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In recent years, the IMF has released a growing number of reports and other documents covering economic and financial developments and trends in member countries. Each report, prepared by a staff team after discussions with government officials, is published at the option of the member country

For the latest thinking about the international financial system, monetary policy, economic development, poverty reduction, and other critical issues, subscribe to Finance & Development (F&D). This lively quarterly magazine brings you in-depth analyses of these and other subjects by the IMF's own staff as well as by prominent international experts. Articles are written for lay readers who want to enrich their understanding of the workings of the global economy and the policies and activities of the IMF

Cracks in the System: World Economy Under Stress"" explores the rapidly changing institutional and policymaking landscape around a financial crisis that now threatens a deep and prolonged global recession. The lead article looks at how the world got into the mess and what to do about it, both now and over the medium term. Other articles review options for changing the rules of world finance, examine the case for modernizing the way countries coordinate their policies, and try to draw some lessons from past financial crises. The ""other crisis"" of high food and fuel prices is also assessed, as

""Africa's Middle-Class Motor"" finds growing evidence that a recent resurgence in the continent's economic well-being has staying power. In his overview article, Harvard professor Calestous Juma says the emphasis for too long has been on eradicating poverty through aid rather than promoting prosperity through improved infrastructure, education, entrepreneurship, and trade. That is now changing: there is a growing emphasis on policies that produce a middle class. The new African middle class may not have the buying power of a Western middle class but it demands enough goods and services to sup

'Wising Up to the Costs of Aging' looks at how falling fertility and rising life expectancy have combined to threaten the ability of many countries to provide a decent standard of living for the old without imposing a crushing burden on the young. In our lead article, Ronald Lee and Andrew Mason say that while population aging in rich industrial countries as well as in some middle- and lower-income countries will challenge public and private budgets in many ways, a combination of reduced consumption, postponed retirement, increased asset holdings, and greater investment in human capital should

Die vorliegende Dissertation ist einem sehr aktuellen Thema, 'Zwingende Normen im internationalen Privatrecht', gewidmet. Die zwingenden Normen sind einer der Beschränkungsmechanismen der Wirkung der Rechtskollisionsmethode. Man kann die zwingenden Normen als die Normen definieren, die dank ihrer großen wirtschaftlichen und sozialpolitischen Bedeutung, unabhängig von der zuständigen Rechtsordnung, verwendet werden und durch eine Kollisionsnorm bestimmt (oder durch die Parteien aufgrund der Parteienautonomie gewählt) wird. Die zwingenden Normen können mehrere Ziele verfolgen: Schutz einer schwachen Vertragspartei, Drittschutz, Gewährung der Rechtsordnung und der öffentlichen Sicherheit seitens des Staates. Die Problematik der zwingenden Normen im internationalen Privatrecht ist von Bedeutung, sowohl für die Wissenschaft, als auch für die gesetzgebende und rechtliche Praxis. Dieses Institut ist noch ziemlich jung. Aber seine Festlegung in der internationalen und nationalen Gesetzgebung verlief sehr schnell. Obwohl die Möglichkeiten der Anwendung der internationalen zwingenden Normen durch die Legislative in der Rechtsprechung verankert worden sind, ist ihre praktische Ausführung mit vielen Schwierigkeiten verbunden. In vielen Gesetzgebungen, darunter auch in der weißrussischen, enthält der Artikel, der den zwingenden Normen gewidmet ist, keine klaren und deutlichen Merkmale solcher Normen. Man verwendet unterschiedliche Termine in der Doktrin und in der Gesetzgebung.

"The natural resources of the Barents Region are of strategic importance for Europe. One intensively developing sector is mining, which will bring new opportunities to the region, but which will also cause changes in the environment. The Conference on Best Environmental Practices in the Mining Sector in the Barents Region was held in Rovaniemi in April 2013. The Conference targeted the environmental issues connected to the mining sector and promoted best environmental practices for mines in the Barents Region. The overall goal for the Conference was to increase awareness of the challenges in the mining sector and to exchange information on assessing and managing social and environmental concerns. These Conference proceedings present the Concept Note on Common Challenges of the Conference and the abstracts of the presentations"--Norden i-Library website

The Cologne Commentary on Space Law is a three-volume annotation on the written norms of space law as enunciated through the Treaties of the United Nations and its General Assembly Resolutions. The evolution of a considerable body of international space legislation has been supplemented with various national space laws and regulations in order to implement the international legal framework in the practice of space business. The Cologne Commentary on Space Law aims to provide a genuine and concrete contribution to awareness-building on Space Law and to its implementation in practice. The present publication is the Russian translation of the chapter on NPS Principles (UNGA Resolution 47/68 of 14 December 1992) and the NPS Safety Framework of CoCoSL Volume III. Those 1992 Principles relevant to the use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space and the Safety Framework for Nuclear Power Source Applications in Outer Space (UNGA A/AC.105/934 of 19 May 2009) are the relevant norms for deep space missions using NPS sources. The idea of a Russian publication of the annotated NPS norms was initiated by team members of the EU funded European-Russian DEMOCRITOS project from the State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation "Research Center named after M.V. Keldysh" in Moscow and the German Aerospace Center DLR. In the frame of the DEMOCRITOS project, for the first time, the International Nuclear Power and Propulsion Systems (INPPS) flagship was designed. This demonstrates the practical relevance of the NPS technologies and of the relevant NPS norms. The effectiveness of the international legal framework depends on its national implementation and the focal point here is the practical side of project management. This is in line with the long-term sustainability of outer space activities