Suchergebnisse

International audience ; Simulation of recent northern winter climate trends by greenhouse-gas forcing, Nature, 399, 452-455,1999. Thompson, D.WJ., and J. M.Wallace,Annular modes in the extratropical circulation, Part I, month-to-month variability./ Clim., PAGES 317,320 More than 40% of the marine heat flow data collected since the early experiments of Sir Edward Bullard in 1949 were obtained using shallow penetration probes less than 5 m long [Louden and Wright, 1989] .The common belief that these data are reliable enough to model deep-seated thermal processes is sup ported by a few experiments in which heat flow measurements made in the Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) and the Ocean Drilling Pro gram (ODP) were compared to nearby surface heat flow measurements [e.g.,Hyndman etal, 1984]. However, thermal measurements made with 18-m penetrations recently collected on the northern flank of the SouthEast Indian Ridge (SEIR) bring a new perspective to this belief. In the study area, measurements of heat flow taken at the surface (0-5 m) and mea surements taken at greater depths (3-18 m) did not always concur. Investigating this lack of agreement will help address difficult ques tions about the interpretation of shallow pene tration (< 5 m) marine heat flow measurements. The data were obtained during the MD120-ANTAUS expedition carried out by R/V Marion Dufresne that was conducted from October 12 to November 7,2000 from Fremantle, Australia, to La Reunion Island.The primary objective of this cruise was to study marine heat flow vari ations along a 14-Ma isochron that parallels the SouthEast Indian Ridge (SEIR) between the Saint-Paul/Amsterdam hot spot and the Australian-Antarctic Discordance (AAD),an anomalously deep section of the Mid-Ocean Ridge that is often attributed to a mantle "cold spot." In the 1960s and 1970s, heat flow meas urements were obtained near the AAD as part of reconnaissance surveys [Von Herzen and Langseth, 1966; Langseth and Taylor, 1967; Anderson et al., 1977]. However, to interpret heat flow variations in this region of thin and patchy sediment cover, it is not only necessary to obtain more data, but to collect data that can be used to trace water circulation and dis criminate between the conductive and the convective components of the measured heat flow.To accomplish this, we collected long sediment cores, along with heat flow data to greater depths, to study the physical properties of the sediments and tentatively investigate the role of water circulation using helium isotopic ratios 3 He/ 4 He as tracers of hydrothermal activity. If water has circulated within the crust, then the 3 He/ 4 He isotopic signature is expected to be that of the crust and upper mantle; if water circulation has been confined to the sediment layer, it is expected to be that of the ocean and atmosphere. Despite rough weather and bad seas, a total of 25 thermal measurements was obtained using 9 autonomous digital temperature probes fitted on an 18-m-long, 13-cm-diameter gravity corer.Full penetration of 18 m was regularly achieved. Figure 2 shows examples of non-linear temperature gradients obtained at three differ ent sites. Each temperature measurement was systematically duplicated by two sensors that were spaced 64 mm apart. Hence, experimen tal effects cannot explain the observed non-linearity Tests performed onboard after recovery clearly preclude systematic errors due to prob lems with calibration or drift of a thermistor. The observed non-linearity, which is too important to be explained by variations in thermal conductivity, clearly results from the combination of two natural effects: vertical advection of water into the sediments and vari ations in bottom-water temperature. Advection of water affects the shape of the temperature versus depth curve: convex curvature indicates water flowing upward; concave curvature indi cates water flowing downward; a vertical gradi ent indicates the presence of an aquifer [e.g., Anderson et al., 1979]. Yearly variations in bot tom-water temperature affect the thermal gra dient in the first 3-4 m. Although further analysis is needed to determine the characteristics of the suspected bottom-water temperature changes, our results raise questions about the heat flow estimates that we would have obtained in this specific study area using shallow penetration probes of less than ~5 m. The above describes some advantages of combining coring and heat flow measurements within the sediments at great depths. R/V Marion Dufresne has the ability to take ultra-long cores of up to 60 m using a giant corer. Fig. 1. Temperature probes welded onto the gravity corer onboard R/V Marion Dufresne. Inset shows sketch of the autonomous temperature probe. R/V Marion Dufresne is a multipurpose , 130-m-long research and supply vessel that both provides logistics for the French austral islands and conducts oceanographic research. Specifically designed for very severe weather conditions, the ship allows full performance in rough seas. The vessel, which is equipped with the full suite of geophysical facilities, including a system for multi-beam bathymetry and imagery, can raise 60-m sediment cores. Facing an increasing scientific demand, the French government decided in 1999 to reduce the ship time devoted to logistical operations to 120 days per year and allow the French Polar Institute (IFRTP) to conduct research throughout the world for 245 days per year. This paves the road for new approaches and the development of integrated, multidisciplinary programs, as recently evidenced with the MD120-ANTAUS expedition.

International audience ; Simulation of recent northern winter climate trends by greenhouse-gas forcing, Nature, 399, 452-455,1999. Thompson, D.WJ., and J. M.Wallace,Annular modes in the extratropical circulation, Part I, month-to-month variability./ Clim., PAGES 317,320 More than 40% of the marine heat flow data collected since the early experiments of Sir Edward Bullard in 1949 were obtained using shallow penetration probes less than 5 m long [Louden and Wright, 1989] .The common belief that these data are reliable enough to model deep-seated thermal processes is sup ported by a few experiments in which heat flow measurements made in the Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) and the Ocean Drilling Pro gram (ODP) were compared to nearby surface heat flow measurements [e.g.,Hyndman etal, 1984]. However, thermal measurements made with 18-m penetrations recently collected on the northern flank of the SouthEast Indian Ridge (SEIR) bring a new perspective to this belief. In the study area, measurements of heat flow taken at the surface (0-5 m) and mea surements taken at greater depths (3-18 m) did not always concur. Investigating this lack of agreement will help address difficult ques tions about the interpretation of shallow pene tration (< 5 m) marine heat flow measurements. The data were obtained during the MD120-ANTAUS expedition carried out by R/V Marion Dufresne that was conducted from October 12 to November 7,2000 from Fremantle, Australia, to La Reunion Island.The primary objective of this cruise was to study marine heat flow vari ations along a 14-Ma isochron that parallels the SouthEast Indian Ridge (SEIR) between the Saint-Paul/Amsterdam hot spot and the Australian-Antarctic Discordance (AAD),an anomalously deep section of the Mid-Ocean Ridge that is often attributed to a mantle "cold spot." In the 1960s and 1970s, heat flow meas urements were obtained near the AAD as part of reconnaissance surveys [Von Herzen and Langseth, 1966; Langseth and Taylor, 1967; Anderson et al., 1977]. However, to interpret heat flow variations in this region of thin and patchy sediment cover, it is not only necessary to obtain more data, but to collect data that can be used to trace water circulation and dis criminate between the conductive and the convective components of the measured heat flow.To accomplish this, we collected long sediment cores, along with heat flow data to greater depths, to study the physical properties of the sediments and tentatively investigate the role of water circulation using helium isotopic ratios 3 He/ 4 He as tracers of hydrothermal activity. If water has circulated within the crust, then the 3 He/ 4 He isotopic signature is expected to be that of the crust and upper mantle; if water circulation has been confined to the sediment layer, it is expected to be that of the ocean and atmosphere. Despite rough weather and bad seas, a total of 25 thermal measurements was obtained using 9 autonomous digital temperature probes fitted on an 18-m-long, 13-cm-diameter gravity corer.Full penetration of 18 m was regularly achieved. Figure 2 shows examples of non-linear temperature gradients obtained at three differ ent sites. Each temperature measurement was systematically duplicated by two sensors that were spaced 64 mm apart. Hence, experimen tal effects cannot explain the observed non-linearity Tests performed onboard after recovery clearly preclude systematic errors due to prob lems with calibration or drift of a thermistor. The observed non-linearity, which is too important to be explained by variations in thermal conductivity, clearly results from the combination of two natural effects: vertical advection of water into the sediments and vari ations in bottom-water temperature. Advection of water affects the shape of the temperature versus depth curve: convex curvature indicates water flowing upward; concave curvature indi cates water flowing downward; a vertical gradi ent indicates the presence of an aquifer [e.g., Anderson et al., 1979]. Yearly variations in bot tom-water temperature affect the thermal gra dient in the first 3-4 m. Although further analysis is needed to determine the characteristics of the suspected bottom-water temperature changes, our results raise questions about the heat flow estimates that we would have obtained in this specific study area using shallow penetration probes of less than ~5 m. The above describes some advantages of combining coring and heat flow measurements within the sediments at great depths. R/V Marion Dufresne has the ability to take ultra-long cores of up to 60 m using a giant corer. Fig. 1. Temperature probes welded onto the gravity corer onboard R/V Marion Dufresne. Inset shows sketch of the autonomous temperature probe. R/V Marion Dufresne is a multipurpose , 130-m-long research and supply vessel that both provides logistics for the French austral islands and conducts oceanographic research. Specifically designed for very severe weather conditions, the ship allows full performance in rough seas. The vessel, which is equipped with the full suite of geophysical facilities, including a system for multi-beam bathymetry and imagery, can raise 60-m sediment cores. Facing an increasing scientific demand, the French government decided in 1999 to reduce the ship time devoted to logistical operations to 120 days per year and allow the French Polar Institute (IFRTP) to conduct research throughout the world for 245 days per year. This paves the road for new approaches and the development of integrated, multidisciplinary programs, as recently evidenced with the MD120-ANTAUS expedition.

International audience ; Simulation of recent northern winter climate trends by greenhouse-gas forcing, Nature, 399, 452-455,1999. Thompson, D.WJ., and J. M.Wallace,Annular modes in the extratropical circulation, Part I, month-to-month variability./ Clim., PAGES 317,320 More than 40% of the marine heat flow data collected since the early experiments of Sir Edward Bullard in 1949 were obtained using shallow penetration probes less than 5 m long [Louden and Wright, 1989] .The common belief that these data are reliable enough to model deep-seated thermal processes is sup ported by a few experiments in which heat flow measurements made in the Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) and the Ocean Drilling Pro gram (ODP) were compared to nearby surface heat flow measurements [e.g.,Hyndman etal, 1984]. However, thermal measurements made with 18-m penetrations recently collected on the northern flank of the SouthEast Indian Ridge (SEIR) bring a new perspective to this belief. In the study area, measurements of heat flow taken at the surface (0-5 m) and mea surements taken at greater depths (3-18 m) did not always concur. Investigating this lack of agreement will help address difficult ques tions about the interpretation of shallow pene tration (< 5 m) marine heat flow measurements. The data were obtained during the MD120-ANTAUS expedition carried out by R/V Marion Dufresne that was conducted from October 12 to November 7,2000 from Fremantle, Australia, to La Reunion Island.The primary objective of this cruise was to study marine heat flow vari ations along a 14-Ma isochron that parallels the SouthEast Indian Ridge (SEIR) between the Saint-Paul/Amsterdam hot spot and the Australian-Antarctic Discordance (AAD),an anomalously deep section of the Mid-Ocean Ridge that is often attributed to a mantle "cold spot." In the 1960s and 1970s, heat flow meas urements were obtained near the AAD as part of reconnaissance surveys [Von Herzen and Langseth, 1966; Langseth and Taylor, 1967; Anderson et al., 1977]. However, to interpret heat flow variations in this region of thin and patchy sediment cover, it is not only necessary to obtain more data, but to collect data that can be used to trace water circulation and dis criminate between the conductive and the convective components of the measured heat flow.To accomplish this, we collected long sediment cores, along with heat flow data to greater depths, to study the physical properties of the sediments and tentatively investigate the role of water circulation using helium isotopic ratios 3 He/ 4 He as tracers of hydrothermal activity. If water has circulated within the crust, then the 3 He/ 4 He isotopic signature is expected to be that of the crust and upper mantle; if water circulation has been confined to the sediment layer, it is expected to be that of the ocean and atmosphere. Despite rough weather and bad seas, a total of 25 thermal measurements was obtained using 9 autonomous digital temperature probes fitted on an 18-m-long, 13-cm-diameter gravity corer.Full penetration of 18 m was regularly achieved. Figure 2 shows examples of non-linear temperature gradients obtained at three differ ent sites. Each temperature measurement was systematically duplicated by two sensors that were spaced 64 mm apart. Hence, experimen tal effects cannot explain the observed non-linearity Tests performed onboard after recovery clearly preclude systematic errors due to prob lems with calibration or drift of a thermistor. The observed non-linearity, which is too important to be explained by variations in thermal conductivity, clearly results from the combination of two natural effects: vertical advection of water into the sediments and vari ations in bottom-water temperature. Advection of water affects the shape of the temperature versus depth curve: convex curvature indicates water flowing upward; concave curvature indi cates water flowing downward; a vertical gradi ent indicates the presence of an aquifer [e.g., Anderson et al., 1979]. Yearly variations in bot tom-water temperature affect the thermal gra dient in the first 3-4 m. Although further analysis is needed to determine the characteristics of the suspected bottom-water temperature changes, our results raise questions about the heat flow estimates that we would have obtained in this specific study area using shallow penetration probes of less than ~5 m. The above describes some advantages of combining coring and heat flow measurements within the sediments at great depths. R/V Marion Dufresne has the ability to take ultra-long cores of up to 60 m using a giant corer. Fig. 1. Temperature probes welded onto the gravity corer onboard R/V Marion Dufresne. Inset shows sketch of the autonomous temperature probe. R/V Marion Dufresne is a multipurpose , 130-m-long research and supply vessel that both provides logistics for the French austral islands and conducts oceanographic research. Specifically designed for very severe weather conditions, the ship allows full performance in rough seas. The vessel, which is equipped with the full suite of geophysical facilities, including a system for multi-beam bathymetry and imagery, can raise 60-m sediment cores. Facing an increasing scientific demand, the French government decided in 1999 to reduce the ship time devoted to logistical operations to 120 days per year and allow the French Polar Institute (IFRTP) to conduct research throughout the world for 245 days per year. This paves the road for new approaches and the development of integrated, multidisciplinary programs, as recently evidenced with the MD120-ANTAUS expedition.

