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The Frank Borman Papers, 1961-1989, contain material that Borman accumulated while serving as an executive of Eastern Airlines. Materials include office files, correspondence, company reports, clippings, speech transcripts, audio recordings and a few artifacts. Correspondence addressing Eastern's financial crisis, labor relations, and support for Borman constitutes the bulk of the collection. Transcripts of speeches Borman delivered as a Special Representative for President Nixon, as an U.S. astronaut for NASA, and as CEO of Eastern Airlines are also included in the collection. ; Frank Borman, U.S. Astronaut who led the Apollo 8 lunar orbit mission and Chief Executive Officer of Eastern Airlines from 1975-1986, was born in Gary, Indiana, March 14, 1928. Raised in Tucson, Arizona, where he learned to fly at age 15, Borman attended U.S. Military Academy, West Point and earned a Bachelor of Science degree in 1950, thus beginning a 20-year career in the U.S. Air Force. He received a Masters of Science in Aeronautical Engineering from the California Institute of Technology in 1957. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) recruited Borman into its astronaut program, for which Borman led the Gemini 7 (1965) and the Apollo 8 (1968) missions. In 1970, Borman retired from NASA with over 6,000 hours of in-space flight time, and the US Air Force at the rank of Colonel. As the Special Representative of President Richard Nixon, Borman visited twelve countries in Europe and the Far East in 1970 to search out information concerning missing American prisoners of war in Vietnam. Borman began serving as a special advisor to Eastern Airlines in 1969. In 1970, he was named Senior Vice President of Operational Affairs, eventually earning the title of Chief Executive Officer in 1975 and Chairman of the Board by 1976. Borman used Eastern's assets to invest heavily in modern jetliners. Increased debt, and the Deregulation Act of 1978--which opened the Airline Industry to pure competition-- brought many challenges to the development and financial stability of Eastern Airlines. Borman instituted innovative and risky financial tactics to ease the effects of the deregulation policies, including profit-sharing and labor wages that were dependent upon the company's success. Borman's tactics produced the company's four most profitable years, but they also resulted in dissent among Eastern's labor unions. By 1983, as a proposed solution to Eastern's debt burden, Borman asked employees to accept pay cuts in order to keep the company running. Eastern's mechanics, represented by the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers (IAM), threatened to strike if Eastern's management followed through with this planned pay cut. Borman failed to reach an agreement with the labor unions and retired from Eastern Airlines in 1986, selling the company, 3.5 billion dollars in debt, to Texas Air executive and ""corporate raider"" Frank Lorenzo. Lorenzo's confrontational and controversial tactics eventually pushed Eastern into bankruptcy, following a 1989 strike by the Machinists, pilots, and flight attendants. Lorenzo was ultimately declared ""unfit to rule"" in the bankruptcy case overseen by Judge Burton Lifland, and after he sold off all routes, gates and aircraft, Eastern was liquidated in 1991. ; Personally identifiable information has been redacted from this item.

284Sovereign and organizational immunity — Foreign States — International organizations — Whether OPEC a "foreign State" for purposes of service of process under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Whether OPEC amenable to service of process under the International Organizations Immunities Act — Whether price fixing activities of OPEC and its member States were "commercial activity" for purposes of amenability to suit under the 1976 Act — Whether OPEC member States were "persons" subject to liability for restrictive trade practices under Section 1 of the Sherman Act — The law of the United States

413States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Sovereign immunity — Comparison — Act of state doctrine a principle of domestic law — Whether doctrine goes to jurisdiction — Rationale of doctrine — Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries — Whether setting oil prices an infringement of United States antitrust law — Whether an act of State — Commercial activity exception to act of State doctrine — The law of the United States

