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International sales of goods -- Standard trade terms -- The Vienna Convention on the International Sale of Goods 1980 -- Regulating the electronic commerce environment -- Electronic commerce : legal issues and harmonisation -- The electronic transaction and security issues -- Transportation of cargo -- Transportation of goods by sea : charterparties -- Bills of lading -- Bills of lading and common law -- Carriage of goods by sea : bills of lading and the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971 -- The Hamburg rules and the rotterdam rules -- International carriage of goods by air -- International carriage of goods by rail -- International carriage of goods by road -- International multimodal transport -- Financing and insurance -- Marine insurance -- Letters of credit -- Dispute resolution -- Jurisdiction -- Choice of law -- Foreign judgments -- Arbitration -- Mediation (conciliation) : an alternative form of dispute resolution -- Corruption -- Fighting corruption in international business

Trade and economic policy -- The modern trade debate among economists -- The making and impact of trade agreements in national legal systems -- The WTO : history, structure, and future -- WTO dispute settlement -- Special topics in WTO dispute settlement -- Tariffs -- Quantitative restrictions -- National treatments : internal taxation -- National treatments : internal regulations -- Most-favored-nation treatment -- Preferential trade agreements -- General exceptions : GATT Article XX -- General exceptions : the chapeau of GATT Article XX -- Dumping and anti-dumping --Subsidies and countervailing duties-- Safeguards -- Agreement on sanitary and phytosanitary measures -- Agreement on technical barriers to trade -- Trade in services -- Trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights -- The WTO and developing countries

Digitisation has significantly impacted international trade. This book explains the impact of digitisation on trade in services, the ensuing concept of 'digital services' and the different types of trade barriers these services face. This book establishes that the legal framework that applies to trade in services also applies to digital services. It elaborates on the scope of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and how to classify digital services. The relevant GATS obligations are subsequently applied to several case studies that illustrate the barriers to digital services trade. These case studies demonstrate the impact of the applicability of GATS to digital services on countries' international obligations. Finally, the book maps the electronic commerce-related provisions in in regional trade agreements (RTAs). Six extensive e-commerce RTAs are compared in depth and it is considered whether they add substantially to the existing multilateral obligations applicable to digital services trade.

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