Transparency International, la organización global contra la corrupción, repudia categóricamente el uso de dispositivos de espionaje contra la sociedad civil y los actos de intimidación política en El Salvador, incluidos los dirigidos contra su capítulo nacional en el país, la Fundación Nacional para el Desarrollo (FUNDE), y exige que se realice una investigación de todas las escuchas telefónicas ilegales.
It is imperative to clarify the terminology related to the concept of public policy, properly demarcate the principle and define specific guidelines for its application and its different branches, according to the preponderant regulations in the world, emblematic awards and prevalent legal precepts. There is a current theory that distinguishes between local public policy and international public policy. The first is wider than the latter. While domestic public policy is based on local and distitntive fundamental notions of morality and justice derived from the legal and political culture of a nation, the international public policy is accepted by the international community. The public policy can be substantive law or procedural law. The methodology used is documentary. ; È imperativo chiarire la terminologia relativa al concetto di ordine pubblico, delimitare opportunamente il principio e stabilire specifiche linee guida per la sua applicazione e le sue differenti derivazioni, attenendosi alle normative preponderanti nel mondo, decisioni e lodi emblematici e alle impostazioni dottrinarie prevalenti. Si riscontra una corrente teorica che distingue fra ordine pubblico locale e ordine pubblico internazionale. Il primo è più ampio del secondo. Mentre l'ordine pubblico locale si basa sulle fondamentali e distitntive nozioni di moralità e giustizia derivate dalla cultura giuridica e politica di una nazione, l'ordine pubblico internazionale è quello accettato dalla comunità internazionale. L'ordine pubblico può avere carattere sostanziale o processuale. La metodologia usata è di natura documentale.
En este artículo se analiza cómo las administraciones internacionales que ejercen un poder gubernamental en territorios post conflicto justifican su autoridad política sin tener legitimidad democrática. En el artículo se estudia el establecimiento, los mandatos y las prácticas de gobierno de las administraciones de Bosnia, Kosovo y Timor Oriental y se identifican cinco fundamentos de la autoridad: el consentimiento, la delegación, el mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad, el fomento de los derechos humanos y la democracia, y la disposición para gobernar. No obstante, todos estos aspectos son cuestionables. En concreto, la autoridad de las administraciones internacionales se debilita debido a sus prácticas, a que no existe la obligación rendir cuentas y a la efectividad limitada a la hora de disponer gobierno. Para concluir, en el artículo se destacan algunas posibles vías de refuerzo de la autoridad de las administraciones internacionales ; In this article there is analyzed how the international administrations that exercise a governmental power in post conflict territories justify their political authority without having democratic legitimacy. In the article it is studied, both the establishment, the mandates and the practices of government of the international administrations of Bosnia, Kosovo and East Timor, and they are identified five sources for this authority: the assent, the delegation, the maintenance of the peace and the safety, the promotion of the human rights and the democracy, and the disposition to govern. Nevertheless, all these aspects are questionable. Concretely, the authority of the international administrations is weakened due to its practices, to the unexistence of any obligation for accountability and to the limited efficiency at the moment of arranging government. To conclude, in the article are outlined some possible ways for the reinforcement of the authority of the international administrations.
Nations around the world are currently embarked in deep reforms of their education systems. There is widespread agreement among policymakers, scholars, and educators that one of the keys for success during these reforms is promoting the professional development (PD) of in-service teachers. Every year, governments invest astronomical amounts of money on teacher continuous learning. However, the literature shows that much of the PD offered to teachers is inefficient, having small or no effect on teaching practices and/or student learning. This monograph describes the perspectives and approaches to teacher PD of five nations heavily committed to research and/or practice in this field. Understanding how PD is structured in these nations may guide others in designing more favorable learning opportunities for their teachers. The article from United States provides a general framework regarding the features of high-quality PD and offers examples of recent effective initiatives. The four following articles describe the PD models of Australia, Hong Kong, Finland, and Singapore, among the highest-achievers in education presently. Because teacher continuous learning is a high priority in these nations, strong infrastructures for high-quality PD have been built to meet teachers' needs and interests. The monograph closes with a contribution from Spain, the country where the journal Psychology, Society and Education is edited. The author discusses the five prior articles and reflects on how the ideas presented could improve the PD currently offered to teachers in other nations, particularly Spain.
