "Renewals", editorial de apresentação do novo formato de New Left Review. Opessimismo que emana do texto de Anderson expressa o atual momento de uma fração intelectual da "nova esquerda" anglo-saxônica, surgida nos anos 60. As análises que o próprio Anderson fez do processo de constituição, no entre-guerras, do "marxismo ocidental" são úteis para o exame da trajetória desta fração cujo principal porta-voz tem sido a própria New Left Review. ; This is a theoretical-political critique of Perry Anderson's arguments in"Renewals," an editorial in the introductory issue of the new version of theNew Left Review . The pessimism that emanates from the text expresses thecontemporary state of an intellectual current within the Anglo-Saxon "newleft," which arose in the 1960s. Anderson's own analyses of the process thatcreated "western Marxism" during the interwar period are useful for studyingthe trajectory of this current, whose principal exponent has been the New LeftReview .

Este artigo busca analisar o impacto provocado pela greve do funcionalismo público francês de novembro/dezembro de 1995 sobre o processo de reforma da previdênciasocial então em curso no Brasil. Seu objetivo específico é verificar a acolhida que o movimento grevista na França encontrou junto a intelectuais e lideranças sindicais brasileiras. Para isso, o texto apresenta, em linhas gerais, o contexto político em que o processo de reforma da previdência se desenrola, bem como os projetos em discussão,a fim de traçar um paralelo entre os dois países em questão. ; This article tries to analyze the impact of the French public employees' strikeof November and December of 1995 on the process of social pension reform that was then taking place in Brazil. Its specific objective is to underscore thepositive response the strike movement received from Brazilian intellectuals and union leaders. The text presents, in a general manner, the political contextin which the process of pension reform developed, as well as the plans under discussion, in order to establish parallels between the two countries in question.

El presente texto es una síntesis de ponencias e intervenciones que he realizado sobreel tema en los últimos tiempos, y como tal fue leída en el acto de apertura del VIEncuentro Latinoamericano de Revistas Marxistas celebrado en Montevideo enseptiembre del año 2000. Con ello, señalo la valorización del concepto de sociedad civilen la obra de Carlos Marx, donde la tesis del desaparecimiento del Estado coincide conla subsunción de las funciones políticas y administrativas por las organizacionespopulares de la sociedad. ; The present text is a synthesis of talks and comments that I have delivered onthis topic recently. It was presented at the opening ceremony of the SixthLatin American Meeting of Marxist Journals, held in Montevideo inSeptember 2000. I underscore the valorization of the concept of civil societyin Karl Marx's work. The disappearance of the State hypothesized by Marx isaccompanied by the assumption of political and administrative functions bythe popular organizations of society.

OBJETIVO: Descrever a distribuição da mortalidade por doenças do aparelho digestivo, geniturinário e do sistema nervoso, de acordo com a ocupação entre militares da Marinha do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo exploratório da mortalidade proporcional conduzido com militares do sexo masculino lotados na Marinha do Brasil, que faleceram no período de 1991 a 1995. A população do estudo corresponde a todo o contingente da corporação nesse mesmo período. Os dados provêm de certidões de óbitos requeridas para concessão de pensões de dependentes e história ocupacional correspondente. As causas básicas de morte foram codificadas de acordo a Classificação Internacional de Doenças (9ª revisão). RESULTADOS: Militares apresentaram mortalidade proporcional aumentada para as doenças do fígado relacionadas com o consumo do álcool (razão de mortalidade proporcional ajustada (RMPaj=2,03; IC 95%: 1,26 3,00), pancreatite (RMPaj=2,03; IC 95%: 1,06 3,38), hemorragia digestiva (RMPaj=1,61; IC 95%: 1,10 2,23), doenças renais crônicas (RMPaj=2,82; IC 95%: 1,98 3,84), doença de Parkinson (RMPaj=3,00; IC 95%: 1,27 5,72) e degenerações cerebrais (RMPaj=2,88; IC 95%: 1,14 5,70) em relação a população de referência. Associação não estatisticamente significante foi observada entre operadores de radar (RMP=6,50; IC 95%: 1,43 29,56) e doenças do sistema nervoso. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados indicam a existência de possíveis fatores de riscos ocupacionais no ambiente de trabalho da Marinha do Brasil, e a necessidade de estudos com medidas quantitativas de exposição. ; OBJECTIVE: To describe the distribution of mortality due to digestive tract, genitourinary and nervous system diseases according to occupation among Brazilian Navy servicemen. METHODS: This was an exploratory study of proportional mortality among male servicemen in the Brazilian Navy who died between 1991 and 1995. The study population comprises the entire contingent of servicemen during this same time period. Data were obtained from death certificates submitted in order to obtain dependents' pensions, and from the corresponding occupational histories of these individuals. Basic causes of death were coded in accordance with the International Classification of Diseases (9th Revision). RESULTS: Servicemen presented increased proportional mortality for liver diseases related to alcohol consumption (age-adjusted proportional mortality ratio, PMRadj =2.03; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.26-3.00), pancreatitis (PMRadj=2.03; 95% CI: 1.06-3.38), digestive hemorrhage (PMRadj=1.61; 95% CI: 1.10-2.23), chronic kidney diseases (PMRadj=2.82; 95% CI: 1.98-3.84), Parkinson's disease (PMRadj=3.00; 95% CI: 1.27-5.72) and degenerative brain diseases (PMRadj=2.88; 95% CI: 1.14-5.70), in relation to the reference population. A statistically non-significant association was observed between radar operators (PMR=6.50; 95% CI: 1.43-29.56) and nervous system diseases was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate the existence of possible occupational risk factors in the working environment of the Brazilian Navy, and the need for studies using quantitative measurement of such exposure.