International audience ; Simulation of recent northern winter climate trends by greenhouse-gas forcing, Nature, 399, 452-455,1999. Thompson, D.WJ., and J. M.Wallace,Annular modes in the extratropical circulation, Part I, month-to-month variability./ Clim., PAGES 317,320 More than 40% of the marine heat flow data collected since the early experiments of Sir Edward Bullard in 1949 were obtained using shallow penetration probes less than 5 m long [Louden and Wright, 1989] .The common belief that these data are reliable enough to model deep-seated thermal processes is sup ported by a few experiments in which heat flow measurements made in the Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) and the Ocean Drilling Pro gram (ODP) were compared to nearby surface heat flow measurements [e.g.,Hyndman etal, 1984]. However, thermal measurements made with 18-m penetrations recently collected on the northern flank of the SouthEast Indian Ridge (SEIR) bring a new perspective to this belief. In the study area, measurements of heat flow taken at the surface (0-5 m) and mea surements taken at greater depths (3-18 m) did not always concur. Investigating this lack of agreement will help address difficult ques tions about the interpretation of shallow pene tration (< 5 m) marine heat flow measurements. The data were obtained during the MD120-ANTAUS expedition carried out by R/V Marion Dufresne that was conducted from October 12 to November 7,2000 from Fremantle, Australia, to La Reunion Island.The primary objective of this cruise was to study marine heat flow vari ations along a 14-Ma isochron that parallels the SouthEast Indian Ridge (SEIR) between the Saint-Paul/Amsterdam hot spot and the Australian-Antarctic Discordance (AAD),an anomalously deep section of the Mid-Ocean Ridge that is often attributed to a mantle "cold spot." In the 1960s and 1970s, heat flow meas urements were obtained near the AAD as part of reconnaissance surveys [Von Herzen and Langseth, 1966; Langseth and Taylor, 1967; Anderson et al., 1977]. However, to interpret heat flow variations in this region of thin and patchy sediment cover, it is not only necessary to obtain more data, but to collect data that can be used to trace water circulation and dis criminate between the conductive and the convective components of the measured heat flow.To accomplish this, we collected long sediment cores, along with heat flow data to greater depths, to study the physical properties of the sediments and tentatively investigate the role of water circulation using helium isotopic ratios 3 He/ 4 He as tracers of hydrothermal activity. If water has circulated within the crust, then the 3 He/ 4 He isotopic signature is expected to be that of the crust and upper mantle; if water circulation has been confined to the sediment layer, it is expected to be that of the ocean and atmosphere. Despite rough weather and bad seas, a total of 25 thermal measurements was obtained using 9 autonomous digital temperature probes fitted on an 18-m-long, 13-cm-diameter gravity corer.Full penetration of 18 m was regularly achieved. Figure 2 shows examples of non-linear temperature gradients obtained at three differ ent sites. Each temperature measurement was systematically duplicated by two sensors that were spaced 64 mm apart. Hence, experimen tal effects cannot explain the observed non-linearity Tests performed onboard after recovery clearly preclude systematic errors due to prob lems with calibration or drift of a thermistor. The observed non-linearity, which is too important to be explained by variations in thermal conductivity, clearly results from the combination of two natural effects: vertical advection of water into the sediments and vari ations in bottom-water temperature. Advection of water affects the shape of the temperature versus depth curve: convex curvature indicates water flowing upward; concave curvature indi cates water flowing downward; a vertical gradi ent indicates the presence of an aquifer [e.g., Anderson et al., 1979]. Yearly variations in bot tom-water temperature affect the thermal gra dient in the first 3-4 m. Although further analysis is needed to determine the characteristics of the suspected bottom-water temperature changes, our results raise questions about the heat flow estimates that we would have obtained in this specific study area using shallow penetration probes of less than ~5 m. The above describes some advantages of combining coring and heat flow measurements within the sediments at great depths. R/V Marion Dufresne has the ability to take ultra-long cores of up to 60 m using a giant corer. Fig. 1. Temperature probes welded onto the gravity corer onboard R/V Marion Dufresne. Inset shows sketch of the autonomous temperature probe. R/V Marion Dufresne is a multipurpose , 130-m-long research and supply vessel that both provides logistics for the French austral islands and conducts oceanographic research. Specifically designed for very severe weather conditions, the ship allows full performance in rough seas. The vessel, which is equipped with the full suite of geophysical facilities, including a system for multi-beam bathymetry and imagery, can raise 60-m sediment cores. Facing an increasing scientific demand, the French government decided in 1999 to reduce the ship time devoted to logistical operations to 120 days per year and allow the French Polar Institute (IFRTP) to conduct research throughout the world for 245 days per year. This paves the road for new approaches and the development of integrated, multidisciplinary programs, as recently evidenced with the MD120-ANTAUS expedition.

International audience ; Simulation of recent northern winter climate trends by greenhouse-gas forcing, Nature, 399, 452-455,1999. Thompson, D.WJ., and J. M.Wallace,Annular modes in the extratropical circulation, Part I, month-to-month variability./ Clim., PAGES 317,320 More than 40% of the marine heat flow data collected since the early experiments of Sir Edward Bullard in 1949 were obtained using shallow penetration probes less than 5 m long [Louden and Wright, 1989] .The common belief that these data are reliable enough to model deep-seated thermal processes is sup ported by a few experiments in which heat flow measurements made in the Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) and the Ocean Drilling Pro gram (ODP) were compared to nearby surface heat flow measurements [e.g.,Hyndman etal, 1984]. However, thermal measurements made with 18-m penetrations recently collected on the northern flank of the SouthEast Indian Ridge (SEIR) bring a new perspective to this belief. In the study area, measurements of heat flow taken at the surface (0-5 m) and mea surements taken at greater depths (3-18 m) did not always concur. Investigating this lack of agreement will help address difficult ques tions about the interpretation of shallow pene tration (< 5 m) marine heat flow measurements. The data were obtained during the MD120-ANTAUS expedition carried out by R/V Marion Dufresne that was conducted from October 12 to November 7,2000 from Fremantle, Australia, to La Reunion Island.The primary objective of this cruise was to study marine heat flow vari ations along a 14-Ma isochron that parallels the SouthEast Indian Ridge (SEIR) between the Saint-Paul/Amsterdam hot spot and the Australian-Antarctic Discordance (AAD),an anomalously deep section of the Mid-Ocean Ridge that is often attributed to a mantle "cold spot." In the 1960s and 1970s, heat flow meas urements were obtained near the AAD as part of reconnaissance surveys [Von Herzen and Langseth, 1966; Langseth and Taylor, 1967; Anderson et al., 1977]. However, to interpret heat flow variations in this region of thin and patchy sediment cover, it is not only necessary to obtain more data, but to collect data that can be used to trace water circulation and dis criminate between the conductive and the convective components of the measured heat flow.To accomplish this, we collected long sediment cores, along with heat flow data to greater depths, to study the physical properties of the sediments and tentatively investigate the role of water circulation using helium isotopic ratios 3 He/ 4 He as tracers of hydrothermal activity. If water has circulated within the crust, then the 3 He/ 4 He isotopic signature is expected to be that of the crust and upper mantle; if water circulation has been confined to the sediment layer, it is expected to be that of the ocean and atmosphere. Despite rough weather and bad seas, a total of 25 thermal measurements was obtained using 9 autonomous digital temperature probes fitted on an 18-m-long, 13-cm-diameter gravity corer.Full penetration of 18 m was regularly achieved. Figure 2 shows examples of non-linear temperature gradients obtained at three differ ent sites. Each temperature measurement was systematically duplicated by two sensors that were spaced 64 mm apart. Hence, experimen tal effects cannot explain the observed non-linearity Tests performed onboard after recovery clearly preclude systematic errors due to prob lems with calibration or drift of a thermistor. The observed non-linearity, which is too important to be explained by variations in thermal conductivity, clearly results from the combination of two natural effects: vertical advection of water into the sediments and vari ations in bottom-water temperature. Advection of water affects the shape of the temperature versus depth curve: convex curvature indicates water flowing upward; concave curvature indi cates water flowing downward; a vertical gradi ent indicates the presence of an aquifer [e.g., Anderson et al., 1979]. Yearly variations in bot tom-water temperature affect the thermal gra dient in the first 3-4 m. Although further analysis is needed to determine the characteristics of the suspected bottom-water temperature changes, our results raise questions about the heat flow estimates that we would have obtained in this specific study area using shallow penetration probes of less than ~5 m. The above describes some advantages of combining coring and heat flow measurements within the sediments at great depths. R/V Marion Dufresne has the ability to take ultra-long cores of up to 60 m using a giant corer. Fig. 1. Temperature probes welded onto the gravity corer onboard R/V Marion Dufresne. Inset shows sketch of the autonomous temperature probe. R/V Marion Dufresne is a multipurpose , 130-m-long research and supply vessel that both provides logistics for the French austral islands and conducts oceanographic research. Specifically designed for very severe weather conditions, the ship allows full performance in rough seas. The vessel, which is equipped with the full suite of geophysical facilities, including a system for multi-beam bathymetry and imagery, can raise 60-m sediment cores. Facing an increasing scientific demand, the French government decided in 1999 to reduce the ship time devoted to logistical operations to 120 days per year and allow the French Polar Institute (IFRTP) to conduct research throughout the world for 245 days per year. This paves the road for new approaches and the development of integrated, multidisciplinary programs, as recently evidenced with the MD120-ANTAUS expedition.

