In recent years, there has been an increase in the international activities of local governments in Turkey. Local governments conduct international activities by establishing sister city relations, becoming members of international organizations, and signing cooperation protocols, and memoranda of understanding/goodwill letters. The present study aimed to investigate the activities regarding the international activities of local governments in Turkey. In the study, lectures on international activities, following the description of theoretical, historical and legal backgrounds of international relations, the statistical data on the activities of local governments in Turkey are presented, and some observations and assessments were made through the information obtained from the relevant unit managers of six metropolitan municipalities in Turkey which have the strongest memberships in international organizations. As a result, it was determined that there has been an increase in the number of international activities of local governments in Turkey, memberships to these organizations have been effectively carried out, the municipalities have become a member of international organizations which are expected to benefit from, a purpose was determined by these municipalities before becoming a member, and these municipalities have become stakeholders of international organizations and have gained significant benefits through these joint projects.
In international relations, international security combines that set of international relations that ensures global stability. In other words, international security is a state in which states are not threatened by war or by any breach of their sovereignty or independent development by other states. In accordance with the UN Charter, the Security Council currently has the main task of ensuring world peace, also having the sole right to impose sanctions against aggressors. The idea of international security, its realization in practice is determined by historical, economic, political, social conditions, as well as other factors. The problem of international security arose with the formation of the state institution, being always close to the problem of war and peace. Over time, there has been a change in the ability to analyze and report security issues. Along with these, both the policies and the security strategies of contemporary societies have undergone a process of metamorphosis.
Abstract This paper aims to reflect about the contradictions of international cooperation for development in Haiti that can be summarized in two perspectives: the North-South cooperation (NSC) and South-South cooperation (SSC). The dynamics of relationships can mix them (N-SSC). We identified governmental and nongovernmental particularly in health, linked to the OECD, the ALBA-TCP and UNASUR as empirical sources for reflection. The OECD privileges the perspective of NSC: commitment of developed nations with undeveloped. It operates mainly through NGOs. The ALBA-TCP and UNASUR have followed the perspective of SSC: commitment and solidarity among nations alike. They emphasize the horizontal partnership based on solidarity, respect for national sovereignty and peculiarities of each country. The resumption of the categories imperialism and internationalism may contribute to the understanding and analysis the contradictions in the international development agenda, illustrated by how these different actor in Haiti organize their actions. While the first one indicates bonding mechanisms geopolitical hierarchy, the latter suggests possibilities for overcoming these mechanisms. Key-words: International cooperation; Haiti; Imperialism; Internationalism; Organizational studies. Resumo Este artigo objetiva refletir sobre contradições da cooperação internacional para o desenvolvimento no Haiti, resumidas em duas perspectivas: cooperação Norte-Sul (CNS) e cooperação Sul-Sul (CSS). A dinâmica das relações pode misturá-las (CN-SS). Identificamos atores governamentais e não governamentais, na área da saúde, vinculados à OCDE, à ALBA-TCP e à UNASUL como fontes empíricas para a reflexão. A OCDE se orienta, predominantemente pela CNS, ou seja, pelo compromisso de assistência que os países desenvolvidos oferecem aos subdesenvolvidos. Opera principalmente através de ONGs. Nas ações da ALBA-TCP e da Unasul predominam a perspectiva da CSS: comprometimento solidário entre nações iguais. Enfatizam a parceria horizontal baseada na solidariedade, no respeito à soberania e peculiaridades de cada país. A retomada das categorias imperialismo e internacionalismo contribui para compreensão e análise das contradições na agenda internacional do desenvolvimento, ilustradas pelas formas mediante as quais esses diferentes atores organizam suas ações no Haiti. Enquanto as dos países da OCDE denotam mecanismos geopolíticos hierárquicos, as ações dos países vinculados à ALBA-TCP e da UNASUR sugerem possibilidades de superação desses mecanismos, buscando a cooperação genuína e autodeterminada. Palavras-chave: Cooperação internacional; Haiti; Imperialismo; Internationalismo; Estudos oganizacionais. Resumen En este artículo se reflexiona sobre las contradicciones de la cooperación internacional para el desarrollo en Haití, resumidas en dos puntos de vista: cooperación Norte-Sur (CNS) y cooperación Sur-Sur (CSS). La dinámica de las relaciones pueden mezclarlos (CN-SS). Identificamos los actores gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, en la salud, de la OCDE, del ALBA-TCP y UNASUR como fuentes empíricas para la reflexión. La OCDE se orienta principalmente por la CNS, es decir, ofrecen asistencia a los países sudesarrollados. Opera principalmente a través de ONGs; en las acciones del ALBA-TCP y UNASUR predominan la perspectiva de CSS: el compromiso solidario entre naciones iguales. La énfasis és en la colaboración horizontal basada en la solidaridad, el respeto a la soberanía y las peculiaridades de cada país. La reanudación de las categorías imperialismo y internacionalismo contribuye a la comprensión y el análisis de las contradicciones en la agenda de desarrollo internacional, ilustrada por las formas en que los diferentes actores organizan sus acciones en Haití. Mientras que los países de la OCDE indican mecanismos geopolíticos jerárquicas, las acciones de los países vinculados al ALBA- TCP y UNASUR sugieren posibilidades para la superación de estos mecanismos, buscando la cooperación genuina y autodeterminada. Palabras-clave: Cooperación internacional; Haití, Imperialismo; Internationalismo; Estudios oganizacionales.
Terörizm, on yıllardır çeşitli tanımları yapılmasına rağmen devlet politikaları ve çıkar çevrelerince aynı durumun farklı zamanlarda farklı şekillerde tasvir edilmesinden dolayı net kabul görmüş bir tanıma sahip olamamıştır. Bütün devletler için tarih boyunca tehdit oluşturmuş bir kavram iken, tehdidin büyüklüğü ve önemi dünya coğrafyasınca ancak 11 Eylül saldırıları sonrasında anlaşılmıştır. Türkiye, teröre karşı mücadele eden ve bu konuda en çok acı çeken ülkelerin başında gelmektedir. Dünyada çok az ülke Türkiye kadar terör sorunu ile karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Göz ardı edilmemelidir ki, Türkiye'de terörizme karşı kazanılacak zafer, tüm dünyaya örnek olacak ve barış için en büyük bir adım teşkil edecektir. Bu çalışma, genelde dünya coğrafyasının büyük bir kısmının farklı sebep ve şekillerde de olsa maruz kaldığı terör ve terörizm kavramlarının tanımlanması ve terörizmin nedenleri, amaçları, özellikleri, çeşitleri ve terörün uluslararasılaşan boyutunu ele almış; özelde ise Türkiye'nin de yıllardır maruz kaldığı PKK Terör Örgütü'nün örgüt yapısı, ideolojisi, amaç-stratejisi, geçirdiği evreler incelenmiştir. Uluslararası boyut başlığı altında ise, Birleşmiş Milletler (BM), Avrupa Birliği (AB), Avrupa Konseyi Parlamenterler Meclisi (AKPM) Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi (AİHM) gibi uluslararası örgütlerin ve bazı ülkelerin yıllar itibariyle sergiledikleri PKK politikaları ve tutumları açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. ; Although terrorism is defined for dozen of years in various ways it has not a clear definition acceptable due to it is described in different ways in different times by state policies and interest groups. While it is a concept posing a challenge for states it has been well undersood by the world after 11 September events. Turkey is a state who struggled with terrorism and felt pain in the world. There is no country in the world who suffered from terrorism as much as Turkey. It must be remembered that victory against terrorism will be a sample for all countries in the world and it will be the greatest step in the way of peace. This study deals with the definition of terrorism which major part of the world is subjected to with different reasons and reasons, aims, properties, types and the international dimension of the terror in particular PKK terror group to which Turkey is subjected to for years, with its structure, ideology, strategical aim and the steps of the event. In the international dimension title, policies and manners that is exposed by the United Nations (UN), the European Union (EU), international organisations such as Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) and European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), as well as some countries against PKK policies.
Terörizm, on yıllardır çeşitli tanımları yapılmasına rağmen devlet politikaları ve çıkar çevrelerince aynı durumun farklı zamanlarda farklı şekillerde tasvir edilmesinden dolayı net kabul görmüş bir tanıma sahip olamamıştır. Bütün devletler için tarih boyunca tehdit oluşturmuş bir kavram iken, tehdidin büyüklüğü ve önemi dünya coğrafyasınca ancak 11 Eylül saldırıları sonrasında anlaşılmıştır. Türkiye, teröre karşı mücadele eden ve bu konuda en çok acı çeken ülkelerin başında gelmektedir. Dünyada çok az ülke Türkiye kadar terör sorunu ile karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Göz ardı edilmemelidir ki, Türkiye'de terörizme karşı kazanılacak zafer, tüm dünyaya örnek olacak ve barış için en büyük bir adım teşkil edecektir. Bu çalışma, genelde dünya coğrafyasının büyük bir kısmının farklı sebep ve şekillerde de olsa maruz kaldığı terör ve terörizm kavramlarının tanımlanması ve terörizmin nedenleri, amaçları, özellikleri, çeşitleri ve terörün uluslararasılaşan boyutunu ele almış; özelde ise Türkiye'nin de yıllardır maruz kaldığı PKK Terör Örgütü'nün örgüt yapısı, ideolojisi, amaç-stratejisi, geçirdiği evreler incelenmiştir. Uluslararası boyut başlığı altında ise, Birleşmiş Milletler (BM), Avrupa Birliği (AB), Avrupa Konseyi Parlamenterler Meclisi (AKPM) Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi (AİHM) gibi uluslararası örgütlerin ve bazı ülkelerin yıllar itibariyle sergiledikleri PKK politikaları ve tutumları açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. ; Although terrorism is defined for dozen of years in various ways it has not a clear definition acceptable due to it is described in different ways in different times by state policies and interest groups. While it is a concept posing a challenge for states it has been well undersood by the world after 11 September events. Turkey is a state who struggled with terrorism and felt pain in the world. There is no country in the world who suffered from terrorism as much as Turkey. It must be remembered that victory against terrorism will be a sample for all countries in the world and it will be the greatest step in the way of peace. This study deals with the definition of terrorism which major part of the world is subjected to with different reasons and reasons, aims, properties, types and the international dimension of the terror in particular PKK terror group to which Turkey is subjected to for years, with its structure, ideology, strategical aim and the steps of the event. In the international dimension title, policies and manners that is exposed by the United Nations (UN), the European Union (EU), international organisations such as Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) and European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), as well as some countries against PKK policies.
As a sovereign and independent state, the Republic of Moldova has been going, for more than two decades, through a long process of asserting the country globally, certifying the status of the Republic of Moldova as a member of the international community and subject to international law. An important role in this sense is also the membership of our state in various regional and international organizations, and of increased interest are those specialized in combating all forms of organized crime. Taking into account its geographical position, but also the socio-human factor, we can not neglect the strategic role played for this purpose by the organizations from the Community of Independent States, those from the Black Sea Basin, or the Western Balkans. Thus, this article aims to review the most important regional and international organizations fighting cross-border organized crime of which our country is a member, with the presentation of the activity and role of the Republic of Moldova within them
Objective: To understand/reveal the experiences of undergraduate students of the Nursing School of the Universidade de São Paulo in international academic mobility. Method: A cross-sectional, descriptive study with a qualitative approach conducted between February and July 2017. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview and submitted to content analysis. Results: Twenty-two (22) students participated in the study. Five analytical categories emerged from the analysis of the interviews: Interinstitutional Relationships Dimension, Personal Dimension, Professional Dimension, Academic Dimension and Cultural Dimension. Conclusion: There are many advantages that international mobility can bring to vocational training. Greater governmental and institutional investment is considered necessary, but with mutual planning and monitoring by the institutions in order for it to contribute to the development of Nursing and the Country. ; Objective: To understand/reveal the experiences of undergraduate students of the Nursing School of the Universidade de São Paulo in international academic mobility. Method: A cross-sectional, descriptive study with a qualitative approach conducted between February and July 2017. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview and submitted to content analysis. Results: Twenty-two (22) students participated in the study. Five analytical categories emerged from the analysis of the interviews: Interinstitutional Relationships Dimension, Personal Dimension, Professional Dimension, Academic Dimension and Cultural Dimension. Conclusion: There are many advantages that international mobility can bring to vocational training. Greater governmental and institutional investment is considered necessary, but with mutual planning and monitoring by the institutions in order for it to contribute to the development of Nursing and the Country.
Today, Europe is living a new decisive time as it has been in its past after World War II, in search of unity in diversity in the name of a peace project to safeguard future. If, on the one hand, Europe expresses aspirations for profound changes in its external environment, in the domestic context, it ends up colliding with aspects linked to sovereignty and human rights; on the other hand, in European foreign policy, the model reveals the search to legitimize its action. Precisely, the objective and the motivation of this study seek, through the qualitative methodology in Political Science, to analyse and understand the current context of the European Union in the international system. In fact, it is identified that this new hierarchy of powers, in the reaffirmation of the Westphalian system, where economic power comes, is bound to consolidate the democratic development between the old and new times of international relations in the destiny of Europe. From the results obtained during the analysis, in order to face again the unpredictability of the world scenario, it is a reality that Europe must promote the re-encounter of an alternative role, in other words, to assume its initial project of European edification in the name of equality of circumstances and rights of its affirmation in the global arena.
In parallel with the worldwide studies focusing on the International Relations (IR) discipline, there have been works looking into the transformation of the IR discipline in Turkey and its contribution to the global knowledge production. In order to provide sound data for these studies, International Relations Council of Turkey (IRCT) conducted two surveys among the Turkish IR academics in 2007 and 2009, and have been cooperating with the Institute for the Theory and Practice of International Relations at the College of William and Mary since then on the Teaching, Research and International Policy (TRIP) project. The TRIP surveys that aim to understand the epistemological and ontological limits, autonomous character of the IR discipline as well as the theoretical, metodological and pedagocial approaches in which IR scholars used in their teaching and research activities, also help to comprehend the place of the Turkish IR scholars within the global IR discipline. This paper presents Turkey-related findings of the lastest survey, which was simultaneously conducted in 35 different countries between February and July 2018.
DergiPark: 437647 ; trakyasobed ; Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplini, kuruluşu ve gelişimi itibariyle Batıtarzı düşünce sistemiyle ilerlemiştir. Buna rağmen Batı dışı dünyanın dauluslararası ilişkiler üzerine çalışmaları mevcuttur. Bu çalışma tarihte vegünümüzde dünya politikasında önemli bir yere sahip olan Rusya Federasyonu'nundış politikasını, uluslararası ilişkiler üzerine kavramsallaştırmasını veeğitim süreçlerini ele alacaktır. Kavramsallaştırma ve eğitim süreçleri kendinehas çeşitli farklılıklar göstermektedir. Bu farklılıklar Türkiye'deUluslararası İlişkiler disiplinindeki bakış açısının çeşitlenmesine yardımcıolacaktır. ; The International Relations discipline has progressed withWestern-style thought system in terms of foundation and development.Nonetheless, the non-Western world still has works on international relations.This study will examine the foreign policy of the Russian Federation, which hasan important place in world politics in history and today, the Russianconceptualization of international relations and its educational process.Conceptualization and education processes show various differences from others.These differences will help to diversify the perspective of the InternationalRelations discipline in Turkey.
The IV International Workshop on Oil and Gas Depletion, that is held at Gulbenkian Foundation in Lisbon on the 19th and 20th May, 2005, is the fourth annual meeting promoted by ASPO, the Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas, with the organizing support of Geophysics Centre of Évora. Previous meetings were held at the University of Uppsala in 2002, Institut Français du Pétrole, Paris in 2003, and Bundesanstatt fur Geowissenschaften und Roshtoffe, Berlin in 2004. In this fourth annual edition, the core topics chosen for our works are: • Reality in Oil Exporting Countries: The Supply Limits • Impacts of Depletion in Oil Importing Countries: The Demand Pressure • How-Much Regular Oil and Non-Conventional Oil: Utopia versus Reality • The Case for Political Action: The Depletion Protocol • The World Past Peak Oil Age From Uppsala to Lisbon, the public perception of the serious threat impending on humankind as a result of the growing scarcity of fossil fuels has increased. And national and international authorities have slowly but perceptibly admitted and changed their discourse on the problematic availability of the energy required to run the world economy. But political consequences have not yet been addressed straightforwardly – when political action is ever increasingly urgent for putting in place the economical and social changes and technological infrastructure required for preserving wellbeing if not survival itself. For this reason, in this fourth edition of ASPO's annual meetings we called upon members of the political community to share their views on how political action might be taken at the required international level. As the starting point of this debate we have the Depletion Protocol - first proposed by Colin Campbell 10 years ago at a conference in London. It has surfaced in various guises since, named the Uppsala Protocol in 2002, on the occasion of the First International ASPO's Workshop, later also referred to as the Rimini Protocol. The organizers of this Workshop welcome all participants and thank all speakers who kindly accepted to contribute to this event and those participants who also offered their contributions. They thank Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation and Partex – Oil and Gas, for generously hosting this event and offering the valuable sponsorship which makes it possible. Thanks are also due to the staff of the Geophysics Centre of Évora and University of Évora who, along the past few months, has worked in preparation of the conditions to hold this event now and who, together with the staff of Gulbenkian Foundation, are making it through. The Organizing Committee May 2005
1990 soğuk savaş sonrası ortaya çıkan küreselleşme ve yeni dünya düzeni kavramları, dünyada mevcut dengesizliği daha da artırmıştır. Bu durum uygun ortamı bekleyen terörizmin artarak uluslar arası boyut kazanmasına neden olmuştur.Bu araştırmanın amacı; soğuk savaş sonrası dönemle birlikte başlayan ve 11 Eylül olayları sonrası daha da netleşen yeni tehdit ve risklerden, uluslar arası terörizmi, gelişim sürecini ve özelliklerini ortaya koyarak, dünyaya ve Türkiye'ye etkileri açısından incelemektirTerörizmin bütün dünya devletleri tarafından, ya da en azından etkili olduğu kabul edilebilecek çoğunluğu tarafından onaylanmış bir tanımı yapılamamış, çözüm konusunda ortak bir karara henüz ulaşılmamıştır. Bu sorunun çözümlenebilmesi için ülkelerin terörizme bakış açılarında sağlanacak fikir birliği büyük önem taşımaktadır.Çalışma, uluslar arası terörizm ile ilgili bilgileri, uluslar arası terörün Türkiye'ye yansımalarını, terörün olumsuz etkilerini asgariye indirmek için uluslar arası alanda yapılması gereken işbirliği imkânlarını kapsamaktadır.Güncel bir konu olan uluslar arası terörizmle ilgili olarak, birçok yerli ve yabancı yayın taranarak ilgili bilgiler incelenmiş, objektif kıstaslar gözetilerek yorumlanmış ve değerlendirilmiştir.Çalışma sonucunda; uluslar arası ilişkilerin giderek arttığı günümüzde, gelecekteki en önemli güvenlik sorununun terörizm olacağı, terörizmle etkin bir mücadele için ise uluslar arası düzeyde işbirliğinin gerekli olduğu değerlendirilmiştir. ; Globalisation and new world order concepts, which come out after the cold war in 1990, have further increased the current imbalance in the world. This case led terrorism to gain international dimension that looks for a suitable environment.The purpose of this research is to examine the effects of new threat and risks to Turkey and the world that starts with the cold war period, and becomes clear after 11 September besides international terrorism and development process. Approved definition of terrorism could not be made by all world states or the majority which can be accepted as it is efficient and a joint decision is not made yet for the solution.In order to find a solution on this issue, it is of great importance to reach a consensus concerning the point of views of the countries on terrorism.The study covers the co-operation possibilities on international arena so as to reduce the negative effects of terrorism, reflections of international terror to Turkey and the relevant information about international terrorism.Many domestic and foreign publications were examined and screened regarding the international terrorism which is a common issue. In addition, objective criteria were interpreted and evaluated in this regard.As result of this study, it was evaluated that terrorism will be the most important security issue in today?s world where international relations increase gradually and an international co-operation is necessary for the effective struggle with terrorism .
Günümüzün uluslararası aktörlerine düşen görev, karşılaştıkları uyuşmazlıkları her bakımdan daha insani olan barışçı yollar ile çözme yoluna gitmektir. Bu çözüm yolları içerisinde en dikkat çekici ve sonuca yatkın olan ise arabuluculuk yöntemidir. İnsanlık tarihi ile paralel bir şekilde gelişme gösteren arabuluculuk, neredeyse tüm uygarlıklarda tercih edilen bir yöntem olmuştur. Arabuluculuk uyuşmazlık halindeki iki devletin, üçüncü bir uluslararası hukuk kişisi tarafından bir araya getirilmesi ve barış için çözüm üretilmesi sürecidir. Bu sürecin başarılı bir şekilde sonuçlanmasında arabulucunun tarafsızlığı, statüsü ve taraflar üzerindeki baskı gücü önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Arabulucu konumundaki üçüncü kişi, bir devlet olabileceği gibi, uluslararası bir örgüt veya gerçek kişi de olabilmektedir. Arabuluculuğun en önemli özelliklerinden biri, arabulucunun tarafları bağlayıcı nitelikte bir karar verme yetkisinin bulunmamasıdır. Bu bakımdan arabulucu, sadece uyuşmazlık halindeki tarafları bir araya getirmekte ve çözüm önerileri sunmaktadır. Arabuluculuk yönteminin zamandan tasarruf sağlaması, arabuluculuk yapan kişilerin alanında uzman olması, yargı organlarının yükünü azaltması ve gizliliğin daha kolay korunabilmesi gibi nedenler ile diğer barışçı çözüm yollarına göre daha çok tercih edildiği görülmektedir. ; The duty of today's international actors is, to settlement the international disputes they faced in peaceful ways which are more humane than all respects. Within these peacfeul ways, most remarkable and liable to result is mediation. As developing parallel with the history of humanity, mediation has been a preffered method in almost all civilizations. Mediation is a process of bringing together and finding solutions to the conflict parties by a third party person. To have a successful conclusion in this process, the impartiality, the status and the leverage of the mediator plays an important role. The third party person as a mediator, may be a state and may also be an international organization or natural person. One of the most important characteristics of mediation is the mediator can not give a decision that is binding on parties. In this regard, mediator only brings the conflict parties together and offers solutions. Mediation way is more preferable than other peaceful solutions in such reasons as the time savings of mediation, being expert persons as a mediator, reducing the burden of the judicial organs and being easier to protect confidentiality.
DergiPark: 849863 ; klujfeas ; Uluslararası hukukun temel kaynaklarından bir tanesi devletler arasında imzalanan uluslararası antlaşmalardır. Devletler kendi aralarındaki antlaşmalara ahde vefa ilkesi gereği genellikle uyma eğilimi göstermektedirler. Ancak devletlerin kendi aralarında imzaladıkları antlaşmalara zaman zaman uymadıkları da görülmektedir. Anarşik bir uluslararası sistemde devletler arasında uyuşmazlıklar çok sık görülmektedir. Devletler çıkarlarına ters düştükleri durumlarda ister istemez farklı devletler ile uyuşmazlığa taraf olabilmektedirler. Uyuşmazlıkların çözümü için uluslararası hukukta barışçıl çözüm ve yargısal çözüm olmak üzere iki çözüm yolu bulunmaktadır. Yargısal çözüm devletlerin ancak yargı yetkisini kabul ettikleri bir mahkeme veya tahkim ile mümkün olabilmektedir. Barışçıl çözüm yolları Birleşmiş Milletler Antlaşmasının 33. Maddesinde belirtilmiştir. Bu çözüm yollar görüşme, soruşturma, arabuluculuk, uzlaşma, hakemlik ve yargısal çözümdür. Bunun yanında bazı uluslararası antlaşmalar kendi yargısal çözüm mekanizmalarını da oluşturmuştur. 1982 Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi, Avrupa Birliği'nin yargı organları bu alanda verilebilecek başlıca örneklerdir. Bu çalışmada barışçıl ve yargısal yoldan anlaşmazlıkların çözümü ile uluslararası hukukta uygunluğun sağlanması mekanizmaları karşılaştırılacaktır. ; One of the main sources of international law is international treaties signed between states. States generally tend to comply with the treaties among themselves, as required by the pacta-sunt-servanda principle. However, it is also seen that states sometimes do not comply with the treaties they have signed among themselves. In an anarchic international system, conflicts between states are very common. States may inevitably be a party to disputes with different states when they conflict with their interests. There are two solutions in international law for the settlement of disputes, namely, peaceful and judicial solutions. Judicial settlement can only be possible with a court or arbitration where the states accept their jurisdiction. Peaceful solutions are specified in Article 33 of the United Nations Charter. These solutions are negotiation, investigation, mediation, reconciliation, arbitration and judicial solution. Besides, some international agreements have also created their own judicial solution mechanisms. 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the judicial bodies of the European Union are the main examples that can be given in this field. In this study, the mechanisms of peaceful and judicial dispute resolution and ensuring compliance with international law will be compared.
This work analyzes the Agenda 2030 in its main potentiality to lead public policies and private actions towards a more sustainable path. At the same time it acknowledges its dependency on measurements and finance mechanisms for the Sustainable Development Goals implementation. The main argument is that public expectations face difficulties to be translated in public actions, due to, among other factors, the lack of measurement and finance mechanisms. With this purpose it starts describing what is the Agenda 2030, and how this United Nations lead international declaration is structured to be monitored and implemented by States and others multi stakeholders. Secondly it analyses the importance of the measurements to address critical social environmental challenges and to allow comparison between the achievements of each member state. Third it remarks the role-played by international financial institutions, by international investment and by the private sector in general. Forth, the article highlights the drawbacks the methodology of goals can represent when used to overcome collective challenges marked by moral issues and diffuse impacts, being highly dependent on measurements and finance tools. The methodology chosen was the descriptive and normative, the techniques used were documentary, legislative and bibliographic research.
