Suchergebnisse

At head of title: Kommunisticheskiĭ Internat︠︡sional. ; Bibliographical references included in (p. [149]-150) ; Mode of access: Internet.

Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Международное частное право" ; В статье на основе работ белорусских и зарубежных авторов, законодательства Республики Беларусь и иных государств, а также международно-правовых документов анализируется правовое регулирование передачи технологий во внешнеэкономической деятельности. Актуальность статьи объясняется повышением в международных экономических отношениях значения технологий, как правило, по важности превосходящих остальные факторы производства, являясь их связующим звеном, без которого невозможно осуществление расширенного процесса воспроизводства. Республике Беларусь как стране с высокой зависимостью от международной торговли чрезвычайно важно обеспечить эффективный режим правового регулирования отношений по передаче технологий во внешнеэкономической деятельности, основанный на принципах рыночной экономики. Целью статьи является определение понятия внешнеэкономического договора о передаче технологий в Республике Беларусь. Статья также предлагает определение понятия «технология» и рассматривает вопросы передачи технологий как объекта договорных отношений. = The author analyses the works of Belarusian and foreign scientists, the legislation of the Republic of Belarus, and the international legal documents on the legal aspects of international transfer of technologies. The article is topical due to the increasing importance of technologies in international economic relations, which as a rule are more important than other economic resources and link these resources into expanding production chain. The Republic of Belarus, as a country with high dependence on international trade, needs effective legal rules on international transfer of technologies. These rules should be based on market economy principles. The article aims to define the term «contract for international transfer of technologies» in the legislation of the Republic of Belarus. It also suggests a legal definition of the term «technology» and elaborates on the transfer of technologies as an object of contract relations.

Раздел "Международные экономические отношения" ; В статье раскрывается сущность международного туризма, его роль в мировом масштабе и значение для национальных экономик отдельных стран. Рассматривается необходимость и специфика государственного управления международным туризмом на современном этапе развития мирового хозяйства. Потребность в процессе регулирования международной туристской отрасли со стороны административных органов обосновывается исходя из характерных особенностей туризма как вида экономической деятельности (сезонность, гетерогенность, статичность предложения и динамичность спроса, трудоемкость и т. д.) и основных тенденций его развития, существующих на сегодняшний день (быстрый рост отрасли, появление новых туристских регионов, повышение запросов туристов, дифференциация, индивидуализация и диверсификация туристского продукта и т. п.). Актуальность данной проблематики находит свое отражение и в необходимости обеспечения устойчивости в развитии международного туризма, что невозможно без соответствующего контроля со стороны государства. Туристская политика страны направлена на повышение привлекательности и конкурентоспособности туристского региона. Автором раскрываются теоретические аспекты данных понятий и подчеркивается принципиальная разница между ними. Конкурентоспособность рассматривается как способность туристского региона производить качественный продукт, удерживать свои позиции на международном рынке туризма и по возможности со временем расширять сферу своего влияния, не нарушая при этом принципов устойчивого развития. Привлекательность туристского региона определяется с точки зрения ее способности привлекать к себе внимание и вызывать интерес потенциальных туристов. Проанализированы факторы, определяющие конкурентоспособность туристского региона, и предложено новое представление о критериях привлекательности национального рынка для международного туризма. Делается вывод о том, что туристская политика государства должна строиться с учетом всех особенностей и качественных и количественных преобразований в сфере международного туризма в современных условиях трансформации его структуры. = The article reveals the essence of international tourism, its role on a global scale and importance for national economies of some countries. The author explores the necessity and specific features of state control of international tourism at the current stage of world economy development. The necessity in regulation of international tourism field of industry by government bodies is substantiated by characteristic features of tourism as a form of economic activity (seasonality, heterogeneity, the static character of supply and dynamic nature of demand, labour-intensiveness etc.) and current main trends of its development (the rapid growth of this field of industry, emergence of new points of destination, new requirements of tourists, differentiation, individualization and diversification of tourist product etc.). The topicality of this issue is also proved by the necessity of providing sustainability in international tourism development, which is impossible without control from the state. The tourist policy of a country is aimed at raising the attractiveness and competitiveness of the tourist region. The author reveals the theoretical aspects of these notions and emphasizes fundamental differences between them. Competitiveness is considered as capability of the point of destination to produce a high-quality tourist product, to hold its positions in the international tourist market and, if possible, to expand the sphere of its influence without violating the principles of sustainable development. Attractiveness of the point of destination is determined by its ability to attract attention and be of interest to potential tourists. The author also gave the analysis of the factors determining competitiveness of a tourist region and offered a new conception of the criteria of attractiveness of a national market for the international tourism. The author made a conclusion that tourist policy of a state should include all particular features and take into consideration qualitative and quantitative changes in the international tourism sphere in the modern conditions of transformation of its structure.

Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Международное гуманитарное право" ; В статье на основе анализа Конвенций, ключевыми из которых, по мнению автора, являются Гаагская конвенция о защите культурных ценностей 1954 г. и Конвенция об охране культурного и природного наследия 1972 г., выявляются критерии выделения всемирного культурного наследия из общей категории культурных ценностей, исследуется механизм защиты всемирного культурного наследия как в мирное время, так и в ходе вооруженных конфликтов. Автор акцентирует внимание на вопросе эффективности механизма защиты и приходит к выводу, что он не создает надежных гарантий охраны всемирного культурного наследия в период вооруженных конфликтов. В качестве недостатков конвенционного механизма автор указывает: легализацию ссылки на крайнюю военную необходимость, хотя и в исключительных случаях, которую можно квалифицировать как репрессалии, запрещенные к применению воюющими сторонами в международном гуманитарном праве; недостаточную урегулированность вопроса об ответственности государств за нарушение положений Конвенции и Протокола; ограниченную сферу действия Гаагской конвенции и II Протокола к ней, не применяющихся в случае беспорядков, бунтов, мятежей, хотя именно в таких ситуациях опасность уничтожения или разграбления всемирного культурного наследия очень велика. = The article relies on the analysis of Conventions, the key ones , according to the author, being the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property and the 1972 Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage so as to single out the criteria for identifying the world cultural values within the general category of cultural values. The article also explores the mechanisms of cultural heritage protection, both in the peaceful times and during military conflicts. The author focuses on the issue of the effectiveness of the protection mechanism and comes to the conclusion those it does not provide secure guarantees of the world cultural values protection during military conflicts. The following drawbacks of the protection mechanisms are pointed out: legalization of the reference to overriding military emergency, which, though used in extraordinary cases, can still be qualified as repressions banned for use by the conflicting parties; insufficient regulation of the states' responsibility for the breach of the provisions of the Convention and the Protocol; the limits on the effect of the Hague Convention and its Protocol II which are not applied in case of riots and civic disorder though it is in the times like those that the threat of destruction and looting of the world cultural heritage is particularly high.

Раздел "Международные отношения" ; В статье рассматривается теоретический подход к понятию «интеграция»; его общее определение переносится на современные международные отношения. Развитие интеграционных вопросов стало закономерным результатом роста производительных сил, что потребовало создания более надежных контактов, связей и отношений между субъектами и устранения многочисленных препятствий на пути сотрудничества. Но данный процесс возможен в рамках надгосударственных интеграционных объединений на основе политических соглашений, а не только взаимовыгодного экономического, военного и культурного сотрудничества, как представляется многим. Автор выделяет восемь элементов интеграции, приводит исторические факты процессов интеграции различных объединений, в том числе Европейского союза и в заключение делает вывод о том, что интеграция представляет собой длительный и сложный процесс, в ходе которого возможны как позитивные, так и негативные явления. Они определяются фрагментацией современного мира, совпадением интересов или конфликтами субъектов международных отношений. = The article explores a theoretical approach to the concept of «integration» extending its general definition to modern international relations. The development of international issues is a natural result of the production growth which required more reliable contacts, links and relations among the subjects and elimination of numerous obstacles to cooperation. However, this process is only possible within the framework of supranational integrational groupings on the basis of political agreements and not merely on mutually beneficial economic, military and cultural cooperation as many would think. The author identifies eight elements in integration, cites historical facts from the record of various groupings, including the EU, and concludes by saying that integration is a lengthy and complicated process which can take both positive and negative turns. These are determined by the fragmentation of the contemporary world, coincidence of interests or by conflicts of the subjects of international relations.