International audience ; Simulation of recent northern winter climate trends by greenhouse-gas forcing, Nature, 399, 452-455,1999. Thompson, D.WJ., and J. M.Wallace,Annular modes in the extratropical circulation, Part I, month-to-month variability./ Clim., PAGES 317,320 More than 40% of the marine heat flow data collected since the early experiments of Sir Edward Bullard in 1949 were obtained using shallow penetration probes less than 5 m long [Louden and Wright, 1989] .The common belief that these data are reliable enough to model deep-seated thermal processes is sup ported by a few experiments in which heat flow measurements made in the Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) and the Ocean Drilling Pro gram (ODP) were compared to nearby surface heat flow measurements [e.g.,Hyndman etal, 1984]. However, thermal measurements made with 18-m penetrations recently collected on the northern flank of the SouthEast Indian Ridge (SEIR) bring a new perspective to this belief. In the study area, measurements of heat flow taken at the surface (0-5 m) and mea surements taken at greater depths (3-18 m) did not always concur. Investigating this lack of agreement will help address difficult ques tions about the interpretation of shallow pene tration (< 5 m) marine heat flow measurements. The data were obtained during the MD120-ANTAUS expedition carried out by R/V Marion Dufresne that was conducted from October 12 to November 7,2000 from Fremantle, Australia, to La Reunion Island.The primary objective of this cruise was to study marine heat flow vari ations along a 14-Ma isochron that parallels the SouthEast Indian Ridge (SEIR) between the Saint-Paul/Amsterdam hot spot and the Australian-Antarctic Discordance (AAD),an anomalously deep section of the Mid-Ocean Ridge that is often attributed to a mantle "cold spot." In the 1960s and 1970s, heat flow meas urements were obtained near the AAD as part of reconnaissance surveys [Von Herzen and Langseth, 1966; Langseth and Taylor, 1967; Anderson et al., 1977]. However, to interpret heat flow variations in this region of thin and patchy sediment cover, it is not only necessary to obtain more data, but to collect data that can be used to trace water circulation and dis criminate between the conductive and the convective components of the measured heat flow.To accomplish this, we collected long sediment cores, along with heat flow data to greater depths, to study the physical properties of the sediments and tentatively investigate the role of water circulation using helium isotopic ratios 3 He/ 4 He as tracers of hydrothermal activity. If water has circulated within the crust, then the 3 He/ 4 He isotopic signature is expected to be that of the crust and upper mantle; if water circulation has been confined to the sediment layer, it is expected to be that of the ocean and atmosphere. Despite rough weather and bad seas, a total of 25 thermal measurements was obtained using 9 autonomous digital temperature probes fitted on an 18-m-long, 13-cm-diameter gravity corer.Full penetration of 18 m was regularly achieved. Figure 2 shows examples of non-linear temperature gradients obtained at three differ ent sites. Each temperature measurement was systematically duplicated by two sensors that were spaced 64 mm apart. Hence, experimen tal effects cannot explain the observed non-linearity Tests performed onboard after recovery clearly preclude systematic errors due to prob lems with calibration or drift of a thermistor. The observed non-linearity, which is too important to be explained by variations in thermal conductivity, clearly results from the combination of two natural effects: vertical advection of water into the sediments and vari ations in bottom-water temperature. Advection of water affects the shape of the temperature versus depth curve: convex curvature indicates water flowing upward; concave curvature indi cates water flowing downward; a vertical gradi ent indicates the presence of an aquifer [e.g., Anderson et al., 1979]. Yearly variations in bot tom-water temperature affect the thermal gra dient in the first 3-4 m. Although further analysis is needed to determine the characteristics of the suspected bottom-water temperature changes, our results raise questions about the heat flow estimates that we would have obtained in this specific study area using shallow penetration probes of less than ~5 m. The above describes some advantages of combining coring and heat flow measurements within the sediments at great depths. R/V Marion Dufresne has the ability to take ultra-long cores of up to 60 m using a giant corer. Fig. 1. Temperature probes welded onto the gravity corer onboard R/V Marion Dufresne. Inset shows sketch of the autonomous temperature probe. R/V Marion Dufresne is a multipurpose , 130-m-long research and supply vessel that both provides logistics for the French austral islands and conducts oceanographic research. Specifically designed for very severe weather conditions, the ship allows full performance in rough seas. The vessel, which is equipped with the full suite of geophysical facilities, including a system for multi-beam bathymetry and imagery, can raise 60-m sediment cores. Facing an increasing scientific demand, the French government decided in 1999 to reduce the ship time devoted to logistical operations to 120 days per year and allow the French Polar Institute (IFRTP) to conduct research throughout the world for 245 days per year. This paves the road for new approaches and the development of integrated, multidisciplinary programs, as recently evidenced with the MD120-ANTAUS expedition.

Ackerman, Frank; Goodwin, Neva R.; Dougherty, Laurie, y Gallagher, Kevin (directores). The changing nature of work. Frontier Issues in Economic Thought SeriesGallie, Duncan; White, Michael; Cheng, Yuan, y Tomlinson, Mark. Restructuring the employment relationshipMarsden, David. A theory of employment systems: Micro‐foundations of societal diversityEstreicher, Samuel (director). Employee representation in the emerging workplace: Alternatives/supplements to collective bargainingVerma, Anil, y Chaykowski, Richard P. (directores). Contract and commitment: Employment relations in the new economyPfeffer, Jeffrey. The human equation: Building profits by putting people firstSiegel, Donald S. Skill‐biased technological change: Evidence from a firm‐level survey. Kalamazoo (Michigan), W. E. UpjohnBreman, Jan; Das, Arvind, y Agarwal, Ravi. Down and out: Labouring under global capitalism.Libros recientes: Dorsey, Stuart; Cornwell, Christopher, y Macpherson, David. Pensions and productivityLibros recientes: Garey, Anita Ilta. Weaving work and motherhoodLibros recientes: Harris‐White, Barbara, y Subramanian, S. (directores). Illfare in India: Essays in honour of S. GuhanLibros recientes: Hashim, Yahaya, y Meagher, Kate. Cross‐border trade and the parallel currency market: Trade and finance in the context of structural adjustment: A case study from Kano, NigeriaLibros recientes: Marzal, Antonio (director); Carabelli, Umberto; Weiss, Manfred; Carby‐Hall, Jo; Rodríguez‐PiñeroLibros recientes: Okin, Susan Moller. Is multiculturalism bad for women? Con respuestas de otros autores y la colaboración de Joshua Cohen, Matthew Howard y Martha C. NussbaumLibros recientes: Sainsbury, Diane (directora). Gender and welfare state regimesLibros recientes: Strober, Myra H., y Chan, Agnes Miling Kaneko. The road winds uphill all the way: Gender, work, and family in the United States and JapanLibros recientes: Wohlmuth, Karl; Bass, Hans H., y Messner, Frank (directores). Good governance and economic development. Münster, LIT Verlag, 1999Libros recientes: Wohlmuth, Karl; Gutowski, Achim; Grawert, Elke, y Wauschkuhn, Markus (directores). Empowerment and economic development in AfricaLibros recientes: World Health Organization. Community emergency preparedness: A manual for managers and policy‐makersNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Nuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, 88.a reunión, 2000. Informe I (B). Su voz en el trabajo. Informe global con arreglo al seguimiento de la Declaración de la OIT relativa a los principios y derechos fundamentales en el trabajoNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, 88.a reunión, 2000. Informe III (Parte 1A): Informe de la Comisión de Expertos en Aplicación de Convenios y Recomendaciones. Informe general y observaciones acerca de ciertos paísesNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, 88.a reunión, 2000. Informe III (Parte 1BNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, 88.a reunión, 2000. Informe IV (2A): La protección de la maternidad en el trabajo. Revisión del Convenio sobre la protección de la maternidad (revisado), 1952 (núm. 103), y de la Recomendación sobre la protección de la maternidad, 1952 (núm. 95)Nuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, 88.a reunión, 2000. Informe IV (2B): La protección de la maternidad en el trabajo. Revisión del Convenio sobre la protección de la maternidad (revisado), 1952 (núm. 103) y de la Recomendación sobre la protección de la maternidad, 1952 (núm. 95)Nuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, 88.a reunión, 2000. Informe V: La formación para el empleo: La inserción social, la productividad y el empleo de los jóvenesNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, 88.a reunión, 2000. Informe VII (2): Retiro del Convenio sobre las horas de trabajo (minas de carbón), 1931; del Convenio (revisado) sobre las horas de trabajo (minas de carbón), 1935; del Convenio sobre la reducción de las horas de trabajo (obras públicas), 1936Nuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Ginebra, 2000. 14 págs. 7,50 francos suizosNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: ABC of women workers' rights and gender equality.Nuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Action against child labour. Dirigido por Nelien Haspels y Michele JankanishNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Pensiones en América Latina. Dos décadas de reforma. Obra compilada por Alejandro Bonilla García y Alfredo HNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Productividad y empleo en la apertura económica. Obra dirigida por Víctor E. Tokman y Daniel Martínez. Lima, 1999.Nuevas publicaciones de la OIT: 199 págs. Cuadros, gráficos, bibliografía, anexo metodológico.Nuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Programas de Infraestructura Intensivos en Empleo. Desarrollo de Capacidades para la Contratación en el Sector de la Construcción. GuíaNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Programas de Infraestructura Intensivos en Empleo. Políticas y Prácticas Laborales. Por David Tajman y Jan de VeenNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Répertoire des instruments internationaux de sécurité socialeNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Social dialogue and pension reform. Dirigido por Emmanuel ReynaudNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Social security for the excluded majority: Case studies of developing countries. Dirigido por Wouter van Ginneken. Ginebra, 1999. xviii + 198 págsNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Social security pensions: Development and reform. Dirigido por Colin Gillion, John Turner, Clive Bailey y Denis Latulippe. Ginebra, 2000. 769 págsNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Pensiones de seguridad social. Desarrollo y reformaNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Violence at work. Por Duncan Chappell y Vittorio Di Martino. Ginebra, 2000. Segunda edición. 171 págsNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Workers without frontiers: The impact of globalization on international migration. Por Peter Stalker. Boulder (Colorado), Lynne Rienner, y Ginebra, OIT, 2000Nuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Informe sobre el trabajo en el mundo 2000. La seguridad de los ingresos y la protección social en un mundo en plena transformación. Ginebra, 2000

The thesis is divided into four essays, tree theoretical and one empirical. The first one analyses the fiscal co-operation problems. Governments raise taxes to finance a public good wich is an input of the production function: this is a way to improve private capital productivity. When equilibrium is reached, the littler a economyis, the more it produces public good, wich moves the world economy away from the pareto optimal case. The second essay is a model with both human and physical capital ; it is shown that, when externalities on human capital exist, it is optimum, paradoxically, to tax physical capital (the mobile input) to finance human capital (the fixed input) even in the case of a small open economy. The third linked justice and fiscal efficiency in the case where heterogeneity on revenues is armful to growth. A redistributive policy migght seen appropriate, its effects and distortions created on human capital investment are computed. Optimal policy is not trivial and redistribution costs can be prohibitive. The last essay perform a test of a theorem from the essay and proves that government size is positively linked with economy openness. ; L'objectif de notre recherche est d'apporter une contribution à la théorie de l'économie publique en économie ouverte. Le premier chapitre est consacré à un modèle de stratégie fiscale internationale. L'économie mondiale se compose d'un ensemble de pays qui disposent tous d'un gouvernement bienveillant. Ce gouvernement doit prélever une taxe sur la consommation afin de financer un bien public local qui améliore la productivité domestique du capital. Il existe donc un arbitrage entre la perte sociale liée à la levée de l'impôt et le gain dû à l'augmentation de la production. Dans le cas d'une économie fermée, on montre qu'U existe une solution optimale pour la politique menée par les Etats. Dans le cas d'une économie ouverte, l'arbitrage devient plus complexe. Les Etats ont une incitation supplémentaire à produire le bien public: en améliorant la productivité du capital Us attirent des investissements étrangers. Plus une économie est petite en comparaison de l'économie mondiale, plus cette incitation devient importante. La conclusion centrale de cette étude annonce donc que l'Etat prend d'autant plus de place dans une économie que celle-ci est petite. On démontre, par ailleurs, que la situation Pareto-optimale correspond au taux: d'imposition en autarcie. La situation décentralisée en économie ouverte, s'écarte donc davantage de la solution optimale lorsque l'économie mondiale est constitué d'un ensemble de petits pays. Le second chapitre étudie la politique optimale d'un Etat bienveillant dans le cas où l'investissement en capital humain génère des externalités. Lorsque l'Etat n'intervient pas, il est montré que l'économie converge vers un état d'équilibre. Or cet état n'est pas optimal. Les individus produisent du capital humain en consommant deux: intrants: le capital humain de leurs parents et un investissement pécuniaire. Leur programme d'optimisation définit un arbitrage entre le coût de l'éducation et le bénéfice (le salaire perçu en période suivante qui croit avec le capital humain acquis). On a donc un niveau de sous-investissement structurel puisque les individus créent une externalité positive sur leurs enfants mais ne la prennent pas en compte dans leur décision d'investissement. La rentabilité sociale de l'investissement en capital humain est donc supérieure à la rentabilité privée. Le rôle de l'Etat consiste alors à créer une distorsion des prix en finançant l'acquisition de capital humain. Deux: cas s'envisagent alors. Dans le premier, l'Etat taxe les rentes du capital pour financer l'acquisition de capital humain. Dans le second, l'Etat prélève un impôt forfaitaire aux: salariés et finance les revenus du capital humain. Ce papier offre deux apports. D'une part il montre quelle politique doit être menée pour arriver à l'optimum social. D'autre part, il fait voir que ces conclusions sont robustes à l'ouverture de l'économie: même dans le cas d'une petite économie ouverte, un Etat qui taxe le capital pour financer le capital humain aura une situation, à l'équilibre, qui sera meilleure. Le troisième chapitre est le dernier théorique. On étudie les implications d'une politique redistributive sur la croissance. Il est connu que l'hétérogénéité des conditions sociales constitue un frein à la croissance. On peut donc, a priori, imaginer qu'une politique redistributive aura des effets bénéfiques pour cette croissance. On montre que la relation n'est pas triviale du fait des distorsions crées par l'impôt sur le revenu. Les gains en croissance sont donc diminués. Le papier donne donc un cadre d'analyse relativement large permettant d'étudier les politiques de croissance. Les résultats concernent l'investissement en capital humain mais ils peuvent être généralisés dans un cadre plus large à la description de n'importe quel facteur accumulable. Dans le quatrième chapitre, nous proposons de tester l'existence d'une relation entre la taille de l'Etat et l'ouverture de l'économie. On sait qu'il existe un certain nombre de variables macro-économiques comme démographiques. Qui permettent d'expliquer l'importance du budget d'un Etat. Mais on ne trouve pas dans la littérature empirique de test spécifique de l'influence de l'ouverture. Pour mener nos tests, nous utilisons deux panels : le premier regroupant les pays de l'OCDE, le second, plus large, provient des tables du FMI. On arrive à montrer qu'il est impossible de rejeter l'existence de cette relation. avec un niveau de validité très faible. Ceci reste vrai même lorsque l'on retraite les données pour prendre en compte les caractéristiques propres de chaque pays et lorsque l'on utilise des pondérations pour la taille des pays.

