Suchergebnisse

The scientiic and technological (S&T) development of the Russian Federation is one of the government top priorities. In the context of globalization, a clear image of the country's global S&T ranking can be helpful for decision making in science policy. The paper analyzes the main international statistical data banks which allow for cross-country comparisons of S&T capabilities and reviews various international rankings, including special innovation indices and rankings based on science and technology indicators, which provide opportunity to locate position of Russia in the global S&T and innovation landscape. The study is based on data from the World Bank, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), UNESCO, international rankings relecting the countries' readiness for a knowledge-based economy: the Global Innovation Index, the Bloomberg Innovation Index, The IMD World Competitiveness, The Global Talent Competitiveness Index, the Networked Readiness Index. The article focuses on analysis of Russia's positions in international science, technology and innovation rankings. The discussion ends with the conclusion that despite rather high R&D expenditures and quality of human capital, R&D efectiveness and impact of S&T on the Russian economy are estimated as rather low.

In the article there is given a general overview of the sources of the international sport law, which is a new dynamically developing branch of law. The author underlines that international sport law unites norms of international law and national legislation regulating sport relations of international nature.

The article presents a comparative analysis of Master's programs of four leading Russian universities with those offered by top globally recognized universities (from QS, RePec, Best US News university rankings). Foreign universities' programs show a significant domination of public administration, public politics or public economics to the detriment of financial component. Out of 130 universities the author identifies only about 10 relevant programs with valuable and substantial public finance components. Russian master's programs are on a par with globally recognized programs, which provide a solid basis to easily adapt them for international students. The article contains references to top universities' programs and courses, English variants of disciplines and their Russian analogs that make the article useful for upgrading the Russian programs.

This article is devoted to English historian F.S. Northedge (1918-1985) and his role in the development conception of international society and English School of International relations in 1960-1980.

This school consists of small group of scientists and diplomats, who were well educated in elite British universities like Cambridge and Oxford. They were acquainted with each other personally. British Committee for the Theory of International Politics in 1960-1970 was the center for the study of International Society. Such composition of the school demonstrated aristocratic character of the International relations study as intellectual pursuit in United Kingdom. Meanwhile, such people like Charles Manning, Fred Northedge, Edward Carr and some other famous people, who usually were English School members, did not taken part in the British Committee due to different reasons.

Thus, F.S. Northedge was untypical participant of English school and his scientific heritage need to be studied. Key factors of his biography and his views on International Policy are studies in the article. "Diplomatic style", "System of the state" and "International society" were the central concepts in his works. He met with these ideas in the London School of economy, where Charles Manning, Martin Wight and Headley Bull – founders of English School - had worked at International relations chair in different time. The analysis of these categories let make conclusion that F. Northedge agreed with main ideas of English School of International relations. But at the same time he understood them very originally. His system of the views demonstrated that British Committee for the Theory of International Politics, but not London School of economy, was the main center for the development conception of International Society in 1960-1980.

The article deals with the maritime education as industry!based staff training. Within the framework of Russian higher education system, industry!based education should not be considered as secondary or peripheral. Training of personnel for shipping industry is carried out on the basis of the national standards and in compliance with the requirements of the International Marine Organization, which is a part of the United Nations Organization. Integration of the maritime education into the world practice had started long before the Bologna system implementation, which is viewed sometimes as an access to European standards. Training of personnel for shipping industry in different countries is based on international and national standards. The organizations uniting the international maritime educational community are the World Maritime University in Malmö, Sweden, International Association of Maritime Universities, International Maritime Lecturers Association and regular conferences on shipping safety. Maritime education aims at the implementation of the state obligations inasmuch international conventions are ratified by the Russian government. ; В статье рассматривается морское образование как отраслевое направление подготовки кадров. Подготовка кадров для флота осуществляется на основе национальных стандартов при обязательном выполнении требований Международной морской организации, которая входит в структуру ООН. Интеграция морского образования с мировой практикой подготовки кадров началась намного раньше введения в нашей стране болонской системы, которую рассматривают иногда как допуск к европейским стандартам. Подготовка кадров для флота в различных странах имеет основу в виде международных и национальных стандартов. Организациями, объединяющими международное морское образовательное сообщество, являются Всемирный морской университет в г. Мальме (Швеция), Международная ассоциация морских университетов, Международная ассоциация морских лекторов. Ту же задачу решают и систематические конференции по вопросам ...

