Suchergebnisse

The article investigates the formal models as a method of analysis in international studies. The importance of this type of models in writing articles for world leading high-ranking journals from Scopus list is shown. The author reveals the main challenges of interdisciplinary synthesis related to the construction of formal models. The problem of identifying the actors of international relations is revealed, including the assessment of actor's involvement in a concrete international conflict (or process) in the context of the concepts of defensive and offensive realism, as well as of real and of latent (potential) power. The decrease in the influence of the state as the primary actor in international relations, and the increase of influence of new types of actors are shown, including international terrorist networks (led by IS), political parties, media and NGOs in the context of post-modernism, global business structures. At the national level, the main actors are illustrated both by the example of countries with a developed civil society and a market economy, and by that of the traditional non-Western society. The question of levels of analysis in international relations, as well as agent-structure problem are illustrated by concrete cases from modern international relations. The author describes a model of "nested" politics. The main types of models used in international studies (game theoretic, econometric, network analysis, simulation) are indicated as well as their shortcomings. Two kinds of simulation models - system dynamics and agent-based modeling are described. It is noted that the agent-based modeling is carried out mainly in the framework of the constructivist paradigm of international relations theory.

The article provides an overview of international and Russian literature on the genesis and development of System Research in IR studies, demonstrates the emergence of System Research in Russia and in the world, the development of the general theory of systems. It is shown that at the fi rst stage, the representatives of natural sciences tried to identify the isomorphism between the international relations system and other systems (biological, physical). In this context, the attempts to form a general theory of international confl ict could be viewed. It is noted that at the beginning of the 1970s, these attempts ended unsuccessfully in general. The second area of international relations system modeling is related to the work of structural realists, primarily K. Waltz and M. Kaplan. Despite the fact that in their papers the verbal analysis dominates over the formal international relations system model, they have madea signifi cant contribution to the political science in perception of the systems theory. The paper also describes the system modeling in the context of the Neo-Marxist theory of international relations, fi rst and foremost, in the meaning of the I. Wallerstein's world-system theory. Special attention is paid to the systemic research crisis in the IR science at the turn of 1980-1990s, also due to a sharp change in the international situation, and the transition from a predominantly deterministic world of the Cold War to the post-bipolar non-equilibrium international system. The authors clearly reveal the evolution of the international relations perception in terms of the systems theory. They also illustrate the intensifi cation of the international system modeling in the XXIst century on the basis of a new methodology - via the use of the more sophisticated complexity theory (the theory of complex systems), as well as by adapting the sociological theory of structuration by A. Giddens in political sciences. Showing the most promising areas of the complexity theory practical application in the modeling of international relations - agentbased modeling and simulation of system dynamics, - the authors enumerate the most promising spheres for the system modeling in international studies.

This article assesses the impact of sovereign countries in global financial governance. It uses the methodology of international political economy that studies the interaction between political and economic processes in the international arena. It shows the dualistic nature of international financial institutions, which, on the one hand, represent intergovernmental organizations and, on the other hand, are financial institutions with financial goals. The author investigates the principles of sovereign equality, equitable geographical representation and equal (parity) representation of groups of countries with distinct interests in the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Group of 20 (G20) and Financial Stability Board (FSB). The IMF's decision-making mechanism is shown in detail, including its executive board and the recent redistribution of quotas among member states, with special attention on the formula for calculating quotas, its criticism and possible reform. The article shows the major causes of reducing the impact of the IMF and the formation of a new, globally distributed system of financial governance. The article shows the hierarchy (by function as well as by country representativeness) of the system of global financial governance, established by 2010. It discusses the leadership of countries according to quantity and to key indicators (revenues, assets and market capitalization) of global systemically important financial institutions (banks and insurance company). Based on countries' membership in the G7 and the G20, the FSB, IMF, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, and Bank for International Settlements countries are designated as at the core, semi-periphery or periphery of the international financial system in the context of the world systems theory. The influence of the technical elite, prevailing in the international financial sector, as well as the qualitative composition (education) of its members are revealed. The article concludes that there is significant polarization in the international financial system (core and the socalled marginal majority). Unlike the IMF, the newly created global financial institutions of the G20 and FSB fully comply with the principles of equitable geographical representation and parity representation of states with distinct interests.

The article proposes a rationale to expand the concept of humanitarian diplomacy. Based on scientific research, the author proposes to escape from a narrow understanding of humanitarian diplomacy as providing humanitarian assistance and assistance to vulnerable groups of the population. An attempt is made to form a single umbrella concept of diplomacy, which would include all types of modern diplomacy that are aimed at protecting a person, his values of ideals.