Book reviewed in this article:A HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA. Volume IV: The Earth Abideth For Ever 1851–1888. By C.M.H. ClarkAUSTRALIAN LIBERALISM AND NATIONAL CHARACTER. By Tim RowseINSIDE THE AUSTRALIAN PARLIAMENT. By David SolomonTHE GOVERNMENT OF THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY. By Ruth AtkinsTHE ADVANCEMENT OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN NEW SOUTH WALES TO THE PRESENT. By F.A. LarcombeFEDERAL AID TO AUSTRALIAN SCHOOLS. By Don SmartTHE JOURNEY TO WORK. By Ian ManningSILVER, SIN, AND SIXPENNY ALE: A Social History of Broken Hill 1883–1921. By Brian KennedyLITERATURE AND THE ABORIGINE IN AUSTRALIA. By J.J. HealyTRADE PRACTICES AND CONSUMER PROTECTION: A Commentary on the Trade Practices Act 1974. Second edition. By G.Q. Taperell, R.B. Vermeesch and D.J. HarlandPOSTAL UNIONS AND POLITICS: A History of the Amalgamated Postal Workers' Union of Australla. By Frank WatersAUSTRALIAN ARMOUR: A History of the Royal Australian Armoured Corps, 1927–1972. By R.N.L. HopkinsCHAUVEL OF THE LIGHT HORSE: A Biography of General Sir Harry Chauvel, G.C.M.G., K.C.B. By A.J. HillPATRIARCH AND PATRIOT: William Grant Broughton 1788–1853, Colonial Statesman and Ecclesiastic. By G.P. ShawTHE AGRICULTURAL BUREAU: A Sociological Study. By Alan W. Black and Russell A. CraigCOLONIAL EVE: Souras on Women in Australia 1788–1914. Edited by Ruth TealeTHE CATHOLIC CAMPAIGN FOR STATE AID: A Study of a Pressure Group Campaign in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory 1950–1972. By M.C. HoganLAST QUARTER: The Next Twenty‐five Years in Asia and the Pacific. By Malcolm BookerEMPLOYMENT, INCOMES AND MIGRATION IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA TOWNS. By Ross Garnaut, Michael Wright and Richard CurtainPOLITICS IN NEW ZEALAND: A Reader. Edited by Stephen LevineTHE INDONESIAN TRAGEDY. By Brian MayUNLESS HASTE IS MADE: A French Skeptic's Account of the Sandwich Islands in 1836. By ThCodore‐Adolph Barrot. Translated by Rev. Daniel DoleSELF AND BIOGRAPHY: Essays on the Individual and Society in Asia. Edited by Wang GungwuTHE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF CHINA. Volume 10: LateCh'ing. 1800–1911, Part 1. Edited by D.C. Twitchett and J.K. Fairbank20th CENTURY CHINA. Third edition. By O. Edmund ClubbA SHORT HISTORY OF CHINA. By Gwendda MilstonP'YONGYANG BETWEEN PEKING AND MOSCOW: North Korea's Involvement in the Sino‐Soviet Dispute, 1958–1975. By Chin 0. ChungPOLITICAL CHANGE IN AN INDIAN STATE: Mysore 1917–1955. By James ManorBETWEEN A TORY AND A LIBERAL: Bombay under Sir James Fergusson, 1880–85. By Amit Kumar GuptaNEHRU AND THE FREEDOM MOVEMENT. By V.T. PatilBUSINESSMEN AND POLITICS: Rising Nationalism and a Modernising Economy in Bombay, 1918–1933. By A.D.D. GordonA HISTORY OF LADAKH. By A.H. FranckeTHE KILLING OF THE IMAM: South African Tyranny defied by Courage and Faith. By Barney Desai and Cardiff MorneyBRITISH GOVERNMENT IN AN ERA OF REFORM. Edited by W.J. StankiewiczLABOUR AND THE LEFT IN THE 1930s. By Ben PimlottCONSERVATIVE DISSIDENTS: Dissent within the Parliamentary Conservative Party 1970–74. By Philip NortoBRITISH FOREIGN POLICY UNDER SIR EDWARD GREY. Edited by F.H. HinsleyLLOYD GEORGE AND FOREIGN POLICY. Volume one: The Education of a Statesman: 1890–1916. By Michael G. FryWILLIAM PITT, EARL OF CHATHAM: The Great Commoner. By Peter Douglas BrownI. Paul Langord, 'William Pitt and public opinion, 1757'2. John Brewer, Party Ideology and Popular Politics at the Accession of George III3. Stanley Ayling, The Elder PittTHE CHURCH AND POLITICS IN THIRTEENTH CENTURY ENGLAND: The Career of Adam Orletonc. 1275–1345. By Roy Martin HainesISSUE VOTING AND PARTY REALIGNMENT. By Donald S. StrongAGGRESSION AMERICAN STYLE. By William H. BlanchardEVOLUTION OF THE AMERICAN MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT SINCE WORLD WAR II. Edited by Paul R. SchratzEMERGENCY EMPLOYMENT: A Study in Federalism. By Howard W. HallmanCONTAINMENT: Documents on American Policy and Strategy, 1945–1950. Edited by Thomas H. Etzold and John Lewis GaddisTHE POLITICS OF ATTRACTION: Four Middle Powers and the United States. By Annette Baker FoxCLASS, RACE, AND WORKER INSURGENCY: The League of Revolutionary Black Workers. By James A. GeschwenderTHE FRONTIER IN LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY. By Alistair HennesseyPUBLIC PAPERS OF THE SECRETARIES—GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS. Volume 8: 1968–1971, U Thant. Edited by Andrew W. Cordier and Max HarrelsonSUEZ 1956: A Personal Account. By Selwyn LloydCONSCIOUSNESS AND HISTORY: Nationalist Critics of Creeksociety 1897–1914. By Gerasirnos AugustinosTHE POLITICS OF FRIENDSHIP: Pompey and Cicero. By Beryl RawsonEPIRUS. By Arthur FosSTHE SOVIET UNION AND INTERNATIONAL OIL POLITICS. By Arthur Jay KlinghofferA SHORT HISTORY OF THE HUNGARIAN COMMUNIST PARTY. By Miklós MolnárFEUDALISM. By J.S. CritchleyMARXIAN POLITICAL ECONOMY: An Outline. By James F. BeckerTHE POLITICS OF BUREAUCRACY: A Comparative Perspective. By B. Guy PetersHUMAN RIGHTS. Edited by Eugene Kamenka and Alice Erh‐Soon TayADAM SMITH'S POLITICS: An Essay in Historiographic Revision. By Donald WinchASPECTS OF POLITICAL THEORY: Classical Concepts in an Age of Relativism. By W.J. StankiewiczTHE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT OF LEON TROTSKY. By Baruch Knei‐PazFISCAL RESPONSIBILITY IN CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY. Edited by James M. Buchanan and Richard E. WagnerESSAYS ON ECONOMIC POLICY. By J. Marcus FlemingTHE PROCESS OF ECONOMIC PLANNING. By Zoltan KenesseyTHE CULTURAL ROOTS OF NATIONAL SOCIALISM. By Hermann GlaserTHE NEW LIBERALISM: An Ideology of Social Reform. By Michael FreedenEXPERIENCE AND ITS MODES. By Michael OakeshottREVOLUTIONS AND REVOLUTIONARIES: Four Theories. By Barbara SalertACTION AND INTERPRETATION: Studies in the Philosophy of the Social Sciences. Edited by Christopher Hookway and Philip PettitJOHN LOCKE AND THE THEORY OF SOVEREIGNTY: Mixed Monarchy nnd the Right of Resistance in the Political Thought of the English Revolution. By Julian H. FranklinTHE JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY, 49, 1977 — Special Issue on the English Revolution. Edited by William H. McNeill

L'article analyse les principales caractéristiques et l'évolution de l'économie de la République populaire de Chine au cours des 25 dernières années. Il comprend quatre chapitres : I. L'environnement de l'économie (cadre politique interne, externe, culturel) ; II. Les ressources (naturelles, humaines, produites) ; III. Les institutions économiques (types, fonctions) ; et IV. Les objectifs (croissance, équité, sécurité, stabilité, indépendance).
I. La politique intérieure chinoise — notamment l'apparition de factions opposées parmi les dirigeants — a influé sur l'économie en provoquant des fluctuations périodiques de l'activité économique et de la discipline du travail. Les deux événements majeurs sur le plan de l'environnement international ont été l'embargo à rencontre de la Chine en raison de son attitude dans la guerre de Corée (années cinquante) et le conflit sino-soviétique (années soixante). Les deux événements ont eu un effet important sur la politique économique chinoise. Malgré les transformations profondes apportées par le nouveau régime, l'héritage culturel chinois continue à exercer une grande influence sur l'économie de la République populaire. Pour comprendre les « nouvelles choses socialistes » qui sont en train de naître, il faut d'abord saisir la subtilité de la continuité culturelle chinoise.
II. On recense les ressources naturelles sous les rubriques : terres, minéraux et métaux et sources d'énergie primaire (charbon, pétrole). Les tentatives de la Chine de fournir suffisamment de produits alimentaires à sa population en expansion et de matières premières à son industrie en pleine croissance sont analysées sur divers plans, y compris la gestion des eaux, la bonification des terres (amélioration des techniques agricoles, utilisation d'engrais chimiques et de pesticides, mécanisation des travaux agricoles). Les récoltes ont fortement augmenté et la production de céréales avoisine aujourd'hui les 290 millions de tonnes (195 millions en 1957). Il semble que la Chine a réussi à sortir des méthodes traditionnelles de culture et d'irrigation. Mais ses gains doivent encore être consolidés, l'équilibre entre produits alimentaires et population étant toujours fragile. La démographie n'est pas encore totalement sous contrôle même si le taux d'accroissement naturel de la population a été amené à moins de 2 % par an. Les normes de nutrition sont satisfaisantes et la santé publique a fait de grands progrès, en partie grâce à l'instauration du service médical rural coopératif où travaillent des millions de para-médicaux. On tente de décongestionner les régions côtières orientales en redistribuant la population et en tâchant de peupler les régions occidentales. La part de la population active des plus élevée du monde. 80 % en gros de la main-d'œuvre est encore employée dans l'agriculture. Les biens capitaux manquent encore mais d'importants progrès ont été réalisés dans plusieurs domaines, y compris la mécanisation de l'agriculture (notamment la mécanisation de l'irrigation et du drainage) et la construction de routes et de voies ferrées. Bien que la Chine importe d'Occident de la technologie de pointe, elle insiste sur ses propres efforts et préconise l'introduction d'une technologie intermédiaire inventée sur place.
III. Les relations macro-économiques sont de nature essentiellement administrative en Chine. Bien que les décisions majeures soient centralisées, les autorités provinciales et locales jouissent d'une grande latitude pour leur mise en œuvre et la prise de décisions moins fondamentales. Après la Révolution culturelle, on a élargi la participation des ouvriers au processus de décision au niveau de l'entreprise grâce à l'établissement de comités révolutionnaires d'entreprise et un assouplissement général de la discipline du travail. Cette amélioration de la participation — qui n'a jamais été très importante — subit actuellement les pressions de la nouvelle équipe au pouvoir. Les prix sont fixés administrativement en fonction d'une série de principes qui ont eu pour effet de rendre la répartition du revenu réel moins inégale que celle du revenu monétaire. Les salaires n'ont pas changé pendant vingt ans dans l'industrie. Mais il semble que les salaires et les revenus réels ont augmenté dans l'agriculture au cours de cette période. Les écarts de revenu, notamment entre la ville et la campagne, se sont amenuisés. L'écart entre l'ouvrier le moins payé et le technicien le mieux payé d'une entreprise est de 1 contre 5. La commune populaire et ses subdivisions administratives sont la forme d'organisation fondamentale du monde rural. La commune paraît une institution souple, bien adaptée aux besoins en eau de l'économie rurale chinoise.
IV. La croissance a été satisfaisante mais pas exceptionnellement rapide. Malgré la haute priorité donnée à l'agriculture depuis le début des années soixante, la croissance la plus rapide s'est manifestée dans l'industrie lourde, particulièrement dans le secteur des constructions mécaniques et de l'extraction du pétrole. La production agricole a toujours été légèrement supérieure à la croissance de la population (elle a augmenté de 2,5 % par an environ au cours de la période 1953-1974). Un schéma plus égalitaire de répartition des revenus a été établi mais la tendance à Pégalitarisme est régulièrement attaquée car elle semble avoir un effet négatif sur la productivité du travail. Les différences de pouvoir sont grandes mais, jusqu'à la mort de Mao, les détenteurs de ce pouvoir ont dû en jouer avec prudence. La sécurité de l'emploi a été atteinte, peut-être aux dépens de l'efficacité. Il existe des preuves d'un fort sous-emploi. Officiellement, les prix sont stables mais l'inflation latente s'est manifestée à diverses époques, y compris l'époque actuelle. Le pays n'a pas de dettes extérieures à long terme mais dépend tout de même de l'Occident pour la fourniture des techniques de pointe et de biens capitaux.
Au total, pendant les 25 années concernées, la Chine a posé des bases solides pour la croissance et le développement futurs.

