Suchergebnisse

Раздел "Международные отношения" ; The author considers the main factors which influence international tourism security. Many examples are cited to draw attention to the negative impact of international terrorism on tourism. Counteraction requires more effective and consolidated efforts of the whole world community. The article systematizes the legal normative base required to provide the legislative framework for the protection of travel and it shows the role of the International Tourist Organisation and other international associations in this work.

Key witnesses shed light on an essential part of the history of music. "In the Soviet Union, from 1917 to 1990, in an extremely difficult context, one of terror even, there developed one of the most intense and richest musical environments of the 20th century ...," writes Bruno Monsaingeon. A fascinating mystery that Monsaingeon attempts to elucidate in his film. This essential period of music history is recounted through conductor Guennadi Rojdestvenski, the last remaining representative of these fabulous performers of the Soviet era (he was born in 1931). He is full of humour and it is a treat to watch him explain why there are two page-295's in the biography of Prokofiev published in 1957 and to hear him talk about Tikhon Khrenikov, the terrifying secretary general of the Union of Composers who was in office for forty years ... Other witnesses include the conductor Rudolf Barshai "One day, I said to myself, enough is enough, and I decided to leave", the pianist Viktoria Postnikova: "Even seated in the plane, they could come and fetch you and say, Out!" and the central figure of composer, Dimitri Shostakovich: "If I look back, I only see ashes and bodies."

Раздел "Международные отношения" ; The Faculty of International Relations of the Belarusian State University united all the achievements of the Departments of International Relations (Faculty of History), International Law (Faculty of Law) and International Economic Relations (Faculty of Philosophy and Economics) when it was set up by the order of the Rector of the Belarusian State University on October 1, 1995. Yet, the history of the Faculty may be traced back to September 1992 when the Department of International Relations was created within the Faculty of History of BSU. The first 14 graduates from the Department of International Relations received their Graduation Certificates in June 1995. Ever since, the Faculty has been pursuing an active policy of creating new departments, of bringing together leading specialists in history, economics, foreign policy and diplomacy, law and of developing its technological and material resources. Following the rapid growth of the number of students and staff, the Faculty moved to a separate building at 25, Academicheskaya St. in autumn 1997. Since the start of its work the Faculty has become one of the most prestigious faculties of the Belarusian State University and, further, among the higher education establishments of Belarus. Currently 1it trains over 2000 students for Bachelor and Specialist Degrees and provides master's, post-graduate and doctorate courses for over 50 students. Together with Belarusian citizens about 130 foreign students from 20 countries are trained in the theory and practice of international relations. Highly qualified specialists are trained at the Departments of International Relations, International Public, Private and European Law, International Economics, International Tourism Management, Customs Affairs, Oriental Languages and Country Studies, Modern Foreign Languages and Cultural Studies. The educational process at the Faculty is provided by 16 departments with more than 240 lecturers; among them there are 10 professors, 70 associate professors, holding academic degrees and titles. Besides the faculty, 60 members of staff are involved in administration and in running the computer and multimedia centers of the Faculty. The faculty invites experts and visiting scholars from other faculties and universities, the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Ministries and State departments, as well as famous politicians and public figures to hold classes and deliver lectures. The Faculty graduates have proved to be highly skilled specialists. They successfully put the knowledge and skills acquired at the University into practice at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus and in other bodies dealing with foreign economic and political affairs. Many of them have defended their degree of Candidate of Science and continue their career at the Faculty. The curricula for all specializations of the Faculty envisage intensive studies of foreign languages. At present 6 departments provide training in 16 modern languages. The possibilities for language training trips and sandwich courses are constantly being expanded. Training the practical professional skills of the students during the whole period of study is crucial. The faculty students take their internships at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Education and other state bodies and organizations, as well as in banks and companies. The faculty is engaged in advanced academic research. During the period from 1998 to 2004 professors and lecturers of the Faculty published 53 monographs; 13 course books, approved and recommended for use by the Ministry of Education; 113 textbooks and manuals, 10 of which were approved and recommended for use by the Ministry of Education; 695 academic papers were also published. In the period from 1998 to 2004 40 Candidate of Science dissertations and 7 Doctor of Science dissertations were defended at the Faculty. The Faculty of International Relations takes part in the implementation of the State Programme on Fundamental Research of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. The most significant output of the Faculty research is the publication of the seven-volume collection of documents and materials «The Foreign Policy of Belarus». The Journal of International Law and International Relations is published quarterly. The Faculty is involved in various international projects. Among the most important ones are the following: TEMPUS JEP «Integrating European Studies in International Relations Education» (Department of International Relations); «Strategy of Developing Ecological Tourism on the Territories of Specially Protected Natural Sites», funded by the UN Global Fund (Department of International Tourism). Every year the Faculty organises various academic and research events, such as: the Round-table «Belarusian-Russian Relations: Challenges and Prospects» (starting in 1998); the National conference «Belarus in the Modern World» (starting in 2002); students' conference «Diplomatic Readings» on the Faculty Foundation Day (starting in 2002); «Belarusian International UN Model» (starting in 2003). There are two Councils for the Defense of Doctor of Science and Candidate of Science academic degrees: in History of International Relations and Foreign Policy and in International Law, European Law. The Faculty is involved in a wide international academic network. Among the partner universities are Moscow State University, Kiev State University, Vilnius University, Moscow State Institute of International Relations, Wroclaw University, Free University of Berlin, Vienna Diplomatic Academy, Asser Institute of International Public and Private Law, Beijing University of Linguistics and Culture, Cairo State University and other educational and research institutions of the countries of the CIS, Europe, Asia and America. At present an Agreement on Cooperation with the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation is being worked out. The Faculty representatives take an active part in various international projects and programs, research and teaching methodology training workshops. The Faculty of International Relations is developing successfully. Its faculty, students, and staff would not be content with the results achieved and every year they add new bright pages to its emerging history.

