Suchergebnisse

The internationalization of national constitutions includes an eventual unification of constitutional rules deemed necessary to intensify international relations. So, in a broader way it is invoked the impact of international law and international relations on constitutional law. The result of the internationalization of national rights is a progressive harmonization of concepts and legal rules. In the current state of international law, constitutions' internationalization corresponds a concrete impact of international law on constitutional norms. The current trend of constitutions is to regulate in a more accurate and comprehensive way the relations between the state and international law. International law does not require any particular form of the conclusion of international treaties. In intensification of international relations, international conventions and integration of states in international organizations, the Parliament carries important consequences for both on normative function and the control function. Such legislative activity is guided by international treaties concluded by the state. While the executive and the legislative are involved in the development of international law, the jurisdictional power intervenes to reconcile domestic and international legal norms. States do not devote supremacy of international law over their constitution. Because international treaties to be part of the national legal order is not enough that the procedure for concluding treaties to be respected. It is also necessary that treaties do not contravene fundamental state constitutional principles of human rights and the relationship between public authorities. The control of international treaties' constitutionality can be mandatory or optional. In the process of ratification of the treaty on EU European constitutional courts tend to create a similar design to establish the limits of European integration. In reality, the issue of constitutionality of international treaties control is a political issue and it is difficult to apply legal principles purely political matters. There are three categories of states in the aspect of national courts on constitutional regularity control concluding treaties.

Se analizan los efectos positivos y negativos de las políticas colombianas dirigidas a incentivar la producción científica de los profesores universitarios, además de aquellas que rigen para las instituciones de educación superior dentro de los procesos de acreditación de la calidad y la asignación de recursos del presupuesto nacional. Se pone en evidencia que si bien Colombia reporta la mayor tasa de crecimiento de los países latinoamericanos en la base de datos Scopus y está mejorando sus prácticas de comunicación científica, tiene el reto de acompañar los resultados de este desempeño, con un mayor énfasis en los indicadores de calidad. Son necesarios ajustes a las políticas relacionadas con la producción científica colombiana en aras de una mayor visibilidad internacional y un sistema de incentivos a investigadores e instituciones de educación superior más eficiente. En esta dirección empiezan a orientarse las nuevas disposiciones.

La UNASUR se ha destacado desde sus inicios en la compleja labor de mediación y resolución de conflictos internacionales. Para ello, esta entidad multilateral ha apelado a distintas fórmulas políticas tendientes al encausamiento de problemáticas y conflictos apartados del camino de la institucionalidad y de los medios tradicionales de resolución. Con todo, y pese a la búsqueda de caminos alternativos, han sido las cumbres presidenciales la principal herramienta destinada a encontrar soluciones innovadoras y respetuosas del orden democrático y constitucional de los países sudamericanos. En este artículo se analiza de manera específica la actuación de la UNASUR en dos casos de profunda gravedad institucional: el intento de golpe de Estado ocurrido en Ecuador el 30 de septiembre de 2010 y el derrocamiento del ex presidente Fernando Lugo en Paraguay en junio de 2012. Luego de analizar estos dos casos extremos; y las implicancias políticas generadas, se avanza en una visión comprensiva acerca del éxito o el fracaso del papel político de la UNASUR como instancia de resolución de conflictos a nivel internacional.

"Desde que el gas natural superó al carbón en el consumo energético de EE.UU., las emisiones de dióxido de carbono de este país han registrado una disminución. Sin embargo, el auge del gas de esquisto no traspasó las fronteras de Estados Unidos. De hecho, es cuestionable si el gas de esquisto podrá originar un giro radical en las emisiones globales mientras continúe en aumento la demanda mundial de carbón. Considerando el panorama actual, puede esperarse que el gas de esquisto produzca como mucho un impacto climático general mixto, ya que su consumo futuro depende de las decisiones en materia de políticas ambientales y energéticas de Estados Unidos y otros países. La evolución de los mercados internacionales también está signada por la incertidumbre. El alcance político del apogeo del gas natural en Estados Unidos confronta la política clímatica en Europa y en todo el mundo con nuevos e inesperados desafíos." Autorenreferat)