La región que comprende el estado de Paraná (Brasil), la provincia de Misiones (Argentina) y los departamentos de Itapúa y Alto Paraná (Paraguay) albergan a un conjunto de ciudades intermedias y fronterizas que, en los últimos tiempos, en sus condiciones de centros urbanos regionales y/o capitales han crecido demográficamente, posesionándose como ciudades con funciones comerciales, político/administrativo y de servicios para una región trasnacional. En este trabajo nos centramos en dos grandes aglomeraciones urbanas fronterizas, por un lado, las ciudades de Encarnación, (Paraguay) y Posadas, (Argentina) y, por otro la región de la triple frontera: las ciudades de Foz do Iguaçu (Brasil), Puerto Iguazú, (Argentina) y, Ciudad del Este (Paraguay). Aunque situadas a unos 300 km de distancia, ambas conurbaciones se encuentran fraccionando la dinámica urbana de una red de ciudades de menor escala. El conjunto de estos casos aquí presentados pueden ser analizados bajo la noción de ciudades gemelas, donde a pesar de no tener un gobierno común, las relaciones económicas, culturales, de vecindad y complementariedad producen impactos en una ciudad y viceversa, contribuyendo a una forma específica transformación del espacio urbano en su conjunto. Por lo tanto, es importante contar con una planificación urbana regional y con políticas públicas más específicas para población urbana en contexto de frontera internacional. Los datos disponibles del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INDEC), Dirección General de Estadística, Encuestas y Censos (DGEEC) y del Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística (IBGE), respectivamente de Argentina, Brasil Paraguay y Brasil, aportaron cuantitativamente informaciones pertinentes al análisis aquí propuesto. La relevancia de estos estudios demuestra la necesidad de una política territorial de cooperación transfronteriza entre las ciudades de la triple frontera, con cohesión territorial que implique aspectos económicos y sociales. ; A região que compreende o estado do Paraná (Brasil), a província de Misiones (Argentina) e os departamentos de Itapuá e Alto Paraná (Paraguai), abrangem um conjunto de cidades intermediárias e fronteiriças que, nos últimos tempos, em suas condições de centros urbanos regionais e/ou capitais tem crescido demograficamente, posicionando-se como cidades com funções comerciais, político administrativas e de serviços para uma região transnacional. Neste trabalho nos centramos em grandes aglomerados urbanos fronteiriços, por um lado, nas cidades de Encarnación (Paraguai) e Posadas (Argentina) e, por outro a região da tríplice frontera: as cidades de Foz do Iguaçu (Brasil), Puerto Iguazú (Argentina) e Ciudad del Este (Paraguai). Embora situadas a uns 300 km de distância, ambas conurbações se encontram polarizando a dinâmica urbana de uma rede de cidades de menor escala. O conjunto desses casos aqui apresentados pode ser analisado sob a noção de cidades gêmeas, onde apesar de não ter um governo comum, as relações econômicas, culturais, de proximidade e complementaridade produzem impactos em uma cidade e vice-versa, contribuindo a uma forma específica de transformação do espaço urbano no seu conjunto. Para tanto, é importante contar com um planejamento urbano e regional e com políticas públicas mais específicas para população urbana no contexto da fronteira internacional. Os dados disponíveis do Instituto Nacional de Estatística y Censos (INDEC), Direción General de Estadística, Encuestas y Censos (DGEEC) e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) subsidiaram quantitativamente as informações pertinentes à análise aqui proposta, respectivamente da Argentina, Brasil e Paraguai. Enquanto apontamentos, o estudo demonstra a necessidade de uma política territorial de cooperação trasnsfronteiriça entre as cidades da tríplice frontera, com coesão territorial que implique aspectos econômicos e sociais. ; The region that includes the state of Paraná (Brazil), the province of Misiones (Argentina) and the departments of Itapúa and Alto Paraná (Paraguay) contain a group of intermediate and border cities that, in recent times, in their conditions of regional urban centers and/or capitals cities, they have grown demographically, taking possession of themselves as cities with commercial, political, administrative and service functions for a transnational region. In this paper we focus on two large urban border communities, on the one hand, the cities of Encarnación, (Paraguay) and Posadas, (Argentina) and, on the other, the triple border region: the cities of Foz do Iguaçu (Brazil), Puerto Iguazú, (Argentina) and, Ciudad del Este (Paraguay). Although located at about 300 km from distance, both conurbations are conditioning the urban dynamics of a network of cities of smaller scale. The set of these cases presented here can be analyzed under the notion of "twin cities", where despite not having a common government, economic, cultural, proximity and complementary relations produce impacts reciprocally between the cities, contributing to a specific form transformation of urban space as a whole. For this, it is important to have urban and regional planning and more specific public policies for the urban population in the context of the international border. The available data from the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INDEC), the General Directorate of Statistics, Surveys and Censuses (DGEEC) and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), respectively from Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay, provided information quantitatively relevant, to the analysis proposed here. The relevance of these studies demonstrates the need for a territorial policy of cross-border cooperation between the cities of the triple border, with territorial cohesion that implies economic and social aspects. ; Fil: Souza, Edson Belo Clemente de. Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa; Brasil ; Fil: Brites, Walter Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Estudios Sociales y Humanos. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Estudios Sociales y Humanos; Argentina

Book review in this article:GENERAL Robert Schnerb. Le XIX siècle. L'apogée de l'expansion européenne (1815‐1914). Vol. vi of Histoire Générate des Civilisations.J. H. Mundy, R. W. Emery and B. N. Nelson. Essays in Medieval Life and Thought.Hans Nabholz. Ausgewählte Aufsätze zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte.Milton Gilbert and Richard Stone (eds.). Income and Wealth, Series rv. International Association for Research in Income and Wealth.G. H. Martin. The Early Court Rolls of the Borough of Ipswich.A. R. Bridbury. England and the Salt Trade in the Later Middle Ages.Elisabeth G. Kimball (ed.). Some Sessions of the Peace in Lincolnshire, 1381‐1396, vol. 1.J. S. Roskell. The Commons in the Parliament of 1422. English Society and Parliamentary Representation under the Lancastrians.A. L. Merson (ed.). The Third Book of Remembrance of Southampton 1514‐1602. Vol. 11 (1540‐73).Barbara Winchester. Tudor Family Portrait.Royal Tyler (ed.). Calendar of State Papers, Spanish, vol. xiii, 1554‐8.G. D. Ramsay (ed.). Two Sixteenth‐Century Taxation Lists, 1545 and 1576.M. E. James (ed.). Estate Accounts of the Earls of Northumberland 1562‐1637.Allen French. Charles I and the Puritan Upheaval: a Study of the Causes of the Great Migration.Brian Frith (ed.). Gloucestershire Marriage Allegations 1637‐1680. General Editor of the Series–Patrick McGrath.David Ogg. England in the Reigns of James II and William III.Emmanuel Coppieters. English Bank Note Circulation 1694‐1954.John Rowe. Cornwall in the Age of the Industrial Revolution.Thomas Balston. William Balston, Paper‐Maker, 1759‐1849.David Williams. The Rebecca Riots: A study in Agrarian Unrest.Kenneth D. Buckley. Trade Unionism in Aberdeen, 1878 to 1900.Charles Loch Mowat. Britain Between the Wars.Edward Nevin. The Mechanics of Cheap Money.H. Duncan Hall. North American Supply.C. B. A. Behrens. Merchant Shipping and the Demands of War.R. Delatouche. 'Agriculture médiévale et population.'Marc Bloch. Les caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française, vol. II, Supplément établi par R. Dauvergne d'après les travaux de l'auteurGaston Roupnel. Histoire de la Campagne Française.M. Bloch. Esquisse d'une histoire monétaire de l'Europe.E. Dolleans AND G. Dehove. Histoire du travail en France. Vol. 1. Des origines à 1955. Vol.11. De 1919 à nos jours.M. Rey. 'Le ZIB 305 (Deuxieme partie), Étude d'histoire monétaire en France au début du XVe siècle.'Henri Lapeyre. Une famille de marchands: les Ruiz. Contribution à l'étude du commerce entre la France et l'Espagne au temps de Philippe II.H. Fréville. L'Intendance de Bretagne (1689‐1790), essai sur l'histoire d'une Intendance en Pays d'Etats au XVIIIe siécle.Pierre Dardel. Études d'histoire économique. IV: Importateurs et exportateurs rouennais au XVIIIe siécle. Antoine Guymonneau et ses opérations commerciales.Claude Fohlen. Une affaire defamille au XIXe siècle: Méquillet‐Noblot.Michel Augé‐Lartbé. La Révolution agricole.Paul Combe. Niveau de Vie et Progrès Technique en France depuis 1860.Claude Fohlen. L'Industrie textile au temps du Second Empire.Val R. Lorwin. The French Labor MovementM. Duverger. Partis politiques et classes sociales en France.Bijdragen voor de Geschiedenis der Nederlanden.René Evrard. Les artistes et les usines afer. Oeuvres d'art inspires par les usines afer.D. van Derveeghde. Le domaine du Val‐Saint‐Lambert de 1202 à 1387.F. Favresse. 'Les draperies bruxelloises en 1282′G. Doorman. De Middeleeuwse Brouwerij en de Gruit.L. Liagre. 'Le commerce de l'alum en Flandre'J. Maréchal. Bijdrage tot de Geschiedenis van het Bankwezen de Brugge.Bryce D. Lyon. 'Un compte de l'échiquier relatif aux relations d'Edouard Ier d'Angleterre avec le due Jean II de Brabant'M. K. E. Gottschalk. Historische geogrqfie van Westelijk eeuws Vlaanderen tot de Sint‐Elisabethsvloed van 1404.H. P. H. Jansen. Landbouwpacht in Brabant in de 14e en 15e eeuw.P. Jeannin. 'Anvers et la Baltique au XVIe siécle'Herman van der Wee. 'Sporen van Disconto te Antwerpen tijdens de 16e Eeuw'C. Verlinden, J. Craeybegkx and E. Scholliers. 'Mouvements des prix et des salaires en Belgique au XVIe siècle'E. Scholliers. 'De levensstandaard der arbeiders op het einde der XVIe eeuw te Antwerpen, Tijdschrift voor GeschiedenisB. H. Slicher van Bath. 'Agriculture in the Low Countries (c. 1600‐1800)'W. Brulez. 'De zoutinvoer in de Nederlanden in de i6e eeuw'H. van Werveke. 'Demografische problemen in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden (17e en 18e eeuw)',C. W. van Voorst van Beest. De Katholieke Armenz.org te Rotterdam in de 17e en 18e eeuw.J. Helsen. 'Oud grensrecht'J. A. van Houtte J. A. van Houtte, J. F. Niermeyer, J. Presser, J. Romein and H. VanWerveke (eds.)H. F. T. J. M. van den Eerenbeemt. 's‐Hertogenbosch in de Bataafse en Franse tijdP. B. A. Melief. De strijd om de armenzorg in Nederland, 1795‐1854.J. M. G. van der Poel. 'Mislukte codificatie van landbouwrecht: de Code rural'H. R. C. Wright. Free Trade and Protection in the Netherlands, 1816‐1830.J. A. van Houtte, J. F. Niermeyer, J. Presser, J.Max Suetens. Histoire de la politique commerciale de la Belgique depuis 1830 jusquà nos jours.M. van Grieken‐Taverniers. Inventaire des archives des Affaires étrangères de l'État Indépendant du Congo et du ministére des Colonies 1885‐1914.A. Huybrechts. 'La formation des prix du chemin de fer de Matadi à Léopold‐ville 1898‐1954′H. J. A. M. Schurink and J. H. van Mosselveld (eds.)J. Duffy. Shipwreck and Empire.Bernard Bailyn. The New England Merchants in the Seventeenth Century.Martha van Hoesen Taber. A History of the Cutlery Industry in the Connecticut Valley.David A. Shannon. The Socialist Party of America.E. E. Rich (ed.). A Journal of a Voyage from Rocky Mountain Portage in Peace River to the Sources of Finlays Branch and North West Ward in Summer 1824William W. Lockwood. The Economic Development of Japan: Growth and Structural Change 1868‐1938.Margaret Dewar. Labour Policy in the U.S.S.R., 1917‐1928.S. J. Butlin. War Economy 1939‐1942. [Australia in the War of 1939‐1945, Civil Series.)