Характеристика влияния решений международных судов на правоприменение исследуется в основном в западной доктрине. Понимание роли данного источника международного права является важной предпосылкой эффективного исполнения Российской Федерацией принятых на себя международных обязательств, участия в отправления правосудия. Все возрастающая роль международных актов в российской правовой системе требует их изучения в целях правильной реализации. Целью исследования является определение роли практики международных судов в выявлении норм международного права, места судебных решений в ряду иных источников международного права. Базовым тезисом является отсутствие у судей правотворческих полномочий, что не исключает возможность интерпретации норм в новых ситуациях с учетом возникающих потребностей. Однако изменения судебной практики должны находиться в пределах допустимого толкования. В ряде случаев источниками международного права следует рассматривать консультативные заключения. Сами решения не могут порождать нормы международного права. Судебные решения следует рассматривать сквозь призму межгосударственного консенсуса, они выступают основным элементом международного обычая. Однако международная юстиция существует как независимый от государств институт, задачей которого является правоприменение и отправление международного правосудия. ; Apart from the western doctrine, not many studies have touched the topic of the influence of international courts' decisions on the enforcement. Understanding of the role of this source of the international law is an important prerequisite for the Russian Federation effective execution of the adopted international obligations and administration of justice. The increasing role of the international acts in the Russian legal system requires their studying for their correct implementation. Thus, the aim of this paper is the definition of a) the role that the international courts take in identifying the rules of the international law, as well as b) the place, which the judicial decisions occupy among other sources of the international law. The main thesis is that the judges lack legislative authorities, which does not exclude the possibility of interpreting the rules in new situations according to arising needs. Yet, the changes in jurisprudence should lie within the existing interpretation. In a number of cases, advisory opinions may serve as the sources of international law. The decisions themselves cannot lead to rules of international law. Judicial decisions should be viewed through the interstate consensus; they shoud act as the key element of the international traditions. Nevertheless, the international justice exists as an independent from states institute, the aim of which is the law enforcement and international justice administration.

This article discusses some aspects of international practices of the state regulation of employment as anexample for their use in some CIS countries. Special attention is paid to the problems of employment in developedcountries, ways of solution to the problems and the possibility of their use in the post-Soviet countries.The experience of highly developed countries in solving employment problems is important for thepost-Soviet countries. It shows that within a market economy the viability of enterprises and the efficiency ofsolving employment problems are largely driven by state regulation. The aim of the article is to analyze themain directions of state and regional regulation of employment in foreign countries in order to develop somerecommendations on the use of international practices of regulation of employment in the post-Soviet countries.The article presents some statistics on the unemployment rate of the European countries, Russia andUkraine in recent years. The JER (Joint Employment Report) is analyzed in the article, which is part of theEuropean Employment Strategy and which aims to increase the quantity and improve the quality of jobs inthe EU. Basic models of employment regulation and labor market are considered in detail. The main directionsof performance assurance of government control of Russian and Ukrainian employment are introducedbased on the research of international practices. However, when implementing international practices, bothcommon processes and some unique characteristics of a certain country should be taken into account. ; В статье рассматриваются аспекты зарубежного опыта государственного регулирования занятостинаселения как пример для использования в некоторых странах СНГ. Акцентировано внимание на про-блемах в сфере занятости, возникающих в экономически развитых странах, пути решения этих проблеми возможность их использования в постсоветских странах. Важным для стран постсоветского простран-ства является опыт высокоразвитых стран в решении проблем занятости. Он демонстрирует, что в усло-виях рыночной экономики жизнеспособность предприятий и эффективность решения проблем занято-сти населения в значительной степени были обусловлены именно государственным регулированием.Целью статьи является анализ основных направлений государственного и регионального регулированиязанятости в зарубежных странах для разработки рекомендаций по использованию зарубежного опытарегулирования занятости в постсоветских странах. В статье приводится статистика по уровню безрабо-тицы европейских стран, России, Украины за последние годы. Проанализирован СОЗ (совместный от-чет по занятости), который является частью Европейской стратегии занятости, целью которой являетсяувеличение количества и улучшение качества рабочих мест в ЕС. Подробно рассмотрены основные мо-дели регулирования занятости и рынка труда. На основании проведенного исследования зарубежногоопыта приведены основные направления обеспечения эффективности государственного управления за-нятостью населения России и Украины. Однако обязательно при внедрении зарубежного опыта необхо-димо учитывать как общие процессы, так и особенности и уникальность страны.