Раздел "Международные отношения" ; The author considers the main factors which influence international tourism security. Many examples are cited to draw attention to the negative impact of international terrorism on tourism. Counteraction requires more effective and consolidated efforts of the whole world community. The article systematizes the legal normative base required to provide the legislative framework for the protection of travel and it shows the role of the International Tourist Organisation and other international associations in this work.

Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Сравнительное правоведение" ; Законодательство ряда стран мира, регулирующее обращение с радиоактивными отходами, представляет значительный интерес и для Республики Беларусь. В статье предпринята попытка проанализировать законодательство Финляндии и США по вопросам охраны окружающей среды в области хранения и утилизации радиоактивных отходов. Автор рассматривает возможности создания специального органа, ведающего вопросами утилизации, поиска и учреждения мест захоронения радиоактивных отходов, что может позволить Республике Беларусь избежать ошибок других стран. = Legislation of several countries of the world which regulates radioactive waste handling is of considerable interest, especially, for the Republic of Belarus. The author tries to analyze the legislation of Finland and the USA on issues relating to environmental protection in the area of storing and utilisation radioactive waste. The author considers a possibility to establish a special body, which would be responsible for recycling issues, the search and setting up radioactive burial ground; it would permit the republic to avoid other states' mistakes.

Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Международное частное право" ; Статья посвящена рассмотрению вопроса о том, какие обстоятельства определяют международный характер договора факторинга. На основании изучения белорусского законодательства, международных правовых актов, трудов отечественных и зарубежных ученых автор приходит к следующим выводам. В мировой практике не сложился единый подход к определению того, какие критерии наделяют договор факторинга международным характером. Как правило, выделяют исчерпывающий перечень таких критериев (Банковский кодекс Республики Беларусь, Конвенция УНИДРУА о международном факторинге 1988 г., Конвенция Организации Объединенных Наций об уступке дебиторской задолженности в международной торговле 2001 г.). По мнению автора статьи, существующие подходы к определению критериев международного характера договора факторинга нельзя признать оптимальными. Ввиду того, что договор факторинга всегда затрагивает интересы, как минимум, трех субъектов (кредитора, фактора и должника), которые могут иметь различную национальную принадлежность, а также принимая во внимание вариативность международных хозяйственных отношений и их постоянную эволюцию, при выделении критериев, определяющих международных характер гражданско-правового договора, в том числе и договора факторинга, нельзя сводить их к конкретно заданному исчерпывающему перечню. В этой связи автор признает целесообразность подхода, закрепленного в Межамериканской конвенции о праве, применимом к международным контрактам (1994 г.), где под международным контрактом контракт, стороны которого имеют обычное место жительства или коммерческие предприятия в различных договаривающихся государствах, или контракт, имеющий объективную связь более чем с одним договаривающимся государством. По мнению автора статьи, этот подход вполне соответствует отечественной доктрине о предмете международного частного права. В заключение сделана попытка сформулировать собственное определение договора международного факторинга, которое, по мнению автора, охватывает все возможные случаи проявления международного характера рассматриваемого договора. = The article deals with the issue of the circumstances which determine the international nature of a treaty on factoring. After the study of Belarusian legislation, international legal instruments and the research of national and foreign academics the author came to the conclusions that follow below. No single approach has emerged in the practice across the world as to the criteria which provide a treaty with international character. As a rule, comprehensive lists of these factors are compliled, such as the Banking Code of the Republic of Belarus, the 1988 UNIDROIT Convention on International Factoring, the UN Convention on the Assignment of Receivables in International Trade. According to the author the existing approaches to determining the criteria of the international nature of a treaty on factoring can hardly be considered efficient. In view of the fact that a treaty on factoring always involves the interests of at least three subjects (the creditor, the factor and the debtor) who can have different national allegiance and also considering the variability of the international economic relations and their constant evolution it is not advised to limit the criteria which define the international character of a civil law treaty including treaties on factoring to some specific comprehensive list. In this respect the author recognizes the expediency of the approach fixed in the 1994 Inter-American Convention on the Law Applicable to the International Contracts (1994) where an international contract is regarded to be a contract the parties of which have permanent residence or commercial enterprises in different states which agree on the contract, or a contract which is objectively connected with more than one state-parties to the agreement. In the author's opinion, this approach corresponds to the national doctrine on the subject of international private law. In conclusion the author makes an attempt to formulate her own definition of a treaty on international factoring which covers all possible cases of manifestation of the international nature in question.

