Suchergebnisse

The internationalization of national constitutions includes an eventual unification of constitutional rules deemed necessary to intensify international relations. So, in a broader way it is invoked the impact of international law and international relations on constitutional law. The result of the internationalization of national rights is a progressive harmonization of concepts and legal rules. In the current state of international law, constitutions' internationalization corresponds a concrete impact of international law on constitutional norms. The current trend of constitutions is to regulate in a more accurate and comprehensive way the relations between the state and international law. International law does not require any particular form of the conclusion of international treaties. In intensification of international relations, international conventions and integration of states in international organizations, the Parliament carries important consequences for both on normative function and the control function. Such legislative activity is guided by international treaties concluded by the state. While the executive and the legislative are involved in the development of international law, the jurisdictional power intervenes to reconcile domestic and international legal norms. States do not devote supremacy of international law over their constitution. Because international treaties to be part of the national legal order is not enough that the procedure for concluding treaties to be respected. It is also necessary that treaties do not contravene fundamental state constitutional principles of human rights and the relationship between public authorities. The control of international treaties' constitutionality can be mandatory or optional. In the process of ratification of the treaty on EU European constitutional courts tend to create a similar design to establish the limits of European integration. In reality, the issue of constitutionality of international treaties control is a political issue and it is difficult to apply legal principles purely political matters. There are three categories of states in the aspect of national courts on constitutional regularity control concluding treaties.

By examining some of the letters Romanian volunteers in the International Brigades sent home during the Spanish Civil War, this article explores their authors' experience of the front-line hardships and of the challenges associated with the military life-style. The paper first provides a concise historical account of the Spanish Civil War, with a focus on the emergence of the international military groups, consisting of foreign combatants. It subsequently investigates the reasons that determined the Romanian volunteers to leave their country to fight in Spain, by examining their motivation in the intricate political and social context of interwar Romania. Finally, the article deals with the negative outcomes these letters had for their recipients, translated into the permanent harassment their families and close ones suffered because of this correspondence.

The European Union is a rather new player in international relations. The European Union is neither a state nor international organization. With the accession to the European Union, the states transfer some attributes of sovereignty and, thus, the governing is done by the European Union mostly, taking part in its relations with third countries. At the same time, it contains some elements of the union (confederation, federation). Therefore, the European Union is more than an international organization. We find elements of the federation, confederation without being identified as such, being established on a system of organization. The European Union aims for integration of societies within a single economic, social, political, legal area. The European Union acts as a proper system based on an idea of creating strong Union bonds between the people of Europe, by establishing an internal market, an economical Union. The European Union, in its relations with the member states, keeps the ultimate goal that it has, being an international legal person, special competences, realizing common goals established with the member states. The legal basis of the European Union is represented by two treaties: the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The well-known Lisbon Treaty represents legally an amending treaty of the previous legal instruments - a compromise between the need for reform, on the one hand, and the need to live in a united Europe, on the other hand. The member states of the EU relate to two legal systems. As a result of their participation in an international organization with supranational character, Member States of the European Union assume a number of commitments with repercussions to their state sovereignty. The Member States coexist with the European Union. The European Union has become, along with its Member States, a matter of international law; even if it shows itself as a conglomerate of states - international organization; it is a union of states established by state attributes, an entity more complex and powerful, with a higher importance with its relations with the Member States, but also with an increased influence on international arena.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights is an essential reference to human rights and freedoms. Both the Declaration and the Constitution obliges authorities, especially justice and therefore constitutional justice to respect fundamental rights and freedoms, including those through which is ensured protection of personality's spiritual side. The right to a fair trial has a special place among the fundamental rights in a democratic society, whose level should be inherent in any system of law. The right to a fair trial in an independent and impartial court is recognised in customary international law so that those states that have not yet ratified the international instruments are also bound by law and the judicial system to adapt their legislation appropriately. The right to a fair trial has several components such as access to justice, a fair and public case in a reasonable time, examination of the case by an independent and impartial court, established by law, advertising delivery decisions. The right to be tried by an independent and impartial court is so elemental, exciting Human Rights Committee status as an "absolute right not bear any exception". The right to a fair trial also means a reasonable opportunity to expose any part of his case to the court in a manner that does not disadvantage the opposing party, which is achieved by ensuring its rights of defense. Parties have the right to be assisted by an attorney, elected or appointed by office. Realisation of the right to defense is ensured by the organisation and functioning of the judiciary, which is based on the principles of legality, equality of parties, gratuity, collegiality, publicity, immutability and the active role of the court. To enact a law the court as part of a fair trial takes into account the competence to hear the case, both materially and territorially. In this context, statutory legislation provisions are clear and precise, clearly delineating the powers of courts, the costs involved in the administration of justice. To understand and respect the provisions is of paramount importance in realisng the right - a prerequisite to the existence of balanced and harmonious society.

Kommunikation mit dem übrigen Afrika wird für die RSA immer mehr zu einer Notwendigkeit, auch wenn sich der gegenwärtige Prozeß eher in umgekehrter Richtung vollzieht. Erörterung der Fragen, warum eine engere Beziehung Südafrikas zum Rest des Kontinents für die Kap-Republik lebensnotwendig ist, welche Hindernisse einer solchen Entwicklung gegenwärtig im Wege stehen und welche Faktoren für sie günstig erscheinen. Welche Botschaft hat Südafrika dem übrigen Afrika zu vermitteln und auf welche Weise kann der notwendige Dialog gefördert werden? (DÜI-Hlb)

Skizzierung der Langzeitstrategie direkter und indirekter Einflußnahme, die die Sowjetunion im südlichen Afrika verfolgt. Jedoch ist dieses Gebiet für sie nicht von prioritärer Bedeutung. Ihre Devise ist: Bereit sein, wenn die Zeit gekommen ist. Verfolgung einer vieldimensionalen Politik. (DÜI-Hlb)

Die veränderten parteipolitischen Mehrheiten im amerikanischen Kongreß werden vor allem in der Außenpolitik der USA deutlich werden. Möglich, daß diese auch schon vorentscheidend für die Präsidentschaftswahlen von 1988 sind. Welche außenpolitischen Folgen hat die RSA nun zu erwarten? Südafrika ist für die Vereinigten Staaten ein vergleichsweise kleines Problem, doch muß die Südafrikafrage 'am Leben gehalten' werden - andauernde und wahrscheinlich sogar verschärfte Sanktionen sind daher wahrscheinlich. (DÜI-Hlb)

Nach Klärung, was in Südafrika unter multilateraler Kooperation zu verstehen ist (nämlich die Zusammenarbeit Pretorias mit den 'unabhängigen' TBVC-Staaten), werden die gegenwärtigen Strukturen dieser Kooperation mit dem Ziel erläutert, zukünftige Forschungsfelder auf diesem Gebiet zu identifizieren. Die Schlußfolgerungen beinhalten vor allem eine stärkere Konzentration auf die politischen Aspekte der Zusammenarbeit, auf die Klärung der Konföderationsidee sowie eine eingehende Analyse der Aufgaben des Sektretariats SECOSAF (Secretariat for Multilateral Cooperation in Southern Africa) mit dem Ziel einer Effizienzverbesserung. (DÜI-Hlb)