Suchergebnisse

In 2009, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) adopted the Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing (PSMA). Countries that ratify the treaty commit to exert greater control at ports over foreign-flagged vessels to detect IUU catch before it is offloaded from vessels, and prevent the ill-gotten catch from entering the world's markets. The PSMA, when effectively implemented globally, will be a major deterrent to IUU fishing. A major challenge to selecting ports for enhanced controls has been the lack of data on which ports are the world's largest or busiest. There is no global ranking of major fishing ports of any kind, so the goal of this work was to identify, rank and characterize the world's ports for the purpose of assessing what the impact the PSMA could have at the country level. This list of the top 100 ports by landed tonnage is one of the first of its kind to be published as a single consolidated dataset, and it is intended as a starting point in the further assessment of activity in the world's fishing ports.

Production risks in agriculture due to biotic elements such as pests create biodiversity effects that impede productivity. Pesticides reduce these effects but are damaging for the environment and human health. When regulating farming practices, governments weigh these side-effects against the competitiveness of their agriculture. In a Ricardian two-country setup, we show that free trade results in an incomplete production specialization, that restrictions on pesticides are generally more stringent than under autarky and that trade increases the price volatility of crops produced by both countries and some of the specialized crops. If biodiversity effects are large, the price volatility of all crops is larger than under autarky.

Chapter 1 starts out with a short historical view on "academisation" and "professionalisation," illustrating how much professional higher education (PHE) in Europe has been in flux in the past years. With examples from France and Ireland, the chapter argues how a new spectrum of missions, differences in national organization of PHE and a variety of denominations for PHE providers and programmes has slowed down a shared understanding of what PHE commonly characterises. Chapter 2 gives information on research aims and methodology of the "HAPHE" (Harmonising Approaches to Professional Higher Education) initiative, which made this publication possible. Chapter 3 is a central part of this book. The authors suggest a validated definition for PHE and present a structured set of characteristics (framework) including quality criteria. The three framework dimensions: policy and strategy, teaching and learning, and research, development and innovation are accompanied by examples of PHE from several European countries. Those examples where gathered from programmes and institutions that have developed a clear professional profile in all or most of the framework criteria. Chapter 4 outlines differences in PHE systems in 15 EU member states for curricular requirements, PHE provision on EQF levels, the recognition of professional degrees, and, not less importantly, access to (research) funding. Chapter 5 builds on the outcomes of all previous chapters and formulates recommendations to European and national policy-makers, the providers of PHE policy, and individuals/organisations working on quality development. (DIPF/Orig.)

Production risks in agriculture due to biotic elements such as pests create biodiversity effects that impede productivity. Pesticides reduce these effects but are damaging for the environment and human health. When regulating farming practices, governments weigh these side-effects against the competitiveness of their agriculture. In a Ricardian two-country setup, we show that free trade results in an incomplete production specialization, that restrictions on pesticides are generally more stringent than under autarky and that trade increases the price volatility of crops produced by both countries and some of the specialized crops. If biodiversity effects are large, the price volatility of all crops is larger than under autarky.

CA Paris, 20 novembre 2013, Google France et Google c/ Bottin Cartographe ; Peer reviewed

Production risks in agriculture due to biotic elements such as pests create biodiversity effects that impede productivity. Pesticides reduce these effects but are damaging for the environment and human health. When regulating farming practices, governments weigh these side-effects against the competitiveness of their agriculture. In a Ricardian two-country setup, we show that free trade results in an incomplete production specialization, that restrictions on pesticides are generally more stringent than under autarky and that trade increases the price volatility of crops produced by both countries and some of the specialized crops. If biodiversity effects are large, the price volatility of all crops is larger than under autarky.

Исследовано феномен транснационального терроризма, главной целью которого выступает дестабилизация государственных режимов, смена государственной власти и провокация иных политических, национальных или религиозных конфликтов. Проанализированы формы его выражения в международных отношениях. Разделены понятия терроризма и национально-освободительного движения. ; This article is devoted to uncovering the phenomena of transnational terrorism, the main aim that is destabilization state regime, forming some troubling at population from its defenseless by violence, changing a state power and provocation other political, national or religions conflicts. In this article was been analyzed forms expression on terrorism and national liberation action.