Key witnesses shed light on an essential part of the history of music. "In the Soviet Union, from 1917 to 1990, in an extremely difficult context, one of terror even, there developed one of the most intense and richest musical environments of the 20th century ...," writes Bruno Monsaingeon. A fascinating mystery that Monsaingeon attempts to elucidate in his film. This essential period of music history is recounted through conductor Guennadi Rojdestvenski, the last remaining representative of these fabulous performers of the Soviet era (he was born in 1931). He is full of humour and it is a treat to watch him explain why there are two page-295's in the biography of Prokofiev published in 1957 and to hear him talk about Tikhon Khrenikov, the terrifying secretary general of the Union of Composers who was in office for forty years ... Other witnesses include the conductor Rudolf Barshai "One day, I said to myself, enough is enough, and I decided to leave", the pianist Viktoria Postnikova: "Even seated in the plane, they could come and fetch you and say, Out!" and the central figure of composer, Dimitri Shostakovich: "If I look back, I only see ashes and bodies."

Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Международное гуманитарное право" ; В статье рассматриваются юридические проблемы, связанные с перемещением в конце Второй мировой войны культурных ценностей из Германии в бывший СССР. Автор анализирует новую форму международно-правовой ответственности — компенсаторную реституцию, содержащуюся в Федеральном законе Российской Федерации «О культурных ценностях, перемещенных в Союз ССР в результате Второй мировой войны и находящихся на территории Российской Федерации», принятом 15 апреля 1998 г. На основе анализа международных актов, устанавливающих международно-правовую ответственность государств, автор делает вывод о неправомерности установления национальным государственным актом новой формы международно-правовой ответственности — компенсаторной реституции, как это сделал российский законодатель в Федеральном законе 1998 г. Общий вывод: перемещенные культурные ценности, по поводу которых ведется спор между Германией и Россией, должны быть возвращены в международный культурный оборот. = The article considers the juridical problems, connected with the transference of the cultural valuables from Germany to the former USSR at the end of the Second World War. The author analyses a new form of the international-legal responsibility — «compensatory restitution», which is contained in the Federal law of the Russian Federation, adopted on April 15, 1998: «On the cultural valuables, which were transferred to the USSR as a result of the Second World War, and which currently are on the territory of the Russian Federation». On the basis of the analysis of the international acts establishing the international legal responsibility of the states, the author comes to the conclusion about the unlawfulness of the establishment by a national state act of a new form of the international legal responsibility «compensatory restitution», as it was done by the Russian legislator in the Federal law of the Russian Federation from 1998. The general conclusion is: the transferred cultural valuables which are the subject of Germany and Russia legal dispute should be returned and put into international cultural circulation.

Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Международное частное право" ; Статья посвящена рассмотрению такого вопроса, как коллизионный способ регулирования договора международного факторинга в Республике Беларусь. На основании изучения отечественной и зарубежной доктрины и правоприменительной практики автор приходит к следующим выводам. Рассматривая вопрос о правовом регулировании договора международного факторинга на международном уровне, автор указывает на то, что в силу ряда причин его нельзя признать эффективным, особенно применительно к факторинговым отношениям с участием белорусских субъектов хозяйствования. Вследствие этого единственным способом регулирования международных факторинговых отношений в Республике Беларусь является коллизионный способ на основе национальных коллизионных норм. Автор отмечает, что в том случае, если стороны не договорились об ином, к договору факторинга подлежит применению право страны, где фактор (как сторона, чье исполнение имеет существенное значение) имеет основное место деятельности. В статье предлагается закрепить дифференцированный подход к определению права, подлежащего применению к отношениям между фактором и кредитором и отношениям, складывающимся между фактором и должником. В заключение автор обращает внимание на то, что законодательство Республики Беларусь, регулирующее договор международного факторинга, не является совершенным и требует приведения в соответствие с мировой практикой и потребностями хозяйственного оборота. = The article deals with the question of conflict rules that regulate an international factoring contract in the Republic of Belarus. After studying native and foreign doctrine and law-enforcement practice the author comes to the following conclusions. While considering the question of legal regulation of an international factoring contract on the international level the author points that because of several reasons it is impossible to regard it as effective especially in respect factoring relations with participation of Belarusian entrepreneurs. As a result of that fact the only way to regulate international factoring relations in the Republic of Belarus is regulation by means of national conflict rules. The author emphasizes that unless the parties agreed different, the law of the country where the factor (as a party whose performance has vital importance) is based should be applied to a factoring contract. The article suggests fixing a different approach to determine a law which is applicable to the relations between the factor and the creditor and a law which is applicable to the relations between the factor and the debtor. In summary the author draws attention to the fact that the legislation of the Republic of Belarus that regulates the international factoring contract is not perfect and is to be brought into line with the world practice and needs of economic circulation.