The increasing migration of population in the world is one of the urgent international problems. States make efforts to counter the illegal migration and to help people seeking asylum. This problem is the most challenging to tackle in the sea. The article reveals the contents of international cooperation and the role of international law in this field. The specific features of tackling illegal migration are analyzed within the various marine spaces: in inland waters, in the territorial sea and in the open sea. The issues of international cooperation on suffering refugees and other migrants in danger on the sea have been studied as well. International legal and organizational issues facing the world community are introduced and their separate solutions are offered. In the authors' opinion, the activities of states regarding migrants should be carried out in compliance with their legal status and particular situation. In any case, the migrants' status must be defined not on the sea but on the shore. If some people are in danger, they must be helped notwithstanding the legal status of the persons being rescued. Measures of criminal liability and other measures according to the legislation of states and international commitments must be applied to illegal migration organizers. It is important that the rules of international law, international organizations and international bodies recommendations that deal with the problems of migration should be carried out at the national level by means of upgrading related laws. It is also important to work out and to upgrade the subordinate regulatory legal acts concerning the questions of illegal sea migration counteraction, measures taken towards refugees and other asylum seekers, being present on board of the ships in distress. Accordingly, the issue is to be solved as to the attitude of states towards the migrants on board of the watercraft that do not comply with the seafaring security requirements that means that they are potentially in danger.

Russian scientists attach great importance to one of the fundamental principles of private international law – the principle of the closest connection. The concept of the closest connection was developed in England on the basis of case law, the rules of which were created by judges in court decisions on specific cases. The legislator has included the principle of closest connection to the civil code, however, in light of the changes it made in the reforms of 2013, the closest connection principle was assigned a secondary role in relation to the principle of characteristic performance. The main purpose of the principle of the closest connection is to find the law and order that can most effectively regulate cross-border relations. The court will have to determine the will of the parties to the contractual relationship, aimed at choosing the right. Therefore, a close relationship is established based on the court's assumption of what right the parties would have chosen if they had considered this issue. The principle of the closest connection, in connection with this approach, often loses its independent significance. Article 1187 of the civil code of the Russian Federation does not specify the conditions of its application, as well as the scope of its action. For this reason, the category of the closest relationship is universal and applies regardless of the nature of the cross-border civil relationship. Russian legislation does not have clear criteria for determining the closest relationship, which may lead to a subjective decision by the court. In this regard, the study of problems related to the application of the principle of the closest connection in judicial practice is undoubtedly relevant.

The paper defines the main approaches to understanding the strategic partnership between states in the international arena, identifies the main features of such a partnership. The author substantiates the thesis that at present the strategic partnership between states in the social, spiritual and cultural sphere is no longer of a secondary nature. The article defines the main directions of strategic partnership between states in the social, spiritual and cultural sphere at the present stage. The concept of changing the vector of Russia in the social, spiritual and cultural sphere at the present stage is substantiated.

The constitutional reforms in Russia are amongst the most significant news for Russia's partners in international relations. The configuration of international law and Russian domestic legal order falls within the scope of the constitutional changes of 2020, and there is no chance that this change will be abandoned by the legislator. This particular amendment was not actively commented on during the nationwide discussion on the constitutional reform; it drew mostly experts' attention. The article alleges that the constitutional amendment restricting the applicability of international case law in Russia is both a transient response to the instant political tension around Russia, and a formalization of the positivistic trend well established in domestic judicial practice. The positivistic trend is part of the process shaping Russia's own approach to international law. The prospective amendment concerning international case law in the Constitution of the Russian Federation will not hinder the rules expressly stated in the treaties of the EAEU. However, the resolutions of the EAEU's structures and institutions, including the case law of the Court of the EAEU, are likely to be scrutinized in a defensive way by Russian Constitutional court in situations extraordinary for the Russian State, ensuring their conformity with the unquestionable and unconditional supremacy of the Russian Constitution.

Education is a powerful soft power instrument. By studying the educational programmes Erasmus, CIS Network University and SCO University, International educational programs in the EU and post-Soviet space: present and future enables a better understanding of the role of academic mobility in supporting political cooperation in the European and Eurasian region. Furthermore, this book is the first comparative study of the Erasmus programme with CIS Network University and SCO University, two educational programmes inspired to Erasmus Mundus, aimed at strengthening the academic mobility of Russia with former Soviet countries and China.r

The review is dedicated to the results of the international conference on the theme "Uzbekistan in the context of regional security and global changes", which was held on November 7-8, 2019 in Tashkent. The organizers were the University of World Economy and Diplomacy under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan together with the international scientific project COMPASS (Great Britain). During the two-day discussions, international experts discussed a wide range of issues, including large-scale reforms in Uzbekistan, integration processes in Central Asia, issues of security and sustainable development. They noted that today A new political atmosphere is being formed in Central Asia, contributing to the solution of acute regional problems and the further rapprochement of states. The catalyst for these processes is the dynamic and open regional policy of Uzbekistan. During the conference, much attention was paid to security in the region and a peaceful settlement in Afghanistan. In particular, experts emphasized significant changes in the approach of Uzbekistan to Afghanistan, which is expressed in the intensification of bilateral relations, as well as the active assistance of the Uzbek side in achieving peace and stability in Afghanistan.