Artículos en revistas ; Este artículo está dedicado a la crisis de los refugiados, así como las causas de los desplazamientos de estos individuos. La gente se ve obligada a dejar sus países por motivos políticos, guerras, persecución, pobreza, desastres ambientales y violencia. El número de personas desplazadas a causas económicas está creciendo. Los dos instrumentos internacionales sobre el estatuto jurídico delos refugiados (Convención de Ginebra y el Protocolo de Nueva York) no se aplican a los casos relacionados con la pobreza y crisis ecológicas o medioambientales. A pesar de los retos en cuestión, la Iglesia está cada vez más preocupada, por eso pide a los Estados encontrar alternativas para aquellas personas que no cumplen los requisitos para obtener el estatuto de refugiado. Ellos buscan una mejor vida y modos de satisfacer sus necesidades. ; This article discusses contemporary refugees crisis and explains the reasons that are causing forced displacement flows. It also looks at the international refugees norms which were put into place to address such crisis. People are being forced to leave their countries because of political struggle, wars, persecution, ethnic cleansing, poverty, ecological disasters and violence. The number of persons displaced for economic and environmental reasons is also on the rise. Nevertheless, the two international instruments relating to the status of refugees (1951 Geneva Convention and 1967 New York Protocol) do not apply to those cases related to poverty and natural disasters. Despite undergoing serious challenges, most of them are being expelled from countries in which they seek asylum. Through the Twenty Action Points designed for the 2018 Global Compact on refugees, the Church is pushing the Nation States to find alternative solutions for those who do not fulfil the requirements to obtain refugee status or enter a country without authorization. They are all searching for a better life and a way to meet their needs. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
This article analyzes the context of international relations since the end of the eighteenth century and the effect on the nature of independence movements in America, especially in the Portuguese and Spanish area. International conflicts were essential to understanding the independence and the decisive role they played in the political emancipation. ; En este artículo se analiza el contexto de las relaciones internacionales desde finales del siglo XVIII y la influencia que tuvieron con los procesos independentistas en América, especialmente en el ámbito portugués y español. Los conflictos internacionales fueron esenciales para comprender las independencias y jugaron un papel decisivo en los procesos de emancipación a nivel político.
The principle of the autonomy of the contract will in the choice of procedure law is an axiom in international trade disputes. Nevertheless, in several legal systems there are restrictions to this principle residing in the public policy. It is possible to identify the principles of public policy such as those that inspire a particular jurisdiction and are an echo of the fundamentals values of a society. The concept responds to a general idea of the supremacy of society over individuals. Public policy is a mechanism by which the State represses special agreements that may pose a threat to its essential interests and political relations. The methodology used is documentary. ; El principio de la autonomia de la voluntad privada en el ámbito contractual para efectos del derecho procesal aplicable es un axioma en las relaciones de comercio transnacionales. No obstante, en diversos sistemas jurídicos pueden encontrarse límites a este principio que residen en las normas de orden público. Es posible individuar los principios de orden público como aquellos que inspiran un determinado ordenamiento juridco y que reflejan los valores esenciales de una sociedad. El concepto responde a una idea general de supremacía de la sociedad sobre el individuo. En realidad, representa un mecanismo mediante el cual el Estado reprime las estipulaciones privadas que pueden constituir una amenaza para los intereses esenciales y para las relaciones políticas. La metodologia usada es de naturaleza documental.
Migration has been always present in Honduran society, whilst having changes in its trends, which can be historically delimited since the age of discovery and conquest, passing through the times of the Republic and into the mining and banana enclave as immigration, and later became emigration starting from the search of opportunities by Garifuna and Mestizo population connected to the enclave economy, headed to the east coast ports of the United States of America. In time, migration even became the highest in the region, while the country started transforming into an attractive place to immigrate in the seventies to the people of El Salvador who searched lands and jobs, and equally during the seventies and eighties due to the armed conflicts between Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua, as a refugee. Finally, the current migratory trend in Honduras is emigration, which was generated during the nineties with the introduction of neoliberal politics which depressed several economic sectors, such as agriculture, and generate a large mass of young people without employment or freelancers very inclined to find new opportunities in more developed areas of the country yet mostly overseas, like in the United States of America. Moreover the devastation caused by natural disasters (Hurricane Mitch) further caused that from that moment emigration was entrenched in Honduran population reaching important dimensions, destinations are diversified and a wave of remittance is produced, introducing the country into the global ranking of higher proportions with respect to the Gross National Product. ; La migración siempre ha estado presente en la sociedad hondureña, teniendo cambios en sus tendencias, que pueden delimitarse históricamente. Con el tiempo esta emigración llevó incluso a alcanzar el primer lugar de la región, simultáneamente el país se fue transformando en atractivo para inmigrar en los años sesenta por la población salvadoreña en la búsqueda de tierras y trabajo y en los años setenta y ochenta por los conflictos armados de El Guatemala, El Salvador y Nicaragua, más que todo como refugio. Finalmente la tendencia migratoria actual hondureña es la emigración, misma que se genera en los años noventa con la implementación de las políticas neoliberales que deprimen algunos sectores económicos, entre ellos el agrícola y generan una gran masa de jóvenes sin empleo o cuentapropistas muy proclives a la búsqueda de oportunidades en las regiones más desarrolladas del país y en gran medida en el exterior, principalmente en los Estados Unidos de América, a esto se suma el azote de los desastres naturales (Mitch) que como evento histórico visibiliza la emigración y a partir de ese momento se entroniza en la población hondureña alcanzado dimensiones de importancia, ya diversifica sus destinos y produce un flujo de remesas que introduce al país en el top mundial de proporciones más altas con respecto al Producto Interno Bruto.