Раздел - "Международное право" ; The present paper considers some issues of regulating of a quite complex legal institution, that of multiple nationality. Currently, European integration in general and the phenomenon of multiple nationality in particular are arousing a lot of interest. This is caused to a large extent b y both the relative stability of economic and political guarantees of rights and liberties of the citizens of Western Europe and by the search of Eastern European countries for their place and their road in the united Europe, b y the necessity to overcome cultural and economic disunity of European states and also b y the unabated interest in the structural elements of diverse and variously speeded integration in this region. In this regard the institution of multiple nationality stands out against the background of all-European integration. It has been in existence in this region for many millenia and embraces practically all states of the continent. Multiplenationality creates at the same time both real possibilities and prerequisites for integration and real problems, causing sometimes protracted conflicts between states and peoples and separating their political interests. The author sees multiple nationality to be a complex legal state expressed through a complicated legal relationship, which lends form to a multistructured social political, economic, cultural and moral relationship between states (representations of citizenship/nationality) and the person as regards responsible possession by a person of the complete or the basic set of rights and duties of nationality equal to the persons of his/her category of nationality in more than one state formation. With this assumption the paper shows in general terms the causes for the emergence of multiple nationality and the ways of settling its problems. The citizenship of the European Union, which the author refers to a kind of multiple nationality, is a particular legal institution which could serve as a source for forming all-European and global citizenship. Alongside with the study of the citizenship of the European Union the paper considers the institution of multiple nationality within the framework of the Council of Europe. The European region has accumulated abundant experience of regulating multiple nationality; part of which experience was embodied in the provisions of various international treaties concluded by the member-states of the Council of Europe. It would be effective to use in the countries of Eastern Europe and Asia. The European Convention on Nationality from November 6, 1997 was a progressive step in the realm of developing nationality and multiple nationality, though it has a number of drawbacks and as a whole does not adequately take into consideration the existing needs in this sphere. A number of norms, for instance, the right of the state to terminate citizenship, declared in article 7 and other provisions of the Convention have not been specified. The drawbacks of legal regulation of these issues and the issues of state succession and nationality (article 16) arouse doubts in the compliance of provisions of the abovementioned convention with the requirements of articles 15 and 29 of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights. Unfortunately, the European Convention on Nationality is trying to unite disparate points of v i ew into one, there arising as a result some apprehension as to the possibility of its arbitrary application. The citizenship, being established within the framework of integration of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation, is also a peculiar institution which could be transformed into a different type of citizenship. The author considers that reasonable application of the institution of multiple nationality could facilitate the solution of a number of problems of contemporary international law, including the problems of international cooperation, human rights protection and development of integrational process. This experience could be promoted b y all states and especially the former USSR countries who have various directions of solving the issues of multiple nationality.