"La culture et les industries culturelles restent jusqu'à présent un facteur méconnu de la puissance chinoise" ; Peer reviewed

Que peut-on apprendre des arguments en science politique quant à leur rôle dans les discours ? S'inscrivant dans la suite des travaux sur les bifurcations et reposant sur une analyse des arguments et des discours politiques belges relatifs au climat, cet article interroge la fonctionnalité du marqueur le-pire-est-à-venir. Ce dernier, riche d'enseignement, s'apparente à la fois : 1) à un marqueur temporel particulier marquant le changement, 2) à un révélateur de figures politiques et 3) à un marqueur hybride dans l'énonciation des régimes de l'avenir. ; Peer reviewed

Die Frage, bis zu welchem Alter Erwerbstätige ihre Beschäftigung in der Regel ausüben müssen und wann sie in den Ruhestand eintreten können, ist hierzulande in den vergangenen Jahren intensiv diskutiert und 2007 durch einen Beschluss des Deutschen Bundestages politisch entschieden worden. Allerdings bleibt die Entscheidung, die Regelaltersgrenze sukzessive auf 67 Jahre anzuheben, bis heute umstritten. Während auf der einen Seite gefordert wird, die Anhebung der Altersgrenze rückgängig zu machen, geht anderen die Anhebung nicht weit genug. Begründet wird die Verlängerung der Lebensarbeitszeit vor allem mit dem demographischen Wandel und einer höheren Lebenserwartung, die – bedingt durch eine gleichzeitig wachsende Ruhestandsdauer und das Umlagesystem der Rentenversicherung – eine zunehmende Belastung der jüngeren Generationen mit sich bringt. Argumentiert wird zudem mit der gestiegenen Leistungsfähigkeit älterer Arbeitnehmer und einem sich bereits abzeichnenden Fachkräftemangel in Deutschland. Einwände gegen die Anhebung der Altersgrenze stützen sich dagegen auf Beobachtungen, dass viele Arbeitnehmer schon heute den Belastungen nicht gewachsen sind und vorzeitig aus dem Erwerbsleben ausscheiden müssen sowie die geringen Chancen, die ältere Arbeitnehmer auf dem Arbeitsmarkt vorfinden. Diese Diskussion wird in ähnlicher Weise gegenwärtig auch in anderen europäischen Ländern geführt, wobei sich nicht nur die gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen und die darauf bezogenen Reformanstrengungen, sondern auch die tatsächlichen Prozesse des Übergangs in den Ruhestand in der Europäischen Union derzeit erheblich unterscheiden.

The 2004 and 2007 enlargements of the EU extended the freedom of movement to workers from the twelve new member states mainly from Central Eastern Europe. This study summarizes and comparatively evaluates what we know about mobility in an enlarged Europe to date. The pre-enlargement fears of free labor mobility proved to be unjustified. No significant detrimental effects on the receiving countries' labor markets have been documented, nor has there been any discernible welfare shopping. Rather, there appear to have been positive effects on EU's productivity. The sending countries face some risks of losing their young and skilled labor force, but free labor mobility has relieved them of some redundant labor and the associated fiscal burden. They have also profited from remittances. Of key importance for the sending countries is to reap the benefits from brain gain and brain circulation in an enlarged EU. For the migrants the benefits in terms of better career prospects have with little doubt exceeded any pecuniary and non-pecuniary costs of migration. In conclusion, the freedom of movement in the EU provides for a triple-win situation for the receiving and sending countries as well as for migrants themselves, provided the risks are contained and efficient brain circulation is achieved.

This article is part of a volume on limits of competition law. It explores a particular type of limitations, which has not recieved the attention it deserves. These limits stem from finite legal technology and bear on imports from economics into competition law. There is usually more than one way to import any given element of economic wisdom into a court decisions, but there is a finite number of options. Therefore, courts who are willing to take on an economic arguments will have to make choices as to the most suited legal technique among those available. In this article, I offer a typology of available legal techniques and explain their respective characteristics in terms of three characteristics, which matter for importing economics: degree of legal change implied, flexibility and fidelity to economic reasoning. I argue that it is important that courts become aware of the choice-of-technique decisions they are making and that scholars consider this methodological dimension of competition law & economics. ; Peer reviewed

Cette présentation a pour objectif de mettre en exergue les grands principes retenus par le Règlement européen relatif aux successions. Pour ce faire, les règles européennes sont contrastées avec le cadre juridique actuel.

Der Privatinvestortest hat seinen festen Platz in der Prüfung nach Art 107 AEUV hinsichtlich des Vorliegens eines beihilferelevanten Vorteils. Bis 2010 konnte dabei als gesichert gelten, dass die Anwendung dieses Tests hinsichtlich steuerlicher Maßnahmen nur in sehr engen Grenzen erfolgen kann, da es häufig am Bestehen eines Referenzmarktes fehlt. Die jüngsten Entwicklungen in der Rechtsprechung des EuG zeigen allerdings eine Aufweichung der aus dieser Problematik abgeleiteten strengen Trennung zwischen "naturgemäß" hoheitlichen und privatrechtlichen Maßnahmen der Mitgliedstaaten. Diese Entwicklung ist im Hinblick auf den Grundsatz der wirtschaftlichen Betrachtungweise, welche dem Beihilferecht und dem Steuerrecht als Prinzip der Gesetzesanwendung gemeinsam ist, zu begrüßen.

Conclusion AG Mengozzi, 11 novembre 2010, AG2R Prévoyance, aff. C–437/09 ; Peer reviewed