AMTLICHES LINZER ADRESSBUCH 1936 Amtliches Linzer Adreßbuch (-) Amtliches Linzer Adreßbuch 1936 (1936) ( - ) Einband ( - ) Werbung ( - ) Titelseite ([I]) Vorwort (III) Inhalts-Verzeichnis (IV) Die Landeshauptstadt Linz a. D. (V) 1. Teil. Politische Behörden und Aemter. Sonstige Aemter und Dienststellen, sowie Gewerkschaften, Verbände, Vereine und Zunftmeister von Oberösterreich, Boten und ihre Standplätze. ( - ) Politische Behörden und Aemter (1) Oberösterreichischer Landtag (1) Oberösterreichische Landesregierung (1) Städtische Behörden und Aemter (2) Sonstige Aemter, Behörden und Dienststellen (5) Gewerkschaften, Verbände, Vereine und Zunftmeister (11) Gewerkschaften (11) Vereine und Verbände (11) Zünfte und Zunftmeister von Oberösterreich (15) Boten und ihre Standplätze (18) 2. Teil Hausbesitzer- u. Straßen-Verzeichnis ([19]) Hausbesitzer-Verzeichnis (21) 1. Benannte Straßen der Landeshauptstadt Linz und der übrigen Konskriptions-Ortschaften der Ortsgemeinde Linz (21) Achaz Willingerstraße. Adlergasse. Aigengutstraße. Alexander Brennerstraße. Alfons Petzoldstraße. Alfred Ebenhochstraße. Alois Rohrauerstraße. Alois Senefeldstraße. Altstadt. Am Damm. Am grünen Anger. Anastasius Grünstraße. Andreas Hoferplatz. Andreas Hoferstraße. Angerholzerweg. Annagasse. Anton Dimmelstraße. Anton Matoschstraße. (21) Anton Spaunstraße. (21) Anton Weiguniplatz. Anzengruberstraße. Aubergstraße. Auerspergstraße. Auf dem Pöstlingberg. Auf der Gugl. Bachlbergweg. Badgasse. Bahnhofstraße. Bahrgasse. Bancalariweg. Bauernberg. Baumbachstraße. Beethovenstraße. Berggasse. Bergschlösselgasse. (22) Bethlehemstraße. (22) Billrothstraße. Bischof Hittmairstraße. Bismarckstraße. Blütenstraße. Blumauerstraße. Bockgasse. Breitwiesergutstraße. Brennerstraße. Brückenstraße. Brucknerstraße. Brunnenfeldstraße. Burgenlandstraße. (23) Bürgerstraße. Christian Coulinstraße. Damaschkestraße. Dametzstraße. Darrgutstraße. Dauphinstraße. Denkstraße. Derfflingerstraße. Deublerstraße. Dierzerstraße. Diesenleitenweg. Dimmelstraße. Dinghoferstraße. Dollfußstraße. Domgasse. (24) Donatusgasse. (24) Donaulände. Donaustraße. Drouotgasse. Dürerstraße. Dürrnbergerstraße. Ebenhochstraße. Ederstraße. Dr. Edelbacherstraße. Dr. Eignerstraße. Eisenbahngasse. Eisenhandstraße. Elisabethstraße. Engelbert Pernerstorferstraße. Engelmannstraße. Engelsplatz. Enrika Handel-Mazzettistraße. Eugenstraße. Fabrikstraße. Fadingerstraße. Feldweg. (25) Ferihumerstraße. Fichtenstraße. Fiedlergasse. Figulystraße. Fischergasse. Flügelhofgasse. Flußgasse. Franckstraße. Franz Kurzstraße. Freinbergstraße. Freistädterstraße. Freiw. Schützenstraße. Friedhofstraße. Fritz Lachweg. (26) Fröbelstraße. Froschberg. Füchselstraße. Gabelsbergerstraße. Gärtnerstraße. Galsbergerstraße. Galileistraße. Gallanderstraße. Garnisonsstraße. Georg Büchnerstraße. Georg Reiterstraße. Gerstnerstraße. Gesellenhausstraße. Ghegastraße. Gilmstraße. Glimpfingerweg. Glögglweg. Glickstraße. Göllerichstraße. (27) Goethestraße. (27) Graben. Grabnerstraße. Greilstraße. Griesgasse. Grillmayergasse. Grillparzerstraße. Grünauerstraße. Gründbergstraße. Grünstraße. Gstöttnerhofstraße. Güntherstraße. Gürtelstraße. Gugl. Gußhausgasse. Gustav Streicherstraße. Gutenbergstraße. Haerdtlstraße. Hafenstraße. (28) Hafferlstraße. (28) Hafnerstraße. Hagenstraße. Hahnengasse. Halbgasse. Hamerlingstraße. Hanriederstraße. Hans Schnopfhagenstraße. Harbacherstraße. Hasnerstraße. (29) Hauptstraße. (29) Hausleitnerweg. Haydnstraße. Heizenauerstraße. Heizhausstraße. Helletzgruberstraße. Herrenstraße. Herstorferstraße. Hessenplatz. Hinsenkampplatz. (30) Hirschgasse. (30) Höchsmannstraße. Hofberg. Hoferplatz. Hoferstraße. Hofgasse. Hohe Straße. Höllmühlstraße. Holzheimerstraße. Dr. Holzknechtstraße. Holzmüllerstraße. Holzstraße. Honauerstraße. Hopfengasse. Hoppichlerstraße. Hörmannstraße. Hörschingergutstraße. Hühnersteig. Huemerstraße. (31) Humboldtstraße. (31) Hummelfeldstraße. Hyrtlstraße. Im Hühnersteig. Im Tal. Im Wörd. In der Neuen Welt. Ingenieur Sternstraße. Jägerstraße. Jahnstraße. Jakob Prandtauerstraße. Johannesgasse. Johann Konrad Vogelstraße. Johann Planckstraße. Jörgerstraße. Josef Denkstraße. Josef Engelmannstraße. Jungwirthstraße. Kaarstraße. (32) Kaisergasse. Kaltenbrunnerstraße. Kantstraße. Kaplanhofstraße. Kapuzinerstraße. Karl Adam Kaltenbrunnerstraße. Karl Fiedlergasse. Karlhofstraße. Karl Kronbergerstraße. Karl Wiserstraße. Kaserngasse. Katzenau. Keimstraße. Kellergasse. (33) Keplerstraße. (33) Khevenhüllerstraße. Kienzlweg. Kinderspitalstraße. Kirchengasse. Klammstraße. Klosterstraße. Knabenseminarstraße. Königsweg. Körnerstraße. Kollegiumgasse. Kommunalstraße. Konrad Deublerstraße. Konrad Meindlstraße. Kopernikusstraße. Krankenhausstraße. Kraußstraße. Kremplstraße. (34) Kreuzstraße. (34) Krinnerstraße. Kroatengasse. Kronbergerstraße. Kudlichstraße. Kürnbergerstraße. Kürnbergerweg. Kurzstraße. Landgutstraße. Landstraße. Langgasse. Lasingergasse. Lastenstraße. Leingruberstraße. Leisenhofstraße. (35) Lenaustraße. (35) Leondingerstraße. Leonfeldenerstraße. Leopold Hasnerstraße. Lerchengasse. Lessingstraße. Limonigasse. Lindengasse. Linke Brückenstraße. Linke Donaustraße. Lissagasse. Lißfeldstraße. Liststraße. Löfflerhofstraße. Löwenfeldstraße. Löwengasse. Lohnstorferplatz. Lohnstorferweg. Ludlgasse. Lustenauerstraße. Lustenfeldstraße. Madlsederstraße. Magazingasse. Magerweg. Makartplatz. (36) Makartstraße. (36) Margareten. Mariahilfgasse. Marienstraße. Marktplatz. Marktstraße. Martinsgasse. Martin Zeillerstraße. Matoschgasse. Matthias Krinnerstraße. Maurus Lindemayrstraße. Mayrsdorfweg. Meindlstraße. Melicharstraße. Memhardtstraße. Mittelgasse. Moritz Schwindstraße. Mozartstraße. Mühlkreisbahnstraße. (37) Museumstraße. (37) Neue Welt. Neugasse. Neutorgasse. Niedernharterstraße. Niederreithstraße. Nißlstraße. Noßbergerstraße. Nowaragasse. Obere Donaulände. Obere Donaustraße. Oberfeldstraße. (38) Ottensheimerstraße. (38) Otto Prechtlerstraße. Parzhofstraße. Pflaster. Pestalozzistraße. Petrinumstraße. Pfarrgasse. Pfarrplatz. Pfeifferstraße. Pichlerstraße. Pillweinstraße. Planckstraße. Pöstlingbergstraße. Poschacherstraße. Prandtauerstraße. Prechtlerstraße. Prinz Eugenstraße. Pritzstraße. Promenade. Prunerstraße. (39) Purschkastraße. Quergasse. Rädlerweg. Raimundstraße. Rainerstraße. Rathausgasse. Rechte Brückenstraße. Rechte Donaustraße. Reichsstraße. Reindlstraße. Reinhold Körnerstraße. Reischelstraße. Reiterstraße. Rennplatz. Resselstraße. Reuchlinstraße. Richard Wagnerstraße. Riesenhofstraße. Ringstraße. Ritzbergerstraße. (40) Römerstraße. (40) Roseggerstraße. Rosenauerstraße. Rosenbauerstraße. Rosenstraße. Rudigierstraße. Rudolfstraße. (41) Salzburger Reichsstraße. (41) Samhaberstraße. Sandgasse. St. Peterstraße. Scharitzerstraße. Schickmayrstraße. Schiffbaustraße. Schillerplatz. Schillerstraße. Schlachthofstraße. Schlossergasse. Schmidtorstraße. Schmiedegasse. Schnopfhagenstraße. Schörgenhubstraße. Schossergasse. Schratzstraße. Schreberstraße. (42) Schubertstraße. (42) Schützenstraße. Schulertal. Schulstraße. Schultestraße. Schumannstraße. Schwarzstraße. Schweizerhausgasse. Schwindstraße. Seilerstätte. Semmelweißstraße. Senefelderstraße. Sintstraße. Sommerstraße. Sonnensteinstraße. Sophiengutstraße. Spattstraße. Spaunstraße. Spazgasse. Spinnereistraße. Spittelwiese. (43) Stadlbauerstraße. (43) Starhembergplatz. Starhembergstraße. Steinbauerstraße. Steingasse. Stelzhamerstraße. Sternbauerstraße. Sternstraße. Stieglbauernstraße. Stifterstraße. Stockbauernstraße. Stockhofstraße. Strachgasse. Strattnerstraße. Streicherstraße. (44) Südtirolerstraße. (44) Tal. Talgasse. Tegetthoffstraße. Teistlergutstraße. Tiefer Graben. Trefflingerweg. Tummelplatz. Turmstraße. Umschlagplatz. Unionstraße. Untere Donaulände. Urfahrer Friedhofstraße. Urfahrwände. Vergeinerstraße. (45) Verlängerte Kirchengasse. (45) Versorgungshausstraße. Vielguthstraße. Vogelstraße. Volksfeststraße. Volksgartenstraße. Wachreinergasse. Wagnerstraße. Wahringerstraße. Waldeggstraße. Walterstraße. Wasserwerkstraße. Webergasse. (46) Weingartshofstraße. (46) Weißenwolffstraße. Westbahnstraße. Wiener Reichsstraße. Wildbergstraße. Willemerstraße. Wilibald Gluckstraße. Willingerstraße. (47) Wimhölzelstraße. Wirtschaftshofstraße. Wischerstraße. Wiserstraße. Wörd. Wurmstraße. Zeillerstraße. Zellerstraße. Zeppenfeldstraße. Ziegeleistraße. Zizlauerstraße. Zollamtsstraße. (48) 2. Konskriptionsortschaft Auberg (48) 3. Konskriptionsortschaft Bachl 4. Konskriptionsortschaft Bergern 5. Konskriptionsortschaft Gründberg 6. Konskriptionsortschaft Hagen (49) 7. Konskriptionsortschaft Harbach 8. Konskriptionsortschaft Heilham (50) 9. Konskriptionsortschaft Kleinmünchen (50) 10. Konskriptionsortschaft Lustenau (51) 11. Konskriptionsortschaft Pflaster (54) 12. Konskriptionsortschaft Pöstlingberg (55) 13. Konskriptionsortschaft St. Peter (56) 14. Konskriptionsortschaft Scharlinz (56) 15. Konskriptionsortschaft Unterfelbern 16. Konskriptionsortschaft Urfahrwänd (58) 17. Konskriptionsortschaft Waldegg (58) 18. Konskriptionsortschaft Zizlau (60) Werbung (60) Straßenverzeichnis von Linz (61) A - C (61) D (61) E - G (62) H (62) I - K (63) L (63) M - R (64) S (64) T - Z (65) 3. Teil Auto- u. Motorradbesitzer-Verzeichnis ([67]) 3. Teil. Auto- u. Motorradbesitzer-Verzeichnis ([67]) Internationale Unterscheidungskennzeichen (69) Auto- und Motorradbesitzer von Linz (69) Kraftwagen (Auto) (69) Krafträder (Mororräder) (73) Werbung (76) 4. Teil Branchenverzeichnis von Handel, Gewerbe und Industrie ([77]) Im Handelsregister eingetragene Firmen (79) Aktien-Gesellschaften (79) Selbständige Firmen (79) Gesellschaften mit beschränkter Haftung (82) Offene Handelsgesellschaften (82) Branchenverzeichnis von Handel, Gewerbe und Industrie (83) Werbung (117) Notizen: (118) Werbung ( - ) 5. Teil Einwohner-Verzeichnis der Landeshauptstadt Linz ([1]) A (3) B (14) C (42) D (44) E (55) F (67) G (83) H (104) I (147) J (148) K (153) L (189) M (209) N (234) O (243) P (249) Qu (277) R (277) S (299) T (354) U (362) V (364) W (367) Z (393) Konsular-Vertretungen: ( - ) Werbung ( - ) Einband ( - )

Recognition of the independence of Texas. Reports, incidents and several accounts on the government of the United States of America. U.S. invasion. The mayor of Tlaxcala reports that the invaders march on the city of Puebla. p. 2-6. The Governor of Durango reports that the American invaders march to Mapimí a Saltillo. p. 7-9. The Governor of Tabasco requests authorization to allocate resources in an effort to sustain the forces fighting against the American invaders. p. 10-13. The Governor of San Luis Potosi provides the necessary assistance for the completion of the fortifications. p. 14-21. Order to the Commanding General of the Central Army to not accept into the force the enlistment of individuals who are foreigners. p. 22-23. The Governor of San Luis Potosi complies with the provisions of the news circular of 28 April, related to the defense of the plaza against the American invaders. p. 24-27. The Governor of Durango reports on the military movements of the invaders. p. 28-30 Orders to Francisco Verduzco, Governor of Querétaro, to bring the artillery and infantry companies from San Luis to the capital and defend it from invaders. p. 31-34. The Governor of Aguascalientes says that in view of the small population of the state, it seems they have delivered a disproportionate amount of damage to the enemy in the war against the Americans. p. 35-36. Speeches addressed to the people by the San Luis Potosi government and the state legislature, during the battles of the 8th and 9th of May against the invaders. p. 37-41. The Governor of Tabasco, coordinates the defense of the state before the U.S. invasion. p. 42-43 Geronimo Cardenas, Governor of Chiapas, reports that at the port of Palisade there is an American ship whose forces are collecting weapons from transients. p. 44-46 Overview of the political status of the Republic and of the last events of the war with the United States. p. 47-51 Mexican ports occupied. Protest from Mexico regarding the tariffs enacted by the U.S. government. p. 52-61 District Governor's order that within 24 hours all natural born Americans need to leave the capital and go to Morelia and Jalisco. p. 62-85 The Governor of Durango reports that General Vincent Filisola took income from tobacco to pay war expenses. p. 86-101. The District Governor releases a statement on the measures taken for the defense of the capital before the approach of the American invaders. p. 102-109. Acts of Congress from San Luis Potosi the legislature addresses issues related to the war with the American invaders. p. 110-115. The Governor of Chiapas wants to work with Tabasco to come up with the the best way to help the Federal Army fight against the Americans. p. 116-117 Authorization from the General Gabriel Valencia Chief of the Northern Army to order the publication of a decree declaring that direct contributions made during the war with the Americans belong to the income of the federation. p. 118-127 Ignacio de Mora y Villamil Commander of the Northern Army, asks Z. Taylor, U.S. Army General to respond to if he would like to make war under the rules of combat and international law or like wild savages. p. 128-139 Order from the Minister of Finance to assist the American army deserters who passed through the ranks. p. 140 to 141 The Mayor of Tlaxcala asks for instructions regarding the people attached to the invading troops. p. 142-144 The Governor of Tabasco, participates in the plans for defending against the invading troops. p. 145-154. Recognition of the independence of Texas. Reports, incidents and several accounts on the government of the United States of America. The Governor of Oaxaca, reports that U.S. forces are tyring to invade the capital of Oaxaca through the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and requests the appointment of General Antonio de León to be military commander of the territory. p. 155-159. Proclamation by the President of the Republic of Honduras, Juan Lindo and Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Carlos Gutierrez protesting the U.S. invasion of 1847 and offering help. p. 160-182. Complaint against General Jose Urrea operating in the State of Tamaulipas. p. 183-200. Winfield Scott commanding general of the invading forces, proposing establishing a committee to work out the exchange of prisoners of war. p. 202-227. Opinion of the Congressional Commission on the Peace Treaty between Mexico and the United States. p. 228-238. Francisco Ortiz de Zárate, Governor of Oaxaca announces that the news was false concerning the invasion of Tehuantepec by 500 Americans. p. 239-244. The Mayor of Tlaxcala reports that at least a thousand invaders have reached Nopalucan and are making movements in that region. p. 245-288. Francisco Verduzco, Governor of Querétaro proclaims outrage and disappointment that northern troops have gone beyond the borders of Mexico leaving the interior states at the mercy of the invaders. p. 289-291. Orders from the Governor of the State of Puebla, prohibiting trade in the areas occupied by the enemy. p. 292-300. Inquiry into the actions and fate of the schooner "Fraternity", which has seen action against U.S. forces in the war. p. 301-313