Раздел "Международные отношения" ; The Macedonia problem is shown to be the principal aspect of the growing diplomatic fight for political mastery on the Balkan peninsula. The events are analysed against a wide historical background and are considered within Yugoslav-Bulgarian-Greek territorial dispute, mainly due to Macedonia having its own history. The article reveals and analyses the development of Soviet views upon the problem of Macedonian regulation and its place in Soviet «revolutionary making» diplomacy in the Balkans.

Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Вопросы миграции и беженцев" ; Failing to find legal channels mass migration in a number of cases has started to use illegal ones. The current increase in these activities is closely connected with the formation and functioning of organized criminal groups for the transportation of migrants from the third countries. Illegal migration should be considered as a global issue concerning all states and constitutes a threat to the global community. Experience worldwide has shown that in the majority of countries suffering from migration pressure migration rates exceed the states' potential to regulate the migration processes and to cope with their consequences. The author notes that what is most urgent today is to address the issue of the development of international norms to expand the legal basis for international organizations to control the observance by the states of the universal norms and standards in the sphere of migration as well as the adoption of sanctions to be imposed on those states which ignore international legal norms and conduct a policy that is likely aggravate the migration situation in their region. The author considers the issues of combatting illegal migration and discusses ways of raising efficiency of the measures undertaken to combat migration within the European community. Similarly, the author throws light on the cooperation of the Republic of Belarus with many European countries and international organisations operating in Europe. Western European countries strive to involve Belarus in a wider context in the control of migration processes since the country plays one of the key roles in the solution of the migration problems in the European region due to its geopolitical location (especially with regard to the recent expansion of the EU). The article explores the system of international legislation defining principles and basic mechanisms of combatting illegal migration, the cross-border cooperation in this field; it reveals new trends in migration policy, describes the drawbacks of the practice of tightening migration control and the side effects of such measures in an form in the increase of the number of asylum-seekers and of other migrants to some countries along with their decrease in others, a development that leads to an extreme aggravation of the migration situation in the region on the whole. These processes are tied with the dynamics of illegal migration. The article discusses the issue of further improvement and development of the international legal base of international cooperation to regulate and combat migration in its legal forms, to work out of a single strategy that combines approaches for the control of migration processes, to counteract negative phenomena, to adopt legislation and create to ensure that the rights of migrants' are observed and protected.

Исследуются проблема определения конституцией государства статуса источников международного права в национальной правовой системе, а также возможные способы повышения роли международных договоров в национальном праве = This paper is dedicated to the problem of constitutional determination of the status of sources of international law in national legal system. It also focuses on possible methods of the increase of the role of international treaties in national legislation

Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Международное частное право" ; The author presents the history of the development of multilateral trade negotiations on services within the GATT network and reviews the factors underlying this process. They are determined by the foreign trade policy of the USA and other developed countries within the OECD. The article considers the positions of the GATT member-countries on the issue of developing a general agreement on services trade. The position of the opponents of this agreement is also presented here. Led by Brazil and India, these countries insist that it is hardly possible to develop clear rules for regulating the trade in services. Opponents also expressed the opinion that it is more expedient to regulate trade in particular kinds of services, referring to the existing differences in rendering various services. They also pointed out that GATT is not very orderly or systematic in its approach. There are controversial issues concerning trade in agricultural produce and textiles. Difficulties exist in settling trade disputes in GATT. The wide-spread misinterpretation of the anti-dumping policy, no less wide-spread use of bilateral agreements to circumvent GATT provisions have been understood by some countries as developments leading to disintegration of GATT. Naturally, the US opponents wondered whether a new system of services trade, using more complicated rules and norms is possible, when a multilateral system of rules governing the trade in googs is not working well. The report of the group of top officials of the OECD governments, which defined the conditions of possible trade negotiations on services trade was well received. It pointed out the negative impact of the existing restrictions in international services trade. Thus the Group laid the foundation for the development of multilateral regulations covering trade in services. In 1981 the International Chamber of Trade Commission on Trade Policy and Trade Disputes issued the document entitled «The International Chamber's Position on Services Trade Liberalization» which showed the necessity to create a systematic and detailed codex of the main elements of the future agreement regulating services trade. In 1981 the OECD proposed the adoption over the principle of a national regime as a cornerstone in any future agreement and stressed the importance of this principle. The developed countries who have a great export potential in services trade wanted to extend onto this sphere the same principles of regulation as fixed in GATT. Following pressure by the USA the Conference of Ministers of the GATT member-states therefore included the services issue in the final declaration. The Declaration contains a recommendation for member countries to study their national problems in services trade and share information on these issues with each other and with international organisations. The General Agreement on Services Trade, worked out within the GATT framework, came to be the first international act to regulate international services trade. The present study led the author to the conclusion that no state is ready at present to sacrifice the interests of its own companies in order to establish a universal international system of free services trade. In view of that, the accession of Belarus to the WTO, the GATT successor, should be carefully considered, because excessive opening of the services market will have negative consequences.

Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Вопросы теории" ; According to the Charter of the United Nations the U.N. Security Council bears the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. The Council, however, stays sometimes inactive because of controversy among its members. States may thus invoke insufficient efficacy of the S.C. as the basis for actions by the decision of other U.N. organs (Korea crisis 1950, Congo 1961), for collective or individual self-defense. States also try to justify the use of individual coercive measures referring to the necessity to enforce Security Council resolutions (military action in Afghanistan 2001, Iraq 2003). At present the possibility to act "on the advice" of the Security Council in the case of its inactivity or insufficient efficacy is alleged on the following grounds: 1. Authorization of the S.C. to use "all necessary means". 2. Recognition by the S.C. of the existence of a threat or breach of international peace and security. 3. Authorization of the S.C. to take action in self-defense. 4. Enforcement of earlier resolution of the S.C. 5. Other justifications. The present article considers the status of the above-mentioned justifications without the explicit authorization by the U.N. Security Council in the context of the principle of non-intervention into the domestic affairs of states. The study allows to make the following conclusions. Whenever the system of the collective security provided for by the U.N. Charter doesn't function, the Security Council carries out its enforcement capacity by authorizing individual states or international organizations to act. This enforcement activity doesn't constitute intervention into the domestic affairs of states only in so far as it is accomplished in accordance with the authorization of the Council and ceases as soon as the purpose of the sanction is achieved. Other justifications (for example, recognition by the S.C. of the existence of a threat or breach of international peace and security, breach of obligations provided for in the S.C. resolutions, reference to the right of individual and collective self-defense, threat by the severest consequences) constitute no basis for the unilateral enforcement of the rulings of resolutions and therefore break the principle of non-intervention into the domestic affairs of states as well as the prohibition to use force or the threat of force in international relations. Inactivity or insufficient efficacy of the U.N. Security Council cannot be viewed as an authorization to resort to unilateral military measures either.

Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Вопросы миграции и беженцев" ; In the article, the author gives a survey of the issues related to the refoulement — return of rejected asylum seekers and illegal migrants and states that there is an obvious link between the return of rejected asylum seekers and other questions related to migration. Hence, these issues must be addressed as a whole, and the barriers for illegal migration should be complemented with the safeguards for refugees and efforts for an improvement of the situation in the countries of origin. The author provides general notions of migrants, mixed migration flows and persons who are not in need of international protection and he reviews the international legal framework related to the return of persons to their countries of origin and the standards of their treatment during detention and return. The author outlines the main problems emerging during return and describes the competence and role of the UNHCR with regard to these issues. Lastly, the article reviews the development of the legislation and policies within European Union's with regard to the return of illegal residents and outlines the most important provisions of the proposal for a Directive on common standards on return adopted by the European Commission on 1 September 2005 which is subject to the agreement of the European Council and the Parliament.