En el año 2011 entró en vigor la Ley de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo de México (LCID) cuyo objetivo es reforzar la institucionalidad y configurar una política de Estado sobre esta actividad inherente a la política exterior. Desde una perspectiva institucionalista, en este artículo se analizan aspectos clave de la cooperación mexicana desarrollados entre 2011 y 2014, haciendo énfasis en el estado actual de la puesta en marcha del contenido de la citada ley. Se concluye que durante el gobierno de Felipe Calderón no se respaldó políticamente la plena vigencia de la LCID, frustrando así las expectativas generadas respecto a la conformación de una política de Estado en la materia. Por su parte, la actual gestión del presidente Enrique Peña Nieto, si bien ha realizado avances en este sentido, también dista de atender cabalmente la citada normativa, ralentizando el proceso de institucionalización de la cooperación internacional para el desarrollo.

The European Union is a rather new player in international relations. The European Union is neither a state nor international organization. With the accession to the European Union, the states transfer some attributes of sovereignty and, thus, the governing is done by the European Union mostly, taking part in its relations with third countries. At the same time, it contains some elements of the union (confederation, federation). Therefore, the European Union is more than an international organization. We find elements of the federation, confederation without being identified as such, being established on a system of organization. The European Union aims for integration of societies within a single economic, social, political, legal area. The European Union acts as a proper system based on an idea of creating strong Union bonds between the people of Europe, by establishing an internal market, an economical Union. The European Union, in its relations with the member states, keeps the ultimate goal that it has, being an international legal person, special competences, realizing common goals established with the member states. The legal basis of the European Union is represented by two treaties: the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The well-known Lisbon Treaty represents legally an amending treaty of the previous legal instruments - a compromise between the need for reform, on the one hand, and the need to live in a united Europe, on the other hand. The member states of the EU relate to two legal systems. As a result of their participation in an international organization with supranational character, Member States of the European Union assume a number of commitments with repercussions to their state sovereignty. The Member States coexist with the European Union. The European Union has become, along with its Member States, a matter of international law; even if it shows itself as a conglomerate of states - international organization; it is a union of states established by state attributes, an entity more complex and powerful, with a higher importance with its relations with the Member States, but also with an increased influence on international arena.

This study shows how in Mexico the
implementation of educational reforms,
linked to a policy of State as a matter of
international cooperation, is incipient. Even
more, it is clearly stated that still there is no
awareness in the groups of power at
universities regarding their importance, in
order to advance in internationalization
processes of Higher Education. Therefore,
the strategic and fundamental role it has to
play for the institutional development is
paramount, nevertheless that the National
Association of Universities and Higher
Educational Institutions, have pointed out
its importance since the year 2000.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights is an essential reference to human rights and freedoms. Both the Declaration and the Constitution obliges authorities, especially justice and therefore constitutional justice to respect fundamental rights and freedoms, including those through which is ensured protection of personality's spiritual side. The right to a fair trial has a special place among the fundamental rights in a democratic society, whose level should be inherent in any system of law. The right to a fair trial in an independent and impartial court is recognised in customary international law so that those states that have not yet ratified the international instruments are also bound by law and the judicial system to adapt their legislation appropriately. The right to a fair trial has several components such as access to justice, a fair and public case in a reasonable time, examination of the case by an independent and impartial court, established by law, advertising delivery decisions. The right to be tried by an independent and impartial court is so elemental, exciting Human Rights Committee status as an "absolute right not bear any exception". The right to a fair trial also means a reasonable opportunity to expose any part of his case to the court in a manner that does not disadvantage the opposing party, which is achieved by ensuring its rights of defense. Parties have the right to be assisted by an attorney, elected or appointed by office. Realisation of the right to defense is ensured by the organisation and functioning of the judiciary, which is based on the principles of legality, equality of parties, gratuity, collegiality, publicity, immutability and the active role of the court. To enact a law the court as part of a fair trial takes into account the competence to hear the case, both materially and territorially. In this context, statutory legislation provisions are clear and precise, clearly delineating the powers of courts, the costs involved in the administration of justice. To understand and respect the provisions is of paramount importance in realisng the right - a prerequisite to the existence of balanced and harmonious society.