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Official letter from Arturo M. Elías, Mexican consul in New York to Soledad González, Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles' personal secretary informing of the shipping of a translation of an article by Chester M. Wright, Editor of the International Labor News Service. Said article is entitled "Por que se permite que el mercantilismo dicte la política México-Americana" [Why is Mercantilism allowed to lead the Mexican American politics?] and it argues that every hostile attitude of the U.S. against Mexico affects the handling business with the rest of Latin America. It also argues that this political theory should take advantage to explore markets in this peaceful country rather than trying to incite an armed intervention. / Oficio de Arturo M. Elías, Cónsul de México en Nueva York a Soledad González, secretaria particular del Gral. PEC, informándole del envío de la traducción de un artículo de Chester M. Wright, Editor del International Labor News Service intitulado "Por que se permite que el mercantilismo dicte la política México-Americana", en el que sustenta que toda actitud hostil de Norteamérica hacia México repercute en el trato hacia toda América Latina y que en vez de intentar provocar una intervención armada, lo que debería aprovecharse es explotar los mercados que ofrece su territorio pacífico y hospitalario.

The article investigates the formal models as a method of analysis in international studies. The importance of this type of models in writing articles for world leading high-ranking journals from Scopus list is shown. The author reveals the main challenges of interdisciplinary synthesis related to the construction of formal models. The problem of identifying the actors of international relations is revealed, including the assessment of actor's involvement in a concrete international conflict (or process) in the context of the concepts of defensive and offensive realism, as well as of real and of latent (potential) power. The decrease in the influence of the state as the primary actor in international relations, and the increase of influence of new types of actors are shown, including international terrorist networks (led by IS), political parties, media and NGOs in the context of post-modernism, global business structures. At the national level, the main actors are illustrated both by the example of countries with a developed civil society and a market economy, and by that of the traditional non-Western society. The question of levels of analysis in international relations, as well as agent-structure problem are illustrated by concrete cases from modern international relations. The author describes a model of "nested" politics. The main types of models used in international studies (game theoretic, econometric, network analysis, simulation) are indicated as well as their shortcomings. Two kinds of simulation models - system dynamics and agent-based modeling are described. It is noted that the agent-based modeling is carried out mainly in the framework of the constructivist paradigm of international relations theory.

Abstract: In the first place, we will refer to the current conceptions of international development and in particular to the human development approach, showing the contribution that a spiritually ori- ented approach to development can make especially in relation to the latter. Second, after defin- ing the meaning of the sphere of spiritual values in relation to development as a fundamentally qualitative dimension, we will describe the capacities of reflexivity and relationality as the two main means by which the former can be accessed. Third, we will present the different actors and spheres involved in a spiritually oriented international development, emphasizing that this approach understands the sphere of spiritual values as an open domain that penetrates and influ- ences market, government, family, society, culture and religious spheres. Fourth, we will offer some examples of current practices that seek to promote a spiritually oriented international development. Finally, we will make conclusions, including problems and challenges that today presents a spiritually oriented approach to international development.

Resumen: La seguridad internacional es algo más que la ausencia de inseguridad e inestabilidad en las relaciones entre agentes sociales tanto nacionales como internacionales. Como "bien relacional" presupone una serie de condiciones para poder darse.Palabras clave: Seguridad, concepciones de la seguridad, seguridad nacional, seguridad militar, seguridad económica, desarrollo humano.Abstract: Originally, international security was conceived in a restrictive sense as national, state, or military security. Different circumstances, events, and the theorizing about them, however, have led to broaden and to deepen the conception of it.Keywords: Security, security conception, national security, militar security, economic security, human development.

The essential University missions are the education and the research. This last one is able to generate new knowledge an inovation for the companies. The economic competition between the European Union and advanced and underdeveloped countries is a permanent challenge.To take it up, the European Union has created the European Research Area as a structuring tool for the research coming from the european countries.The financing of collaborative international research project by the seventh Framework Programme encourage the searchers of various laboratories to collaborate.Like Europe, the states, the institutes define their international research policy. If the international experiences of such institutes is an element of reseachers progress, it is also an opportunity of freedom for their job. ; Les principales missions de l'Université sont la formation et la recherche. Cette dernière est source de nouvelles connaissances et d'innovation pour les entreprises. La compétition économique que livre l'Union Européenne aux pays développés et les pays en émergence est un défi permanent.Pour répondre à ce challenge, l'Union Européenne s'est engagée dans un processus de structuration et de mutualisation de la recherche des pays membres au sein de l'Espace Européen de la Recherche. En finançant par l'intermédiaire du 7ème programme cadre des projets communs de recherche, l'Union Européenne incite les chercheurs à se regrouper pour collaborer.A l'instar de l'Europe, les Etats, les institutions diverses définissent leur politique de relations internationales en recherche.Si l'ouverture internationale est un élément de progrès et d'épanouissement pour le chercheur, c'est aussi un espace de liberté pour son travail.