The article deals with the problem of intellectual migration (exodus of the highly-skilled personnel, especially in the ield of science and technology), in relation to the three emerging economies: China, India and Russia. A brief historical outline of policy in relation to the "brain drain" is presented, and the experience of the three above-mentioned countries in the ield of intellectual migration management is compared. The basic timeframe of the study is from 1990s to the mid-late 2000s, with some remarks about past decades and future prospects. Among the three examples of migration management the Chinese experience seems more systematical and includes a wide range of instruments for reversing the "brain drain" process. Indian "talent circulation" policy is more fragmented, despite obvious efforts of the government to put it in the strict conceptual framework. In the Russian Federation the "brain drain" policy is yet in the making, and range of appropriate instruments for "circulation of talents" management is to be developed. The inal conclusion is that the dynamics of perception of the "brain drain" phenomenon is generally of a similar character in all three cases: an initial negative attitude and attempts to restrict intellectual migration change over time to the recognition of the "brain drain" inevitability and the transition to a "talent circulation" policy begins, i. e., the using of intellectual diaspora resources for development of the national economy and S&T system.

At the turn of the century, the rogue state concept has become an integral part of the theory of international relations. However, even contemporary approaches lack the appropriate academic tools to reach a comprehensive understanding of the international community's role in determining the normative frameworks of the proper behavior of the states as the main actors of international system, leaving the relations between global community and the rogues almost an uncharted territory on the international stage. The article considers the category of rogue states as "excluded" members of the international community through the sociological lens of "stigma" (E. Goffman) and "labelling theory" (H. Becker and E. Lemert). Engaging an empirical case of Iraqi foreign policy during and after the Gulf War 1991, the author demonstrates two thresholds of the labelling state as the rogue: public initiation of the offender and self-fulfilling prophecy. It is possible to define some specific features of the outsider's behavior on the international stage: the high level of cooperation among the representatives of the same category, "unsustainable bravado" as the set of fluid and inconsistent actions of the rogue state in foreign policy, finally, the tendency toward obtaining the "secondary gains". Contrariwise, global community tends to pay greater attention to rogue states and exercise some discrimination practices on the ground of their outcast position in the world normative structure with the category of "wise" actors, for example China, being an exception from the common mainstream and maintaining close cooperation ties with rogues.