Рассматриваются методы социального прогнозирования, наиболее часто применяемые в практике превентивной дипломатии, специфика которых заключается в повышенной стохастичности процессов, несимметричном характере причин и следствий. Особое внимание уделяется анализу процесса принятия адекватного политического решения. ; The article is devoted to survey of methods of social prognosis, which are often put into practice of preventive diplomacy. Specificity of prognosis in international relations is in highly stochasticity of processes, nonsymmetrical character of causes and consequences. There-fore particular attention is spared to analysis of process of adoption of adequate political decision.

Раздел "Международные отношения" ; В статье рассматриваются понятия безопасности, жизненно важных национальных интересов в рамках теории международных отношений, основные причины, предпосылки и факторы распространения терроризма как главной угрозы безопасности на глобальном, региональном и национальном уровнях в XXI веке. Отмечено, что терроризм серьезно активизируется, когда социум находится в стадии глубокого кризиса (в частности, кризиса идеологии, государственно-правовой системы, обострения социально-экономических проблем). По мнению автора, влияют на распространение терроризма глобализация и многочисленные миграционные потоки, четко прослеживаемая в настоящее время взаимосвязь между терроризмом и наркобизнесом. При этом выделены четыре наиболее существенных, условия, порождающих терроризм – формирование информационного общества; влияние развития технологической среды человеческого существования; футурошок в сочетании с размыванием традиционного общества; возникающие в ходе исторического развития и имеющие политическое, культурное, социальное измерения реальные проблемы. Автор анализирует возможности и варианты эффективной борьбы с этим негативным явлением, отдавая приоритет сочетанию усилий национальных структур и международного сотрудничества. Особое внимание уделяется белорусской антитеррористической политике. = The article considers the concepts of security and vital national interests within the framework of international relations theory. It also explores the main causes, prerequisites and factors of the spread of terrorism as the major threat to security at the global, regional and national levels in the 21st century. It has been observed that terrorism gets especially active when society undergoes a severe crisis (in particular, a crisis of ideology, the state legal system and an acute aggravation of social and economic problems). In the author's view, the spread of terrorism is also affected by globalisation and numerous migration flows. There is also distinct connection between terrorism and drug trafficking which is now clearly traced. Four most essential conditions engendering terrorism are identified: information society emergence, the influence of the technological environment of human existence, the futuroshock accompanied by blurring of traditional society structures and real problems which emerge in the course of historical development and have political, cultural and social dimensions. The author analyses the possibilities and options of effective combatting this negative phenomenon and gives priority to the combination of the national structures efforts and international cooperation, with special attention paid to Belarusian antiterrorist policy.

Раздел "Международные отношения" ; Сотрудничество в таможенных вопросах в первую очередь с соседними странами и государствами экономического или политического интереса Республики Беларусь осуществляется в соответствии с нормами, установленными международными договорами. С образованием суверенного независимого государства наступил новой этап в международном сотрудничестве Республики Беларусь в области таможенного дела. В связи с участием Беларуси в международном сотрудничестве в области таможенного дела серьезно изменяется само содержание таможенного дела, которое обретает черты цивилизованности и интегрированности в общие международные процессы. При этом важно подчеркнуть, что главная линия сотрудничества Беларуси с другими странами в сфере таможенного дела проходит через формы интеграционных связей. В области таможенного дела, был принят целый ряд договоров по конкретным аспектам внешней торговли и таможенного сотрудничества. В эволюционном развитии Содружества Независимых Государств явственно различаются несколько этапов. В целом, более чем десятилетний период взаимоотношений в Содружестве, характеризуется, как время формирования тесных связей между отдельными государствами. Но с другой стороны, на лицо наличие кризисных тенденций в СНГ. К сожалению, большинство планов по интеграционному взаимодействию государств СНГ оказались нереальными. Перспективный план интеграционного развития Содружества Независимых Государств предусматривал формирование в октябре 1994 г. Таможенного союза в рамках всего Содружества, а к концу 1994 г. – и Платежного союза. Но и эти решения остаются нереализованными до сих пор. На наш взгляд, отрицательную роль в налаживании эффективного сотрудничества сыграли политические факторы, наличие в новых независимых государствах мощных центробежных сил, а также отсутствие в рамках межгосударственного объединения некоего наднационального органа. Таким образом, для подлинной интеграции с применением таких ее форм, как зона свободной торговли, таможенный союз в Содружестве Независимых Государств отсутствуют объективные условия. Несмотря на расхождения в национальных законодательствах и разные уровни экономического развития, интеграционные возможности сохраняются. Содружество имеет огромный потенциал для устойчивого и динамичного экономического развития. = Cooperation in customs issues, first of all, with the neighbouring countries and with the states of economic or political priority for the Republic of Belarus is realized in accordance with the norms fixed in international agreements. The Republic of Belarus saw a new stage of international cooperation in the customs sphere after the formation of the sovereign state. Due to the participation of Belarus in the international cooperation in the customs sphere its customs content is becoming more civilized and integrated into global processes. It is important to stress here that the main policy of cooperation of Belarus with foreign countries in this field is carried out through integrational ties. A number of agreements on specific aspects of foreign trade and cooperation in customs matters was adopted. The evolution of the CIS saw several stages. More than a decade of relations in the Commonwealth can be described on the whole as a time of forming of close ties between certain states. On the other hand, the CIS suffers a crisis today and the majority of the plans on integrational cooperation between the CIS member-states have turned out to be unrealistic. The long-term plan of integrational development of the CIS envisaged formation of a Customs Union in October 1994 for all countries as well as the Payments Union by the end of that year. But these decisions have not been realized yet. In the authors' opinion, political factors, strong opposition to integration in the newly independent states and absence of some supranational body played a negative role in the establishment of efficient cooperation. Thus, there are no objective conditions in the CIS for real integration with such forms as a free trade zone and a customs union. However, despite the differences in national legislation and levels of economic development some integrational opportunities remain. The Commonwealth has a large potential for sustainable and dynamic economic development.

Раздел "Международные отношения" ; The article aims at showing the problem of the Palestinian representation at the official bilateral and multilateral negotiations on the Middle East peace settlement held in 1991—1993. It is shown that the problem contains several issues. They are as follows: the issue of the Palestinian representation as an independent delegation, the problem of the participation of the delegates from East Jerusalem and the representatives of the Palestinians abroad, as well as the issue of the organization of consultations and communication between the Palestinian delegates and the PLO leadership. The research concerns the period from the Middle East international peace conference held on October 30 — November 1, 1991 in Madrid up to the official recognition of the PLO by the Government of the State of Israel on September 9, 1993. After the official recognition of the PLO the problem of the Palestinian representation at the negotiations was solved, insofar the PLO leadership had a right to define a form of the representation and the delegation membership independently. The text of the official invitation to the international conference in Madrid did not contain any provisions indicating a form of the Palestinian representation and their delegation membership nor the status of the bilateral and multilateral talks. That is why during the negotiations the Palestinian side was able to put forward its demands of the Palestinian independent representation, the broadening of the Palestinian delegation membership and the framework for organization of direct consultations between the Palestinian delegates and the PLO leadership. The problem of the independent representation of the Palestinian delegation had been solved by the beginning of the third round of the bilateral negotiations in January 1992. The Palestinian side achieved the participation of the representatives of East Jerusalem and the Palestinians abroad through the formation of the Consulting Committee. The questions of providing communication and the consultations between the Palestinian delegates and the PLO leadership were at the host-countries' (Spain, the USA etc.) discretion. It is noted that the US position in this respect was stricter and softened only in April 1992. PLO participation in the bilateral and multilateral negotiations is obvious and it can be seen in the presence of its representatives in the delegations as well as in the Palestinian delegates' consultations with the PLO leaders.

Раздел "Международные отношения" ; Автор данной статьи рассматривает основные аспекты, как организационные, так и правовые, становления системы защиты беженцев в Республике Беларусь. Композиционно и тематически статья имеет три части: 1) деятельность УВКБ ООН по поиску долгосрочных решений в миграционной области; 2) взаимодействие названной выше международной организации с органами власти Республики Беларусь по выработке и принятию правовых и законодательных актов касающихся защиты беженцев в Республике Беларусь; 3) перспективы дальнейшего сотрудничества Беларуси и УВКБ ООН в рамках Европейской политики соседства и становления национальной системы защиты беженцев в Республике Беларусь. = The author considers basic aspects, both organizational and legal, of the formation of the national system of refugee protection in the Republic of Belarus. The article can be divided into three parts in respect to composition and topics: 1) the UNHCR activities in search of long-term decisions in the sphere of migration; 2) the interaction of this international organization with Belarusian state authority bodies on development and adoption of legal and legislative acts connected with refugee protection in the Republic of Belarus; 3) perspectives of further cooperation between Belarus and the UNHCR within the European neighbourhood policy and formation of the national system of refugee protection in the Republic of Belarus.