Suchergebnisse

One of the achievements of the reflectivist turn in international relations theory in the late 20th century was the attention given to the role of discourse and other ideational factors in international politics. In recent years, however, approaches critical of the discursive emphasis in international studies have emerged, seeking to restore the significance of non-discursive aspects of international relations such as geography, technology, and the non-human. This article offers a perspective on the development of international relations theory from the standpoint of the debate between materialism and idealism. Within this framework, it provides a brief overview of the historical evolution of international relations theory and subsequently delves into a detailed analysis of three strands of the new wave of materialist theorizing in the field - critical realism, new materialism, and neoclassical geopolitics. The article suggests considering the new materialist wave as, on the whole, a positive development, but also points out the necessity of taking into account the risk of "exiling" the human element from international relations research as such concepts proliferate. The possibility of collaboration between reflecivists and post-reflecivists, as well as between idealists and materialists in general, is underlined for the comprehensive study of contemporary international realities.

The article proposes a rationale to expand the concept of humanitarian diplomacy. Based on scientific research, the author proposes to escape from a narrow understanding of humanitarian diplomacy as providing humanitarian assistance and assistance to vulnerable groups of the population. An attempt is made to form a single umbrella concept of diplomacy, which would include all types of modern diplomacy that are aimed at protecting a person, his values of ideals.

The purpose of this article is to clarify the system and a thorough analysis of the sources of international legal regulation of working time. Dur- ing the study a number of methods have been used, namely: the formal-logical method has been used for the classification of sources of interna- tional legal regulation of working time and relevant international agreements; the system-structural method and the synthesis method – for the analysis of the provisions of the EU Directive 2003/88/EC on certain aspects of the organization of working time, as well as the formal-dogmatic and modeling method – for providing recommendations on the harmonization of national legislation with to the relevant Directive.

This study analyzes the system of international legal regulation of working time, which is a complex orderly set of international treaties, EU leg- islation and ECHR practices that underpin fundamental principles and international labour standards in the field of working time. The scientific work presents the classification of sources of international legal regulation of working time for: 1) international agreements; 2) EU legislation; 3) ECHR practice. Since most of the sources of international legal regulation of working time are international treaties, it is proposed to classify them accord- ing to the entities within which the following treaties are concluded: 1) treaties within the UN; 2) treaties within the Council of Europe; 3) treaties within the ILO; 4) treaties within the EU. ILO treaties are proven to be crucial in the area of international legal regulation of working time, as the ILO is an international organization, a specialized UN agency, established to support international cooperation in peacekeeping around the world and to reduce social injustice at the expense of improving workingconditions.

First of all, for the qualitative perception of the provisions relating to international legal regulation of working time, it is necessary to define the con- cept of "international labour standards", which is applied in the framework of the ILO activities. International labour standards are legal instruments developed by the ILO (taking into account the principle of tripartite representation – governments, workers and employers) that set out the fundamental principles and rights in the field of labour. The main forms of consolidation of such standards are ILO conventions and recommendations.

The provisions of sources of international legal regulation of working time are studied, attention is paid to their peculiarities and specificity. A number of recommendations have been made to further implement the provisions of Directive 2003/88/EC on certain aspects of the organization of working time in national labour law. In particular, it is established that this Directive establishes minimum safety and health requirements for the organization of working time and applies to: minimum periods of daily rest, weekly rest and annual leave, as well as breaks and maximum weekly working hours; some aspects of night work, shift work and workarrangements.