El fragmento de Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, expone los principios y líneas generales que fundamentan la Teoría de la Elección Racional y su aplicación a las Relaciones Internacionales. Partiendo de la idea de que la atención debe ponerse, no sobre los estados, sino sobre los líderes políticos ?motivados por intereses personales y no nacionales, como es el deseo de mantenerse en el poder? y los procesos de toma de decisiones; Bueno de Mesquita cuestiona las asunciones de paradigmas previos en torno a la separación del ámbito nacional e internacional. Asimismo, expone como los líderes políticos, influidos por tres conceptos clave como son el poder, las preferencias y las percepciones, toman decisiones y se coordinan entre ellos, utilizando interacciones estratégicas ; This Bruce Bueno de Mesquita's fragment sets out the principles and general lines that support the Rational Choice Theory and its application to International Relations. Starting with the idea that we must pay attention, not to Nation States, but to Political Leaders ?motivated by personal interests, not national ones, such as their wish to stay in office?, and Decision Making Processes; Bueno de Mesquita challenges the assumptions of previous paradigms related to the separation among the National and International scene. He also states how the Political Leaders, influenced by three key concepts, such as power, preferences and perceptions, take decisions and coordinate their foreign policy actions, using strategic interactions
I. Law Applicable to the Merits in Commercial Arbitration in the European Union. A. Legal Framework in the Union and its Member States. B. Arbitration Rules. C. Arbitration Practice. II. Scope of the Rome I Regulation with regard to Arbitration. A. The Regulation as a Binding Instrument? B. State Courts as Direct Addressees of the Regulation. C. Scope and Significance. III. Rome II Regulation. A. Application. B. Structure and Mandatory Conflict of Laws Rules. IV. Choice-of-law Agreements: Meaning of the Rome I and II Regulations. A. Limits to Party Autonomy. B. Source of Guidance. C. Non-Contractual Obligations. V. Methods to Determine the Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice. A. General Considerations. B. Contracts. C. Non-Contractual Obligations. VI. International Mandatory Rules and Mandatory Conflict of Laws Rules. A. The Rome Instruments and the Protection of EU Public Policy in Arbitration. B. Effect of Overriding Mandatory Provisions. C. Bilateral Conflict Rules and Scope of Public Policy Provisions. VII. Conclusion
Un tema que se ha prestado para la discusión académica en Costa Rica y Latinoamérica en los últimos años ha sido la pertinencia del estudio de temáticas económicas y comerciales en las escuelas de relaciones internacionales. Por esto, se tiene una necesidad de realizar una revisióndel origen mismo de nuestra profesión. En este documento se hace una descripción del manejo temático dado al comercio internacional en relacionesinternacionales, de manera que se pueda comprender su vínculo politológico, hurgando, incluso, en su objeto material y su objeto formal, que nos refiere a la antropología misma.También, se busca demostrar con evidencias históricas y antropológicas del parentesco entre relaciones internacionales y comercio internacional, tomando como parámetro los negocios entre centros de poder y reflexionado sobre algunos autores que nos permiten revelar dicho origen. Finalmente, se aborda la diplomacia y su difuso vínculo con el comercio internacional, tema tendencial de la integración como un nodo que nos remite a la esencia de la diplomacia y a comprender, así, la correspondencia académica de relaciones internacionales y comercio. ; Something that has been given to academic discussion in Costa Rica and Latin America in recent years has been the relevance of the study of economic and trade issues in the schools of International Relations. That is why you have aneed for a review of the origin of our profession itself. This document provides a description of the subject management that has given the InternationalTrade in International Relations, so that they can understand their political link, delving even in its material and formal object refers us to the same object becomes Anthropology. It also seeks to demonstrate historical and anthropological evidence of the relationship between International Relations and International Trade, on the parameter business between power centers and refelcting on some authorsthat allowsus to reveal that source. Finally, diplomacy and diffuse inter trade link with the issue of integration trend as a nodule which refers to the essence of diplomacyand understanding academic correspondence of International Relations and Trade will be addressed.
Across Europe and the United States (U.S.), educators and policymakers are in agreement that a strong national system of graduate education is essential to a country is ability to innovate, to compete in the global economy, and to contribute to solving some of the most pressing challenges in areas ranging from energy, the environment, world health, and security. The strength of the U.S. graduate enterprise depends upon its critical infrastructure and leadership, on quality curricula and facilities, on partnerships with government and industry, and on a strong pool of domestic and international talent. Over the past three decades, international students have come to play an increasingly important role in this enterprise. Indeed, as global competition accelerates for the best students in every field, many universities in the United States are striving harder to ensure the continued attraction of study opportunities for young international scholars. They are doing this through increased sensitivity to the needs of international scholars and the challenges they face, through innovative "best practiceî initiatives to improve the quality of the graduate experience, and through collaborative agreements with institutions from other countries.