Раздел "Международные отношения" ; The Faculty of International Relations of the Belarusian State University united all the achievements of the Departments of International Relations (Faculty of History), International Law (Faculty of Law) and International Economic Relations (Faculty of Philosophy and Economics) when it was set up by the order of the Rector of the Belarusian State University on October 1, 1995. Yet, the history of the Faculty may be traced back to September 1992 when the Department of International Relations was created within the Faculty of History of BSU. The first 14 graduates from the Department of International Relations received their Graduation Certificates in June 1995. Ever since, the Faculty has been pursuing an active policy of creating new departments, of bringing together leading specialists in history, economics, foreign policy and diplomacy, law and of developing its technological and material resources. Following the rapid growth of the number of students and staff, the Faculty moved to a separate building at 25, Academicheskaya St. in autumn 1997. Since the start of its work the Faculty has become one of the most prestigious faculties of the Belarusian State University and, further, among the higher education establishments of Belarus. Currently 1it trains over 2000 students for Bachelor and Specialist Degrees and provides master's, post-graduate and doctorate courses for over 50 students. Together with Belarusian citizens about 130 foreign students from 20 countries are trained in the theory and practice of international relations. Highly qualified specialists are trained at the Departments of International Relations, International Public, Private and European Law, International Economics, International Tourism Management, Customs Affairs, Oriental Languages and Country Studies, Modern Foreign Languages and Cultural Studies. The educational process at the Faculty is provided by 16 departments with more than 240 lecturers; among them there are 10 professors, 70 associate professors, holding academic degrees and titles. Besides the faculty, 60 members of staff are involved in administration and in running the computer and multimedia centers of the Faculty. The faculty invites experts and visiting scholars from other faculties and universities, the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Ministries and State departments, as well as famous politicians and public figures to hold classes and deliver lectures. The Faculty graduates have proved to be highly skilled specialists. They successfully put the knowledge and skills acquired at the University into practice at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus and in other bodies dealing with foreign economic and political affairs. Many of them have defended their degree of Candidate of Science and continue their career at the Faculty. The curricula for all specializations of the Faculty envisage intensive studies of foreign languages. At present 6 departments provide training in 16 modern languages. The possibilities for language training trips and sandwich courses are constantly being expanded. Training the practical professional skills of the students during the whole period of study is crucial. The faculty students take their internships at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Education and other state bodies and organizations, as well as in banks and companies. The faculty is engaged in advanced academic research. During the period from 1998 to 2004 professors and lecturers of the Faculty published 53 monographs; 13 course books, approved and recommended for use by the Ministry of Education; 113 textbooks and manuals, 10 of which were approved and recommended for use by the Ministry of Education; 695 academic papers were also published. In the period from 1998 to 2004 40 Candidate of Science dissertations and 7 Doctor of Science dissertations were defended at the Faculty. The Faculty of International Relations takes part in the implementation of the State Programme on Fundamental Research of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. The most significant output of the Faculty research is the publication of the seven-volume collection of documents and materials «The Foreign Policy of Belarus». The Journal of International Law and International Relations is published quarterly. The Faculty is involved in various international projects. Among the most important ones are the following: TEMPUS JEP «Integrating European Studies in International Relations Education» (Department of International Relations); «Strategy of Developing Ecological Tourism on the Territories of Specially Protected Natural Sites», funded by the UN Global Fund (Department of International Tourism). Every year the Faculty organises various academic and research events, such as: the Round-table «Belarusian-Russian Relations: Challenges and Prospects» (starting in 1998); the National conference «Belarus in the Modern World» (starting in 2002); students' conference «Diplomatic Readings» on the Faculty Foundation Day (starting in 2002); «Belarusian International UN Model» (starting in 2003). There are two Councils for the Defense of Doctor of Science and Candidate of Science academic degrees: in History of International Relations and Foreign Policy and in International Law, European Law. The Faculty is involved in a wide international academic network. Among the partner universities are Moscow State University, Kiev State University, Vilnius University, Moscow State Institute of International Relations, Wroclaw University, Free University of Berlin, Vienna Diplomatic Academy, Asser Institute of International Public and Private Law, Beijing University of Linguistics and Culture, Cairo State University and other educational and research institutions of the countries of the CIS, Europe, Asia and America. At present an Agreement on Cooperation with the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation is being worked out. The Faculty representatives take an active part in various international projects and programs, research and teaching methodology training workshops. The Faculty of International Relations is developing successfully. Its faculty, students, and staff would not be content with the results achieved and every year they add new bright pages to its emerging history.