Pro gradu ­tutkielma koostuu seuraavista osista: Rouvinen, Kaisa. Lisääntymisterveydenhuollon haasteet ja naisten hyvinvointi vähiten kehittyneissä maissa. Tampereen yliopisto. Terveystieteen laitos. Kirjallisuuskatsaus. Osasuoritus Pro gradu ­tutkielmaan. 26 s. 2003 Rouvinen, Kaisa. Quality of care in reproductive health services at health posts in Nepal. International EuroQuan Conference on Quality and Nursing Practice. Proceedings. Norsk sykepleieforbund. 1997; 224-231. Rouvinen, Kaisa. Quality of care in reproductive health services at five government health posts in Siraha District, Eastern Nepal. A dissertation submitted to the University of Liverpool (School of Tropical Medicine) in partial fulfilment of the degree of Master in Community Health. 95 pages. 1996 ; 1. JOHDANTO 6 2. LISÄÄNTYMISTERVEYS KEHITYKSEN INDIKAATTORINA 7 3. NAISEN ELÄMÄN TÄRKEÄT JA KRIITTISET VAIHEET 10 3.1. RASKAUS JA SYNNYTYS - TURVALLISEN ÄITIYDEN TAVOITE 10 3.2. PERHESUUNNITTELU JA ABORTTI 15 3.3. HIV JA MUUT SUKUPUOLITAUDIT 17 3.4. LAPSETTOMUUS JA LAPSEN SUKUPUOLI 19 3.5. SUKUPUOLIELINTEN TRADITIONAALINEN SILPOMINEN 20 3.6. KÖYHYYDEN, TRADITIOIDEN JA OLOSUHTEIDEN MERKITYS 22 4. HAASTEET JA MAHDOLLISUUDET 23 LÄHTEET 26 QUALITY OF CARE IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICES AT FIVE GOVERNMENT HEALTH POSTS IN SIRAHA DISTRICT, EASTERN NEPAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS III LIST OF TABLES VI LIST OF FIGURES VII LIST OF ABBREVATIONS AND ACRONYMS VIII GLOSSARY IX EXECUTIVE SUMMARY X CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. THE CLIENT AND THE CONCERN 1 1.1.1. Save the Children US in Nepal 1 1.1.2. Save the Children Siraha project 1 1.1.3. Problem statement 2 1.2. THE STUDY 2 1.2.1. Study question 2 1.2.2. Aim and objectives of the study 2 1.2.1. Action plan and accomplishment of the study 3 1.3. STUDY LOCATION 4 1.3.1. Nepal 4 1.3.2. Siraha District 4 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 6 2.1. GLOBAL VIEWS OF WOMEN'S HEALTH 6 2.2. PRIMARY HEALTH CARE IN NEPAL 8 2.2.1. Safe Motherhood and Family Planning 8 2.3. QUALITY IN HEALTH CARE 10 2.3.1. What is quality? 10 2.3.2. Approaches to assessment of quality in health care 10 2.4. SELECTED ISSUES IN QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 14 2.4.1. The structure of the health care and its relevance in quality assessment 14 2.4.2. Health care providers' job motivation and its impact on quality of health care 15 2.4.3. User satisfaction 16 2.5. CONCLUSION 17 CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY 19 3.1. EVALUATION OF HEALTH POST FACILITIES AND SERVICE ARRANGEMENTS 20 3.1.1. Study location 20 3.1.2. Selection of health posts 20 3.1.3. Issues and variables used to explore the objective 20 3.1.4. Tools and strategies of data collection 20 3.2. EXPLORING HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS' PERCEPTIONS ABOUT THE QUALITY OF CARE 21 3.2.1. Study population 21 3.2.2. Selection of informants 21 3.2.3. Issues and variables used to explore the objective 21 3.2.4. Tools and strategies of data collection 21 3.3. DESCRIBING THE LEVEL OF USERS' SATISFACTION 22 3.3.1. Study population 22 3.3.2. Selection of informants 22 3.3.3. Issues and variables used to explore the objective 22 3.3.4. Tools and strategies of data collection 23 3.4 ADDITIONAL DATA COLLECTION METHODS 24 3.5. PRE-TESTING AND TRANSLATION 24 3.6. DATA HANDLING AND STORAGE 25 3.7. DATA ANALYSIS 25 3.8. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND ENCOUNTERED CONSTRAINTS IN DATA COLLECTION 25 CHAPTER 4. RESULTS 27 4.1. EVALUATION OF HEALTH POST FACILITIES AND SERVICE ARRANGEMENTS 27 4.1.1. Location and accessibility 27 4.1.2. Target population and service statistics 27 4.1.3. Sub-health posts, outreach clinics and staffing 28 4.2.4. Waiting facilities at health posts 28 4.1.5. Rooms for counselling and MCH and FP services 28 4.1.6. Infection prevention 29 4.1.7. Equipment and instruments for use in MCH and FP 29 4.1.8. Availability of contraceptives and essential medicines 29 4.1.9. IEC material and activities 29 4.1.10. Record keeping and reporting 30 4.1.11. Health post management and supervision 30 4.1.12. Conclusion 30 4.2. HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS' PERCEPTION ABOUT THE QUALITY OF CARE 31 4.2.1. Job satisfaction and experience as a health care provider 31 4.2.2. Health workers' perception of what is good quality in health care 32 4.2.3. Health workers' perception about users' expectations 33 4.2.4. Health workers' suggestions for improvement of health care 33 4.2.5. What are the specific reasons for low utilisation of FP and AN services 34 4.2.6. Conclusion 35 4.3. QUALITY OF CARE FROM THE USERS' POINT OF VIEW 35 4.3.1. The sample 35 4.3.2. Perceptions of the quality of care 37 4.3.3. Suggestions for improvement for the quality of care at a health post 40 4.3.4. Conclusion 40 4.4. SUMMARY OF RESULTS 41 CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION 43 5.1. IMPACTS OF STRUCTURE OF HEALTH CARE ON QUALITY OF THE SERVICE 43 5.1.1. Accessibility 43 5.1.2. Clinical settings and procedures 44 5.1.3. Service arrangements 44 5.2. HEALTH WORKERS' ROLE 47 5.2.1. Users' expectations contradicting providers' perceptions 47 5.2.2. Implications of health workers' perceptions for improvement of quality 48 5.2.3. Job motivation 48 5.2.4. Quality assurance cycle 50 5.3. CONCLUSIONS 50 5.4. COMMENTS ON METHODS USED IN THE STUDY 51 CHAPTER 6. RECOMMENDATIONS 53 REFERENCES 54 APPENDICES APPENDIX 1 PHOTPGRAPHS: WALL PAINTINGS AND TBA TRAINING 58 APPENDIX 2 MAPS OF NEPAL AND SIRAHA DISTRICT 59 APPENDIX 3 INVENTORY FORM FOR HEALTH POST FACILITIES 60 APPENDIX 4. BACKGROUND VARIABLES 70 APPENDIX 5.A STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE FOR USER EXIT INTERVIEW 71 APPENDIX 5.B MAITHALI TRANSLATION OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE 75 APPENDIX 6 EVALUATION OF HEALTH POST FACILITIES AND SERVICE ARRANGEMENTS 79 APPENDIX 7. FINDINGS FROM HEALTH PERSONNEL IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS 84 APPENDIX 8. USERS' EXPRESSIONS OF THE QUALITY OF CARE. QUOTATIONS. 85