The harmful impact of criminalization on social and economic institutions, violence that tends to increase both in the real world and cyberspace as well as growing transnational crime produce the demand for reliable data on the current state and statistical assessment of this phenomenon for comprehensive understanding of the factors contributing to its sustainability. So, intensive international efforts aimed at developing common approaches to confront crime are of paramount importance. It is argued that the problem solution requires the international preventive cooperation for the urgent creation of the UNO-sponsored information resources – a data bank on the crime rates in the world, its separate regions and countries, and the appropriate judiciary activities on the basis of the comparable international classification of crimes for statistical purposes. Having analyzed the international statistical conventions, regulations and our predecessors' research results, we found out that initially the issue of comparable crime statistics in different countries was referred to as both theoretical and practical. The growing urgency of this problem was acknowledged by the United Nations, and in 1951 the idea to develop a «standard classification of offenses» was put forward. The UNO Social Commission stressed the importance of its preparation, so that «the governments could submit statistical reports on crime within the standard timeframe». The demand for methodological standards such as the international classification of crimes for statistical purposes (the classifier) unanimously recognized by the international community became relevant. With the set invariance of the quantitative component of the statistical method taken into account, the objective (qualitative) component lays a cornerstone for the development of a standard classifier of crimes followed by its practical implementation in the UNO member states. The concluding issues cover the notion of classification both as a core element in the development of the statistical data program that ensures comparability of statistical data, and its properties in relation to the international classification of crimes for statistical purposes, as well as its qualitative features, goals, objectives and principles. Attention is drawn to the fact that the countries are required to consider the same version of the standard classifier for adjusting their national classifications to the draft classifier which is under discussion by the international community. Specific proposals are made to improve the draft classifier taking into account the peculiarities of national criminal law and legal acts that regulate the organization of statistical activities. ; Угрожающая криминализация социально-экономических институтов, неблагоприятные тенденции роста насилия в реальном и виртуальном мире, преступность, имеющая транснациональный характер, обусловливают потребность знания подлинного состояния дел, оценки статистических параметров этого явления, представления целостной картины факторов его несокрушимости. В силу этого активизация интернациональной деятельности, направленной на выработку общих подходов противостояния преступности, приобретает первостепенное значение. Обосновывается тезис о том, что разрешение обозначенной проблемы требует профильного сотрудничества, объединения усилий всех стран в целях безотлагательного формирования под эгидой ООН информационного ресурса (Банка данных) о показателях преступности в мире, его отдельных регионах и странах, и деятельности органов правосудия на этом направлении, на основе адекватно сопоставимой международной классификации преступлений для статистических целей. На основе анализа материалов Международных статистических конгрессов, нормативных правовых актов и результатов научных исследований наших предшественников установлено, что изначально вопрос сопоставимости статистических данных о преступности разных стран решался не только теоретически, но и практически. Растущая актуальность данной проблемы привлекла внимание ООН. В 1951 г. появилась идея разработки «стандартной классификации правонарушений». Социальная комиссия ООН подчеркнула важность ее подготовки с тем, чтобы «правительства могли представлять статистические отчеты о преступности в стандартные сроки». Актуализировалась востребованность методологических стандартов, в частности, международной классификации преступлений для статистических целей (классификатора), необходимость разработки которой сегодня безоговорочно признается международным сообществом. Учитывая заданную инвариантность количественной составляющей статистического метода, краеугольным камнем разработки стандартного классификатора преступлений, его последующей имплементации в практику государств – членов ООН, является предметная (качественная) составляющая. В завершение рассматриваются содержательные вопросы классификации вообще как важнейшей составной части программы разработки статистических материалов, обеспечивающей сопоставимость статистических данных, так и ее особенностей применительно к международной классификации преступлений для статистических целей; ее признаки (качественные), цели, задачи, принципы. Обращается внимание на то, что гармонизация национальных классификаторов в целях их унификации с обсуждаемым мировым сообществом его проектом вызывает настоятельную необходимость рассмотрения указанными странами одинаковых версий стандартного классификатора. Вносятся конкретные предложения, направленные на совершенствование проекта классификатора с учетом особенностей национального уголовного законодательства и нормативных правовых актов, регулирующих организацию статистической деятельности.

The author of the article analyzes the role of ideology in the modern world, underpinning his theses by historical examples, as well as posits the existence of the powerful Western ideology of "democracy", which is transforming into international ideocratic system infl uencing all facets of human life. Taking into consideration the theoretical approaches of prominent political scientists and sociologists, the author analyzes critically analyzes modern Western ideocracy and its interdependence with the age of information, globalization and postmodern cultural development. The article emphasizes the concept of normal state" and studies the role of Russia in these processes. ; В настоящей статье автор предлагает не только анализ роли идеологии в современном мире, проводя в подтверждение своих тезисов и исторические параллели, но и доказывает существование мощной идеологии «демократизма» Запада, которая стала превращаться в международную идеократическую систему, оказывая мощное влияние на все сферы человеческой жизни. Опираясь на подходы известных политологов и социологов, автор предлагает критический анализ современной западной идеократии, ее связи с веком информации и глобализации, развитием современной культуры. Особое внимание в статье также уделяется концепции «нормального государственного строя» и месту России в этих условиях.

The article analyses data on the international collaborations between inventors from different countries, obtained from a special research completed by the European Commission focusing on the national patent portfolios of European Union countries, countries included in the European Association of Free Trade, countries of North America and Asia.It is noted that learning diffusions and matching of technological solutions are becoming an independent trend of the economics science as it allows to determine the patterns and conditions for achieving technological leadership of companies as well as the whole regions in the world. The current research focuses on the balance between an open exchange of industrially applicable expertise and limitations of the diffusion of technological competencies as a necessary condition for achieving leadership in the markets of highly technological products and services.The article concludes stating that the growth of «hybrid» and «external» patents in various regions of the world, determined by European Commission is, most likely, related to the growth of academic mobility of owners of the unique engineering and research teams, and not due to globalisation and internalisation of industrially applicable expertise, that is always used as a tool for competitive fight for markets of products with a high added value. ; Представлен анализ данных о международном сотрудничестве изобретателей из разных стран, полученных в ходе специального исследования Европейской комиссии, в фокусе которого находились национальные патентные портфели стран Европейского Союза, стран, входящих в Европейскую ассоциацию свободной торговли, стран Северной Америки и стран Азии.Отмечено, что изучение диффузии и заимствований технологических решений становится самостоятельным трендом экономики науки, поскольку позволяет выявлять закономерности и ключевые условия достижения технологического лидерства как отдельными компаниями, так и отдельными регионами мира. В фокусе настоящего исследования находился баланс между открытым обменом промышленно применимым знанием и ограничением диффузии технологических компетенций как необходимого условия достижения лидерства на рынках высокотехнологичных товаров и услуг.Сделан вывод, что отмеченный в специальном исследовании Еврокомиссии некоторый рост доли «гибридных» и «внешних» патентов в различных регионах мира, скорее всего, связан с ростом академической мобильности носителей уникальных инженерных и исследовательских коллективов, но отнюдь не с глобализацией и интернационализацией промышленно применимого знания, которое всегда используется как инструмент конкурентной борьбы за рынки продукции с высокой добавленной стоимостью.

The article deals with the complex and controversial problems of the new regional communities' formation and the impact of the interethnic relations sphere on them. The author notes that the processes of interaction between representatives of different cultures and civilizations, ethnic groups and religions have become increasingly controversial and tense in the context of continuous social dynamics. Similarly to the Russian society as a whole, regional communities are in a state of transitivity. They get transformed, they acquire new qualities such as multicasting and heterogeneity, multi-ethnicity and multi-confessionalism, fragmentarity and multiculturality.

This fact increases the risks and uncertainties, problematizes future prospects. National non-governmental organizations are increasingly positioning themselves as civil society institutions at the present stage of social development at the regional level. They perform a difficult dual task: on the one hand, they ensure the preservation and development of history, native language, culture, ethnic traditions, and on the other hand, they work on the integration, on the common identity and the Russian nation formation.

On the territory of the Volgograd region, largely due to the active cooperation of regional authorities and local authorities with national public associations, international and inter-confessional relations are stable. The basis of such activity is respect for history, native language, culture, tradition, religion, national dignity of all people in the region, regardless of their belonging to a certain ethnic group or religion. Over two decades of accumulated considerable experience of joint inter-ethnic dialogue and cooperation, provided tolerance and peace, harmony and mutual understanding between people of different ethnicities and religions in the country.