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The paper proposes the classification of health security as one of the non-military security dimensions of the second generation, determined more by globalization processes than by the end of the Cold War (first generation). The cognitive goal of the article is to identify and analyse the elements of the structure of international health security such as 1) the essence and specificity of securitization of threats to health security; 2) health security threats; 3) the referent object or whom it concerns; and 4) measures to ensure it. Specific to this dimension is the political motivation for its securitization. In the world of interrelated and global mobilities, what is significant for health security is the diversity of the development level, preferred values, and, consequently, the diversity of sensitivity and susceptibility of national healthcare systems to cross-border threats.

Abstract: In the first place, we will refer to the current conceptions of international development and in particular to the human development approach, showing the contribution that a spiritually ori- ented approach to development can make especially in relation to the latter. Second, after defin- ing the meaning of the sphere of spiritual values in relation to development as a fundamentally qualitative dimension, we will describe the capacities of reflexivity and relationality as the two main means by which the former can be accessed. Third, we will present the different actors and spheres involved in a spiritually oriented international development, emphasizing that this approach understands the sphere of spiritual values as an open domain that penetrates and influ- ences market, government, family, society, culture and religious spheres. Fourth, we will offer some examples of current practices that seek to promote a spiritually oriented international development. Finally, we will make conclusions, including problems and challenges that today presents a spiritually oriented approach to international development.

Lexistence dun droit international privé européen nest plus à démontrer. Les développements considérables auxquels il donne lieu aujourdhui soulèvent la question de ses frontières. Où commence et où sarrête le DIP européen ?

Resumen: La seguridad internacional es algo más que la ausencia de inseguridad e inestabilidad en las relaciones entre agentes sociales tanto nacionales como internacionales. Como "bien relacional" presupone una serie de condiciones para poder darse.Palabras clave: Seguridad, concepciones de la seguridad, seguridad nacional, seguridad militar, seguridad económica, desarrollo humano.Abstract: Originally, international security was conceived in a restrictive sense as national, state, or military security. Different circumstances, events, and the theorizing about them, however, have led to broaden and to deepen the conception of it.Keywords: Security, security conception, national security, militar security, economic security, human development.

The essential University missions are the education and the research. This last one is able to generate new knowledge an inovation for the companies. The economic competition between the European Union and advanced and underdeveloped countries is a permanent challenge.To take it up, the European Union has created the European Research Area as a structuring tool for the research coming from the european countries.The financing of collaborative international research project by the seventh Framework Programme encourage the searchers of various laboratories to collaborate.Like Europe, the states, the institutes define their international research policy. If the international experiences of such institutes is an element of reseachers progress, it is also an opportunity of freedom for their job. ; Les principales missions de l'Université sont la formation et la recherche. Cette dernière est source de nouvelles connaissances et d'innovation pour les entreprises. La compétition économique que livre l'Union Européenne aux pays développés et les pays en émergence est un défi permanent.Pour répondre à ce challenge, l'Union Européenne s'est engagée dans un processus de structuration et de mutualisation de la recherche des pays membres au sein de l'Espace Européen de la Recherche. En finançant par l'intermédiaire du 7ème programme cadre des projets communs de recherche, l'Union Européenne incite les chercheurs à se regrouper pour collaborer.A l'instar de l'Europe, les Etats, les institutions diverses définissent leur politique de relations internationales en recherche.Si l'ouverture internationale est un élément de progrès et d'épanouissement pour le chercheur, c'est aussi un espace de liberté pour son travail.

URL del artículo en la web de la Revista: https://www.upo.es/revistas/index.php/ripp/article/view/1861 ; Es reseña de: Democracy and International Law. The Library of Essays in International law Richard Burchill (coord.) Ashgate Publishing Company, 2006 ; Universidad Pablo de Olavide

The social support an individual receives influences his or her state of physical and mental health. Intimate relationships (family and friends) are the greatest source of social support and, among them, the partner plays a critical role in providing aid. The economic crisis we are experiencing since 2008 has shown the relevance of personal networks to provide help and is testing the extent of solidarity among families and friends. In Southern countries families are playing an important role to assist their less fortunate members. This paper focuses on people in couples and analyzes whether there are international differences in the role of the partner and the parents as providers of support. The analysis applies Esping-Andersen's classification of welfare regimes to study to whom one turns when one needs domestic, economic, or emotional help. The database used is the module on social support, "Social Relations and Support Systems (Social Network II)" of the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), performed in 2001. Specifically, we have chosen national samples (of individuals over 18 years of age) of people with a stable partner (married or living together), from Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, East and West Germany, Great Britain, Italy, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, and the United States. We confirm that people in liberal and social democratic countries turn more to elective relationships such as partner and friends, while people in conservative and Mediterranean countries seek support in parents. ; Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Due to the development of the information society, countries face the task of effectively regulating the relevant social relations. The mechanisms of such regulation should correspond to the specifics of such relations. Digitization is one of the modern methods of legal regulation, which is the use of information technology at the state level. The existing scientific achievements on digitalization processes need constant improvement, which corresponds to the specifics of this field. The object of research is digitalization in law in the light of international experience. The article aims to study and analyze digitalization in law in the international legal aspect. The following methods were used during the study: systemic, systemic-functional, comparative, sociological, analysis, synthesis, analogy, observation, classification, and statistical analysis. The article analyzes the phenomenon of digitalization, identifies the main approaches to understanding it. On the example of international experience (such countries as France, Germany, Italy, Georgia, Greece, and Great Britain), the mechanisms of using digitalization in public administration are determined, the legal regulation of informatization is analyzed. Also, based on the study and analysis of doctrinal teachings of international information experience, it is proposed to improve the domestic legal mechanism to ensure the effective functioning of public relations.

After the Cold War a transition occurred in the international relations paradigm, where it was necessary to redefine which was considered as a threat to international security. As a result, human security doctrine was established which suggested that the international security agenda should focus on people and their needs, rather than states. In the globalized and interrelated world, we live nowadays, infectious diseases spread rapidly, and their consequences can be catastrophic. Hence, pandemics should be considered an international security threat. This paper aims to examine the COVID-19 pandemic as such. We discuss the development from international security towards human security, health security as a theoretical framework, the evolution of the pandemic in context of modern international security paradigm and international health security enforcement, and the securitization of the pandemic. In conclusion, based on the evidence presented, it is clear that the COVID-19 has severe effect on the international community, both in human lives and global economic, and has been securitized.

Transparency International, la organización global contra la corrupción, repudia categóricamente el uso de dispositivos de espionaje contra la sociedad civil y los actos de intimidación política en El Salvador, incluidos los dirigidos contra su capítulo nacional en el país, la Fundación Nacional para el Desarrollo (FUNDE), y exige que se realice una investigación de todas las escuchas telefónicas ilegales.

The article examines the special role of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court in strengthening the international legal order. This analysis was carried out through the prism of the study of certain issues: the concept of "Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court" and his place in the system of international criminal justice; the powers of the Prosecutor at certain stages of the proceedings in the International Criminal Court; the principles of strategy and priority in the activities of the Prosecutor. Historical, system-structural, analysis and synthesis, comparative legal, formal-legal, and formal dogmatic methods were used in the research. In the article was made conclution that that the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court has a preventive effect on international crimes, because the work of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court is aimed not only at punishing perpetrators of international crimes, but also at preventing the commitment of such crimes in the future. It is emphasized that such activities of the Prosecutor ultimately have a positive effect on strengthening the international legal order.