The collection consists of papers of W. J. "Bill" Usery from 1940, 1942, 1952-2004. The International Association of Machinists series (1940, 1952-1969) documents Usery's involvement and participation with labor unions and the arbitration process. The United States Government series (1969-1977) pertains to Usery's government career, while the Bill Usery Associates series contains material relating to Usery's labor-management negotiation firm in Washington, DC. The Client and Mediation Files series (1942-1997) documents Usery's personal, and his Bill Usery Associates, Inc. labor-management consulting firm's, involvement in dispute resolution, strike settlement, and workplace productivity; it forms the bulk of the latter portion of the collection. The Name and Subject Files series (1963-1965, 1970-2004) includes material related to Usery's appointments to Presidential Commissions, while the series Oral History Transcripts and Materials (1967-1986) relates to Eastern Airlines and the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service. The 2,265 photographs mainly consist of Usery at various points in his governmental service and form the final series in the collection. Artifacts include model rockets launched at the Kennedy Space Center. ; Born in Hardwick, Georgia, December 21, 1923, Willie Julian Usery, Jr. has been known as "Bill" throughout his life. Educated at Georgia Military College (1938-1941) in Milledgeville, Usery worked as a machinist at naval shipyards in Brunswick, Georgia, and later as a Navy enlisted (1943-1946) underwater welder on a repair ship in the Pacific Fleet. While working as a maintenance machinist at the Armstrong Cork Company, Macon, Georgia (1948-1956), Usery attended Mercer University. Usery was a founding member of the International Association of Machinists' Local 8 (joining March 1, 1952, what is now Local 918), eventually becoming its president and later IAM Grand Lodge Representative from 1956 until February 1969. In 1961, while ""GLR"" Usery was appointed industrial union representative on the President's Missile Sites Labor Commission at Cape Canaveral (Kennedy Space Center from 1963 on) and at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Additionally, Usery coordinated union activities at the Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, and in 1967 became a member of the Cape Kennedy Labor-Management Relations Council, serving as its chair in 1968. In February 1969, Usery received his first Presidential appointment from Richard Nixon as Assistant Secretary of Labor for Labor-Management Relations. While administering the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA), Usery formulated and implemented Executive Order 1199, establishing standards of organizing and bargaining for more than two million Federal employees. In 1970 and 1971, Usery worked intensively to settle disputes in the railway industry involving the Brotherhood of Airline and Railway and Airline Clerks (BRAC) and the United Transportation Union (UTU). Employing his characteristic non-stop negotiations, Usery had already averted a 1971, nationwide strike by the Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen. Also in 1971, Usery had obtained the first collective bargaining agreement in the United States Postal Service's history. From March 1973, and until February 1976, Usery held the post of Director, Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, guiding more than 300 professional mediators in 79 field offices throughout the United States. During this period, Usery was chief mediator in major labor-management disputes, plus he advised Presidents Nixon (Special Assistant to the President for Labor-Management Affairs, August 1974) and Ford (Special Assistant for Labor-Management Negotiations, April 1975) on the status of the nation's labor-management relations. In October 1973, the AFL-CIO Council voted unanimously to offer Usery the directorship of the Department of Organization and Field Services, which he accepted but then declined at the request of President Nixon. In February 1976, President Gerald Ford appointed Usery United States Secretary of Labor, a post which he held until Jimmy Carter became President on January 20, 1977. Almost immediately following the end of Usery's government service, he founded Bill Usery Associates, Inc. (BUA), a Washington, D. C.-based firm providing consulting services in all areas of employer-employee relations. Usery has also been selected to serve on Presidential Commissions, i.e. the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations and the ""Coal Commission."" Bill Usery and Associates served as the catalyst for pioneering negotiations among the United Auto Workers, Toyota and General Motors to produce the entity popularly known as "NUMMI" the New United Motors Manufacturing, Inc. (established 1983). NUMMI's inception involved Usery's firm in international negotiation, planning for productivity, and a wholly new way to foster labor-management cooperation. High profile strikes involving Usery and his firm's mediation talents included the Pittston Coal Strike (1989-1990) and the Major League Baseball Players Association Baseball Strike (1994-1995). Usery remains ""on call"" as a special mediator as presidents seek to resolve labor conflicts. Usery was a Co-Commissioner of both the Coal Commission, seeking to resolve thorny issues involving miners' retirement funding, and the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations (1993-1995). In 1985, Usery established the Bill Usery Labor Relations Foundation, which helped create Partners in Economic Reform, a group working with democratic labor and management in the former Soviet Union. In the mid-1990s, Usery's vision of labor-management cooperation found a home in the W. J. Usery, Jr., Center for the Workplace at Georgia State University, a entity with wide programmatic aims in collective bargaining, workplace productivity, and dispute resolution serving company and union leaders. In early 2000, Usery scaled back his work in the Washington, D. C. area to shift his focus to the work of the Center.

The International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers records document the development of an Atlanta, Georgia, machinists union into an international union. The materials span the years from 1891 to 2002; the bulk of the collection is dated 1935-1989. The papers of the IAMAW include correspondence, minutes, reports, organizational publications, legal and financial records, conference material, speeches, newspaper articles and other material documenting the history of the machinists. ; The United Machinists and Mechanical Engineers of America was founded in 1888. In 1889, the name changed to the National Association of Machinists. Two years later, it became known as the International Association of Machinists, and in 1965, this was changed to the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers.