Suchergebnisse

"Desde que el gas natural superó al carbón en el consumo energético de EE.UU., las emisiones de dióxido de carbono de este país han registrado una disminución. Sin embargo, el auge del gas de esquisto no traspasó las fronteras de Estados Unidos. De hecho, es cuestionable si el gas de esquisto podrá originar un giro radical en las emisiones globales mientras continúe en aumento la demanda mundial de carbón. Considerando el panorama actual, puede esperarse que el gas de esquisto produzca como mucho un impacto climático general mixto, ya que su consumo futuro depende de las decisiones en materia de políticas ambientales y energéticas de Estados Unidos y otros países. La evolución de los mercados internacionales también está signada por la incertidumbre. El alcance político del apogeo del gas natural en Estados Unidos confronta la política clímatica en Europa y en todo el mundo con nuevos e inesperados desafíos." Autorenreferat)

The purpose of the research. The purpose of the article consists in determination of the current international legal regime of the territory of Crimea for further proper argumentation of Ukraine's position in interstate disputes with the Russian Federation. Main content. Various forms of foreign military presence on the territory of a state have been studied, such as: occupation, conquest, deployment of foreign military bases, annexation, etc. Determined are signs that characterize the legal regimes of occupation and annexation and their international regulation. Methodology: Review of materials and methods based on analysis of documentary materials of the annexation of Crimea on the part of Russia. Conclusions. Characteristic features of annexation being currently a kind of aggression crime include unilateral declaration of state sovereignty over a territory which have not been a part of this state, as well as the legitimation of annexation through de facto ownership of a territory and international recognition of this fact. According to the international law, there is currently no legal mechanism for the transfer of sovereignty over territory to an aggressor through annexation.

Through legal hermeneutics, the article analyzes the international legal regulation of the protection of a foreign diplomatic representative, therefore, special attention is paid to the regulation of diplomatic privileges and immunities. The need to use the positive experience of states on the introduction of internal security in diplomatic representations is based, this is the purpose of the article. It is important that, despite several existing international legal acts on the protection of diplomatic representations and their personnel, there is an urgent need to increase their efficiency and effectiveness, in particular for the filling of existing gaps in international diplomatic law through further codification and development of international law and, also, to take measures in accordance with this branch of law against the offending state, strengthening sanctions for violations by states of the provisions on the privileges and immunities of foreign diplomatic representations and their personnel. As a result, we consider it appropriate to take the measures provided for by legislation to effectively implement the rules of criminal law on the punishment of persons who have committed crimes against representatives of a foreign State who enjoy diplomatic immunity.

In modern conditions of development of public relations, the creation of objects of intellectual property rights by artificial intelligence is becoming more widespread. With this in mind, it is important to analyze the international legal experience of regulating the use of artificial intelligence as the author of intellectual property, to further borrow it for domestic laws, as well as to pay attention to problematic aspects of such regulation and make proposals to resolve inconsistencies. The study clarifies the international legal regulation of intellectual property rights created by artificial intelligence, as well as analyses the problematic issues of regulation of artificial intelligence by international law and the features of such regulation in Ukraine and presents positions on the development of artificial intelligence systems and prospects, as well as the prospects for its impact on world society.

The issue of optimizing the mechanism of prosecution of the subjects of the crime in connection with Russia's war against Ukraine launched in February 2022, as a result of which impunity of war criminals is gaining momentum and leads to violation of legislation, both in Ukraine and in the world, in particular in such countries as: Poland, Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, etc. In this regard, the purpose of this editorial is twofold: on the one hand, it seeks to present volume 41, number 76 of "Cuestiones Políticas" and, on the other hand, is to highlight the issue of the subject of the crime, its signs and main features, enshrined in international legal acts. It was concluded that the analysis of international treaties gives grounds to affirm that the subject of the subject of the crime is quite widely disclosed and attention is paid to the separation of the concepts of subjects of international crimes and subjects of crimes of international character; the difference between these concepts is fundamental and very important. Taking into account the attitude of the international community to the concept of the subject of crime, possible areas for improvement of the current legislation are outlined.

The international experience in standardizing the implementation of e-democracy is studied. Thanks to a set of methodological approaches (synergistic, complex, humanistic) and methods of scientific knowledge of social phenomena and processes se identify the prospects for the introduction of direct e-democracy in modern Ukraine and propose priority measures for the implementation of state policy in the field of training and development of e-democracy, based on modern management technologies. It is concluded that, as a form of realization of rights, e-democracy should be considered as an alternative to traditionally recognized methods and practices of law enforcement, and the purpose of its implementation is to promote the expansion of opportunities for the realization of citizens' rights. It also emphasizes that the idea of digitalization of the state must be balanced with the awareness of the practical usefulness of the model, its instrumental importance for the achievement of sustainable development goals and its progress, considering existing and potential risks.