Máster Universitario en Ingeniería Industrial ; El objetivo principal del documento es presentar las tendencias y características actuales de la industria de la automoción, y con foco en los fabricantes de componentes, entender la importancia de la competitividad e identificar y cuantificar los factores críticos de éxito que les permitirían obtener una huella industrial competitiva, en este caso, en el sector de estampación en caliente. La industria de la automoción es un pilar clave para la economía global, pues representa un 3% de PIB mundial, y contribuye enormemente a la creación de puestos de trabajo, desarrollo industrial y fomento del I+D. Dentro del sector, los fabricantes de componentes se están convirtiendo gradualmente en un elemento clave en la elaboración de valor añadido, dado que la producción de vehículos se está haciendo progresivamente más compleja y su integración en la cadena de valor es crítica. OEMs, fabricantes de componentes y el sector en general han disfrutado de un periodo de crecimiento y rentabilidad relativamente alto desde la recesión en 2008 y 2009. No obstante, la industria está empezando a enfrentarse a una serie de retos que seguramente condicionen sus ingresos, siendo de especial relevancia los retos en materia de reducción de costes, peso y regulaciones. El afán por la reducción de costes y peso obliga a los OEMs y resto de fabricantes a prodcir coches cada vez más ligeros, económicos y que cumplan con las regulaciones medioambientales y de seguridad. Por este motivo, la carrocería y el chasis se vuelven elementos clave, pues representan casi un 40% del peso de un vehículo, y se estima que albergarán el 15% de la inversión necesaria para cumplir con los objetivos de eficiencia energética. Con el objetivo de fabricar componentes ligeros, la industria ha desarrollado una serie de tecnologías y materiales para remplazar el tradicional acero dulce. Entre ellos, destacan los aceros de ultra alta resistencia (UHSS) y de estampación en caliente, y el aluminio y los composites. El uso de estas dos últimas tecnologías, a pesar de ofrecer las mayores reducciones de peso, no ha sido ampliamente extendido, dado que aun suponen un coste de fabricación muy alto. Dada la competitividad y relevancia del sector, este documento se centra en una de estas tecnologías de innovación, la estampación en caliente, y trata de generar valor mediante la identificación y cuantificación de los factores críticos de éxito que ofrecerían una ventaja competitiva sostenida. Como respuesta al crecimiento global de la industria, los fabricantes de componentes han expandido sus operaciones, y la optimización de su huella industrial es clave de cara a convertirse en competidores feroces. Si este documento se quedase en el plano descriptivo, su utilidad sería limitada. Por ello, la influencia de las palancas identificadas y su impacto sobre el coste total de fabricación se han cuantificado a través de un modelo de costes. El modelo identifica los principales factores de costes y destaca una serie de iniciativas potenciales para la mejora del rendimiento, que son contextualizadas en el marco de un caso práctico. Para llevar a cabo esta tarea, se desarrollan los siguientes análisis: Caracterización del sector de la automoción y los fabricantes de componentes Papel de los componentes de carrocería y chasis Entorno competitivo en carrocería y chasis Identificación y evaluación de los factores críticos de éxito para la competitividad de una planta de estampación en caliente Modelado de la competitividad mediante un caso práctico Caracterización del sector de la automoción y los fabricantes de componentes El sector de la automoción constituye una palanca básica para el progreso económico y la estabilidad, y fomenta el desarrollo tecnológico en países desarrollados y en vías de desarrollo. El gran crecimiento en los últimos años ha ayudado a la industria en la creación de puestos de trabajo, recaudación de impuestos y desarrollo industrial. La producción desde la recesión ha crecido con una tasa compuesta anual de 8,3%, especialmente favorecida por el crecimiento del mercado chino y la recuperación de los mercados europeos y americanos. La rentabilidad desde 2009 ha sido relativamente más alta para los fabricantes de componentes, especialmente aquellos enfocados en neumáticos y sistemas de propulsión, y aquellos centrados en innovación de producto. A pesar del crecimiento experimentado en años previos, el sector afrontará una serie de retos que condicionarán futuras rentabilidades. Las OEMs y resto de fabricantes se enfrentarán a una intensificación de la complejidad y la reducción de peso y costes, un movimiento continuado del centro de gravedad hacia mercados emergentes, un incremento de la demanda digital y un cambio en el panorama de la industrial, requiriendo una mayor porción de valor añadido por parte de los fabricantes de componentes. Papel de los componentes de carrocería y chasis Los retos en materia de reducción de coste y peso que afronta la industria guían hacia la fabricación de componentes más económicos, ligeros y conformes con las regulaciones medioambientales y de seguridad. Con el fin de lograr este objetivo, los componentes de carrocería y chasis juegan un papel clave pues representan casi el 40% del peso del vehículo y se espera que acaparen un 15% de la inversión necesaria para alcanzar las metas de eficiencia de combustible. Con el objetivo de fabricar componentes ligeros, la industria ha desarrollado una serie de tecnologías y materiales para remplazar el tradicional acero dulce. Entre ellos, destacan los aceros de ultra alta resistencia (UHSS) y de estampación en caliente, y el aluminio y los composites. El uso de estas dos últimas tecnologías, a pesar de ofrecer las mayores reducciones de peso, no ha sido ampliamente extendido, dado que aun suponen un coste de fabricación muy alto. Los UHSS y aceros de estampación en caliente ofrecen límites elásticos significativamente más altos con una reducción en peso del 20%, y un incremento de los costes de facturación del 15%. El aluminio por su parte, que necesita ser aleado para su uso en elementos estructurales, ofrece una reducción de peso del 40%, además de una alta reciclabilidad y reducción de las emisiones. Los composites ofrecen una reducción de peso aún mayor, 50%, y una reducción de la complejidad de fabricación. No obstante, están tecnologías suponen un incremento de coste del 30% y 47% respectivamente. Entorno competitivo en carrocería y chasis El mercado de la carrocería y chasis está dominado por pocos actores que han logrado el liderazgo a través de una cobertura global y una amplia línea de productos. Dentro del sector de estampación, destacan Cosma (empresa de Magna International), Gestamp Automoción, Benteler Automotive y Tower International. Presentan unos ingresos en el rango entre 2.000 y 8.000 millones de dólares, y tienes unas rentabilidades operativas del 10% de margen de EBITDA de media. A pesar de la existencia de muchos pequeños competidores locales con foco en una región específica, y la internalización de la actividad por parte de algunas OEMs, el sector está tendiendo hacia la consolidación, y los sectores de carrocería y chasis representan un 40% de toda la actividad de fusiones y adquisiciones en la industria de la automoción actualmente.Identificación y evaluación de los factores críticos de éxito para la competitividad de una planta de estampación en caliente Como ya se ha manifestado, el sector de carrocería y chasis, y más concretamente, de estampación en caliente, es altamente competitivo, por lo que la identificación de los factores críticos de éxito para la competitividad se vuelve un aspecto clave. El sector de la automoción se ha convertido en una industria global en las últimas décadas, lo que ha llevado a los fabricantes a expandir sus operaciones y tratar de optimizar su huella industrial. Por ello, una de las vías para lograr convertirse en un competidor feroz y llevar a cabo una estrategia difícilmente imitable por competidores es mediante el desarrollo de una huella industrial feroz. Los cuatro factores críticos de éxito identificados para la obtención de una huella industrial competitiva incluyen: Alto conocimiento tecnológico sobre el proceso de estampación en caliente, productos, materiales… Se ha llevado a cabo una profunda investigación de cara a la definición propiedades de los materiales, procesos, maquinaría y alternativas potenciales, además de la amplia gama de posibles productos estampados en caliente y la demanda creciente que afronta la tecnología Una ubicación estratégica que permita beneficiarse de producción JIT con el cliente, un suministro de materias primas apropiado y un coste logístico reducido La proximidad a la planta de ensamblaje del OEM afecta positivamente tanto a funciones 'hard' como JIT y costes logísticos, como funciones 'soft' como imagen y choque cultural. Además, diferencias potenciales en el precio de materias primas se pueden explicar parcialmente con la ubicación y su influencia en los factores de coste Una mano de obra adecuada, que muestre un balance correcto entre coste de personal, capacidades, productividades y educación Se ha desarrollado un análisis detallado sobre la variación de las características de los trabajadores del sector entre países, y su impacto en las diferencias de coste y rendimiento Alta eficiencia operativa basada en técnicas lean y buenos rendimientos en términos de OEE y TPM Se presentan los grandes beneficios de una estrategia de OEE y TMP y más particularmente, comparativas de estampación en caliente con tecnologías alternativas Modelado de la competitividad mediante un caso práctico Si este documento se quedase en el plano descriptivo, su utilidad sería limitada. A través del diseño de un modelo para cuantificar el impacto de los factores de competitividad identificados, se logra construir otra perspectiva desde un caso práctico real. El caso define un fabricante de componentes de estampación en caliente, que debe fabricar la producción de pilares B para un OEM desde una de sus plantas. Para averiguar cuál de sus ubicaciones ofrece la mayor competitividad de costes, el modelo ofrece un desglose de costes detallado, y estudia los principales palancas de coste de cada planta a la luz de los factores de de éxito identificados. El modelo y su aplicación a un caso práctico son de gran utilidad de cara a subrayar iniciativas de mejora, y su impacto en coste y rendimiento. Propone una serie de medidas que logran una mejora del OEE de 11pp y una reducción del 50% de los costes de mantenimiento, en materia de capacidad y organización de la planta; establecimiento de estandarización del trabajo, 5S y gestión visual; reducción del mantenimiento no planificado de maquinas y herramientas; y eficiencia y consistencia transiciones mediante SMED. Asimismo, la aplicación de un caso práctico permite evaluar el rendimiento en fabricación desde un punto de vista de financiación, e incluir conceptos como margen operativo, coste de capital y retorno de la inversión anual medio. Por último, su uso también permite llevar a cabo análisis de sensibilidades y evaluar el impacto de otras capacidades de tipos soft como coordinación, impacto cultural e imagen. Conclusiones Los primeros aspectos más analíticos del documento otorgan un entendimiento de la situación actual y los retos que afrontan OEMs y fabricantes de componentes, y subraya la relevancia que los componentes de carrocería y chasis juegan de cara a conseguir los objetivos de reducción de costes y peso. Asimismo, sirve como una introducción de las características de estos componentes, y recalca la importancia de la competitividad. No obstante, el mayor valor añadido del documento recae sobre la identificación y cuantificación de los factores críticos de éxito que permiten a una planta de estampación en caliente obtener una huella industrial feroz. Mediante este análisis, se definen las palancas más importantes para hacerse competitivo. Por un lado, se describen en detalle factores ajenos y no controlados por los fabricantes como las características de la mano de obra, costes logísticos y de materias primas…Una descripción tan detallada pretende ser de utilidad para fabricantes de cara a decisiones sobre su huella industrial. Por otro lado, se realiza un profundo examen de la tecnología, con enfoque en materiales, procesos y productos y sus alternativas, y una definición de las reglas que ofrecen una excelencia operativa y de mantenimiento. Por medio de estas palancas, se identifican claras iniciativas para la mejora del rendimiento y la competitividad de costes. Además, la aplicación de estos factores de éxito identificados en un caso práctico permite la contextualización en un escenario de fabricación real. La definición del modelo de costes ayuda a ilustrar el impacto de estas palancas sobre el coste total, y su influencia de cara a la mejora de la competitividad. La cuantificación de estas medidas, asimismo, permite la aplicación de evaluaciones de tipo financiero y análisis de sensibilidad. ; The main goal of the document is to present the trends and circumstances that the automotive industry is currently experiencing, and with focus on the supplier sector, understand the importance of competitiveness and identify and quantify the critical success factors that would provide a component manufacturer, in this case, in hot stamping, with a ruthless manufacturing footprint. The automotive industry is a main pillar for the global economy, accounting for 3% of the world's GDP and heavily contributing to job creation, industrial development and fostering of R&D. Within the sector, component manufacturers are gradually becoming a key element towards value addition, as vehicle production is becoming increasingly complex and integration of suppliers within OEM's value chain is critical. OEMs, component manufactures and the sector as a whole, have been enjoy a period of relatively strong growth and profitability since the recession in the 2008-2009 period. Nevertheless, the industry is starting to face a series of challenges which will definitely condition their future returns, especially meaningful regarding cost-pressure, weight and regulations. This intensification of cost-pressure and weight focus forces OEMs and suppliers to manufacture increasingly light-weight vehicles, that are cost-effective and comply with environmental and safety regulations. For this purpose, body in white and chassis components become critical, as they represent almost 40% of a car's weight, and it is expected that 15% of the investment towards achieving fuel efficiency goals will rely on them. In order to tackle the need to produce light components, the industry has come up with new technologies and materials to replace traditional mild steel which allow for a significant weight reduction. These innovative materials encompass Ultra High Strength Steel (UHSS) and hot stamped steel, and aluminium and composites. These last two technologies, although offering the highest weight reduction, are still under development and their high manufacturing costs hinder their general expansion. Given the relevance and competitiveness of the sector, this document focuses on one of these innovative technologies, hot-stamping, and generates value by identifying and quantifying the critical success factors that would provide a hot stamping manufacturer's plant with a sustained competitive advantage. As a result of global growth, suppliers have had to expand its operations, and in order to tackle future industry challenges, manufacturers must search to become ruthless competitors by means of an optimized footprint. If this document just held on to a descriptive level, the utility of it would be limited. Therefore, the influence of the identified levers and their impact on overall manufacturing costs are quantified through a cost model. The model identifies the main cost drivers and highlights potential performance improvement initiatives, which are then contextualized through a case study. In order to carry out this task, the following analysis will be developed: Characterization of the automotive and supplier industry Role of body in white and chassis Competitive landscape in the body in white and chassis stamping sector Identification of success factors for the competitiveness of a hot stamping plant Modelling of competitiveness through a case study Characterization of the automotive and supplier industry The automotive industry constitutes a main driver of macroeconomic expansion and stability, and forces technological advancement in both developed and developing countries. Its strong growth in past years has allowed the industry to robustly contribute to job creation, government revenue and industrial and research development. Production since the recession has grown with a 8,3% CAGR, especially pulled by the growth in the Greater China market and the recovery of Europe and North America. Profitability since 2009 have been relatively higher for component manufacturers, especially those focused on tires and power train, and enhancing product innovation. Despite the growth experienced in previous years, the sector will encounter a series of challenges which will condition future profitability. OEMs and suppliers will encounter an intensification of complexity, cost-pressure and weight focus, they will experience a shift of the centre of gravity towards emerging markets and an increase in the digital demands, and they will face a change in the industry landscape, as component manufacturers will be required to add increasing value to the final product.Role of body in white and chassis The challenges regarding cost pressure and weight faced by OEMs and component manufacturers forces the industry to produce increasingly lighter cars, which are cost effective and meet environmental and safety regulation. Towards achieving this goal, a car's body in white (BIW) and chassis play a critical role as they account for almost 40% of the vehicle's weight, and are expected to require 15% of the investment needed to accomplish the fuel efficiency targets. In order to tackle the need to produce light components, the industry has come up with new technologies and materials to replace traditional mild steel which allow for a significant weight reduction. These innovative materials encompass Ultra High Strength Steel (UHSS) and hot stamped steel, and aluminium and composites. These last two technologies, although offering the highest weight reduction, are still under development and their high manufacturing costs hinder their general expansion. UHSS and hot-stamped steels allow offer significantly higher yield strengths with a 20% weight reduction, while increasing manufacturing costs by 15%. Aluminium, which needs to be alloyed to be used in structural components, besides reducing 40% weight, offers high recyclability and emission reduction. Composites offer even further weight reduction, 50% and reduced manufacturing complexity. Nevertheless, these technologies respectively increase manufacturing costs by 30% and 470%. Competitive landscape in the body in white and chassis stamping sector The body in white and chassis market is dominated by a few players who have achieved leadership through global coverage and breath of capabilities. Within the stamping sector, Cosma (company of Magna International), Gestamp Automoción, Benteler Automotive and Tower International are the largest competitors. They present revenues ranging from 2.000 to 8.000 million dollars, and have an operational efficiency averaging 10% EBITDA margin. Although there are many local players present with focus only on a certain region, and some OEMs internally develop stamping activities, the industry is turning towards higher consolidation, as body and chassis account for 40% of all the current M&A activity in the industry. Identification of success factors for the competitiveness of a hot stamping plant As it has been highlighted, the stamping of body in white and chassis, and more precisely, hot stamping, is highly competitive, which makes the identification of competitiveness success factor very important. The automotive industry has become a greatly global industry in the past decades and hence, automotive suppliers have had to expand their operations and try to optimize their manufacturing footprint.Therefore, one of the ways an automotive supplier could become a ruthless competitor and build up a strategy that wouldn't be able to be imitated by its competitors is by developing a ruthless footprint. The four identified critical success factors to achieve footprint competitiveness encompass: The technological know-how of the hot-stamping processes, products, materials. Research is carried out in order to define material properties, processes, machinery and future developments, as well as the wide range of products possibly manufactured with hot stamping and the increasing demand faced by the technology. A strategic location that would allow benefiting from Just in Time (JIT) production with the customer, appropriate raw material sourcing and reduced logistic and shipping costs Proximity to OEM plant is proved to positively affect both hard features like JIT and shipping costs and soft features like image and cultural impact. Besides, potential raw material price difference are partially explained by the location and its influence on cost drivers An adequate work-force, which shows a successful balance of personnel cost, skills, productivity and education. Detailed analysis performed evidences how worker characteristics vary along different countries and can explain cost and performance differences High operational efficiency based on lean techniques and good Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) and Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) performances Presentation of the vast benefits enhanced through the implementation of OEE and TPM strategies together with benchmarks on hot stamping and other comparable technologies Modelling of competitiveness through a case study If this document just held on to a descriptive level, the utility of it would be limited. By means of designing a model to quantify the impact of the identified competitiveness success factors, it allows to build a further perspective, a real case scenario. The case study defines a supplier of hot stamping components, which must manufacture the Bpillar production for a vehicle from one of its plants. In order to find out which location offers the biggest cost competitiveness, the model illustrates detailed cost breakdowns and studies the main cost drivers in each plant in light of the identified success factors. The model and its application to a case study are very useful in order to highlight improvement initiatives, and their potential impact on cost and performance. It proposes a series of initiatives which prove to achieve an 11pp OEE increase and a 50% reduction in maintenance costs, regarding the fields of plant capacity and organization improvement; establishment of standard work, 5S and visual management; reduction of unplanned machine and tool maintenance; and efficiency and consistency of changeovers through SMED. Furthermore, the application to a case study allows to contextualize manufacturing performances within a financial evaluation and to come across with concepts such as operational profit, required cost of capital and average annual ROCE, which in the auto-component industry are standardized to be >12%, 8,1% and >15% respectively. Finally, the employment of a model allows to carryout sensitivity analysis and to evaluate the impact of other potential soft skills such as coordination, culture impact or image. Conclusions The first analytical topics of the document grant an understanding of the current situation and challenges faced by OEMs and suppliers, and highlight the big relevance that body and chassis components will have towards achieving cost and weight reduction goals. Furthermore, it serves as an introduction on the characteristics of the BIW and chassis components and technologies, and remarks the importance of competitiveness. Nevertheless, the biggest value addition of this document mainly relays on the identification and quantification of the success factors that make a hot stamping plant achieve a ruthless footprint. Through this analysis, the most important levers towards becoming competitive are defined and evaluated. On the one hand, the situation of outside and uncontrolled conditions such as country labour characteristics, shipping costs and raw material cost drivers are described in depth. Such detailed description intents to be positively valued by manufacturers before leveraging and deciding on their footprint decision. On the other hand, in depth research of the technology, with focus on materials, processes and products, and their alternatives, and definition of rules towards achieving excellent operational and maintenance performances are defined. By means of these levers, clear and detailed initiatives are proposed to improve performance and become more cost competitive. Moreover, the application of these identified success factors in a case study allows contextualizing them within a real manufacturing scenario. The definition of a cost model helps to illustrate the impact on overall cost of the identified levers and their influence towards competitiveness improvement. The quantification of the impact of the success factors allows, furthermore, to apply financial evaluations and sensitivity analysis.