During the Bulgarian Revival Period, in a time of increasing national awareness and struggles for political and spiritual liberation, the number of scientific articles is on the increase. Some favourable conditions for language interaction are established, conditions to form a pool of words that can be used internationally. Internationalisms enrich the general vocabulary of European languages and are the primary core, a possible future lexical unification of languages. Marin Drinov was one of the first Bulgarian scholars to continue and enrich the Revival tradition by developing the problems of the literary language on a scientific basis. In the article analyses the international vocabulary in Marin Drinov's works.Once a reference to the archive from the Revival Period is made, it can be ascertained that Marin Drinov was the first among his contemporaries to use a number of words that belong to the international vocabulary like genesis, graphics, interpunction, restoration, strategy, etc. He is credited with the creative enrichment of the socio-political vocabulary, as many words from the lexical system of language acquire new shades of meaning, includingnew political meaning and new functional importance. The vocabulary used in his scientific andliteraryworks is, to a great degree, part of the entire Bulgarian literary fund of that period, and it is an indicator of the dynamics and the development of the socio-political vocabulary that is its main constituent. The analysis of the internationalisms in Marin Drinov's works outlines his practical contribution to the generative processes in the vocabulary of the Bulgarian language, to its Europeanisation and modernization. ; През епохата на Възраждането с бързото развитие на националното самосъзнание и борбата за духовно и политическо освобождение се увеличава броят на научните публикации. Създават се благоприятни условия за езиково взаимодействие, за обособяване на един фонд от думи, които имат международна употреба. Интернационализмите обогатяват общия речников състав на европейските езици и се явяват първичното ядро за възможна бъдеща лексикална унификация на езиците. Марин Дринов е един от първите български учени, който продължава и обогатява възрожденската традиция, като разработва на научна основа проблемите на книжовния език. В доклада се анализира интернационалната лексика в произведенията на Марин Дринов. При справка с Възрожденския архив установяваме, че Марин Дринов пръв сред своите съвременници употребява редица думи от интернационалната лексика като генезис, графика, интерпункция, реставрация, стратегия и др. Той има заслуги за творческото обогатяване на интернационалната лексика, като много думи от лексикалната система на езика придобиват нова оценъчност, окраска, ново политическо съдържание, нова функционална значимост. Лексиката, използвана в научните и публицистичните му съчинения, в преобладаващата си част е от общонародния книжовен фонд на българския език от този период и е показател за динамиката и развитието на обществено-политическата лексика, която е съществена негова съставка. Изследването на интернационализмите в произведенията на Марин Дринов очертава неговата практична заслуга за градивните процеси в устройството на българската лексика, за нейната европеизация и осъвременяване.

Today, digital diplomacy tools are used by governments in many countries in their efforts to build effective collaboration with an international audience. However, sometimes digital interaction with the audience takes forms unusual for the traditional understanding of diplomatic communication. For example, the use of humor in social networks is becoming the new reality of official diplomacy. It is not surprising that diplomats use humor to attract a foreign audience, but at the same time, this affects the formation of the country's image. Little is known about the humorous interaction between official state actors and their target audience. The role of such communication in building the country's image has not been studied. This paper analyzes the ability of humorous interaction between government officials and the target audience through digital communication channels to influence the formation of stereotypes regarding the country's image. Methodologically, this study is a two-component content analysis of the news media and the Russian embassy Twitter account in London. The goals for which official state representatives use humor in the communication process are specified in the paper. In addition, the study attempts to analyze the basic components of the «image of the country» complex construct and to trace the role that humour plays in the formation of this image. The most obvious conclusion from this study is that a positive image of Russian humor is being formed among the followers of the Russian Embassy's Twitter account. This perception outweighs the negative stereotypes about Russian humour broadcast by the press.

In article is considered integration of Donetsk People's Republic into the international political and economic system. Sabotaging Minsk agreements, the Kiev government creates favorable conditions for the international recognition of the Republic. Major social and economic confrontation between the Ukrainian power and the leaders of the unrecognized republic can't can break off systematic rounds of the Minsk Agreement with participation of foreign observers. In article the author reveals possible ways of recognition by the international community of Donetsk People's Republic. ; В статье рассматривается попытка интеграци Донецкой Народной Республики в международную политико-экономическую систему. Саботируя Минские соглашений, киевское правительство создаёт благоприятные условия для международного признания Республики. Острое социально-экономическое противостояние между украинской властью и руководством непризнанной республики не могут разорвать систематические раунды Минских соглашений с участием иностранных наблюдателей. В статье автор выявляет возможные пути признания международным сообществом Донецкой Народной Республики.

The scientific report presents the results of a study of various approaches to the construction of modern quality management systems in medical organizations. Trends in the development of healthcare systems in the world and in the Russian Federation are analyzed, it is shown what role, on the one hand, the development of the infrastructure of medical care for the population, the staff of medical organizations, and on the other hand, the satisfaction of patients with the quality of the services provided to them by the medical organization, plays.

The paper reviews the development of the international legal framework for counter-trafficking in children as a form of human trafficking. It is stressed that the most important international acts to combat trafficking in children have been created under the auspices of the UN and regional international organizations. The authors note the need for an integrated approach to solving problems, in particular, through adopting national programs. The authors examine the influence of international legal acts on Russian criminal legislation and the need for its improvement.