The objective of the research was to consider the international experience of legal regulation of the use of polygraph in the field of corruption prevention. In this regard, the experience of the use of polygraph and polygraph studies in the activities of law enforcement agencies in various countries as one of the methods of preventing corruption was analyzed. The methodological basis of the research is presented as comparative-legal and systematic analysis, formal-legal method, method of interpretation, hermeneutic method, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. It was concluded that the main areas of application of the polygraph are both the investigation of crimes (including criminal ones) and the fight against organized crime and also as one of the valid methods to prevent corruption, as well as to verify the reliability and integrity of applicants for positions in the police, prosecutors' offices, courts and other law enforcement agencies and, as far as possible, to ensure the seriousness and integrity of public servants who wish to occupy higher positions in their career path.

Cuando Cuba entra en el año 2022, se avecinan crisis económicas y tensiones sociales. Este capítulo hace un recorrido por las dificultades externas que interactúan con los asuntos domésticos de la isla y los refuerzan. Más allá de la situación inmediata, reflexiona sobre las restricciones y las presiones internacionales subyacentes que configurarán las opciones para la nación cubana durante la próxima década. El análisis abarca las relaciones de Cuba con los Estados Unidos y con la Unión Europea, así como con Venezuela, México, China, Rusia y Canadá, y plantea en qué medida las vacunas contra la COVID-19 fabricadas en Cuba pueden relanzar la proyección del poder blando del país. Desde una perspectiva comparada, el régimen isleño y su perfil internacional siguen siendo en muchos sentidos diferentes de cualquier otro, y los esquemas predictivos basados en analogías falsas corren el riesgo de inducir a errores.

This work studies the international press's perception of the Way of St James in 111,968 articles published in 21 languages during the period 2009-2017. The study performed here on what has been identified as a place branding activity with the collaboration of the public and private sectors is based on three hypotheses: 1) the international press coverage of the Way of St James is seasonal, i.e. directly related to a rise in summer visitor numbers; 2) the Way is a relevant asset in the construction of the image of Spain as an international tourist destination as regards culture, religion, and art; and 3) the Xacobeo brand is recognised and well-placed in the reference press. As to the first assumption, it has been observed that an increase in international press coverage of the Way –generally positive – does indeed coincide with a rise in the number of pilgrims during the summer months, and when this coverage continues in the following months it boosts visitor numbers. The second assumption has also been confirmed. But as regards the Xacobeo brand its perception leaves a lot of be desired: it seems the great managerial challenge to boost tourism in the next years.

The aim of the study was to determine the most effective model of legal regulation of the form of declaration of will in legal transactions from the survey of the legislation of several countries and their respective jurisprudence. The research covered the methods of statistical analysis, comparative law, dialectics and legal epistemology, as well as data selection and legal modeling. It is shown that the model of legal regulation of the form of declaration of will, which is based on the principle of free choice of the form of declaration of will, is the most effective in terms of these indicators in the case of: (Greece, Poland, Czech Republic). At the same time, these States provide for strict requirements for challenging legal transactions and provide for the prohibition of abuse of rights. It is concluded that it is justified that in the majority of states the principle of valid will is applied when concluding legal transactions. Moreover, the results of this study can be used to develop proposals for the improvement of legislation in the field of regulation of the forms of declaration of will in the conclusion of legal transactions in their various forms and modalities.

The article discusses some problems of military and civilian administrations operating in Ukraine with the aim of maintaining the national security regime. In particular, the authors investigate the social and political reasons behind the decision to create special government agencies, in the form of civil military administrations. In addition to the comprehensive analysis of the relevant legislative framework, reference has been made to the practical functions of these administrations. The study methodology includes a variety of research tools aimed at improving the analysis and a problem-oriented approach. The conclusions are focused on improving the legislative as well as organizational frameworks of civil-military administrations in the Donbass region. In particular, based on the basic principles within the civil society, including the supremacy of civil society over the armed forces, the discussed Law should be effectively renamed as the Law "On civil-military administrations" with a continuous approach, potentially within a specially drafted project. It is suggested to include a chapter of the Law, on military support of civilian authorities and official efforts of reconstruction of public order in certain areas of Donetsk and Lugansk regions.

The study examines the development of international terrorism and the problem of its definition. Consequently, the objective of the study was to generate a systemic view of international terrorism and to identify current trends in its development. A structural and functional analysis of international terrorism as a political phenomenon was used. Based on the analytical model provided, the development of international terrorism was divided into periods based on political and geographical zoning. Three consistent principles determine the key characteristics of international terrorism as a rational strategy of unconventional political struggle: the transition to asymmetrical actions, attacks on symbolic objects, and influencing public opinion as the main objective. This triality of characteristics linked to a model of the political process defines the existence of international terrorism as a phenomenon and provides a key to understanding its dynamics. It is concluded that there are four periods in the development of international terrorism, divided into two cycles with breaking points, ascending, and descending phases. The proposed periodization of the development of international terrorism is based on the identification of the centers as political-geographical areas, where contradictions are configured and the political struggle that is part of the logic of the terrorist strategy.