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AbstractThis collection of articles on international negotiation pedagogy compares and contrasts a range of training methods and theories employed by scholars who teach international negotiation from different disciplinary backgrounds and in diverse institutional settings. Notwithstanding this variation, the contributors share a focus on enabling students to engage in negotiation and conflict analysis by teaching a set of core heuristics, to better understand interpersonal behavioral dynamics and learning certain interpersonal skills, and to practice negotiation and conflict analysis through the use of role plays and simulations. The contributors make different observations about the impact of students' personal knowledge and experiences on their ability to learn negotiation skills, and have developed different ways of incorporating student backgrounds in their approaches to negotiation training. The development of more complex simulations is one way instructors are beginning to leverage student knowledge and experience to achieve pedagogical goals.

The subject of this article is how deadlocks in international negotiations may be solved. Despite the fact that deadlock is a common phenomenon in international negotiations, this subject has received little attention from negotiation theorists. This analysis, which is based on five instances of deadlocks that occurred during the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, focuses on (a) the negotiating parties' attempts and ability to solve deadlocks by coercion and persuasion, package deals and fractionating, and innovations, (b) how non-controversial elements, uncertainty, vagueness, symbolic formulas and residual disagreement can be used to solve deadlocks, and (c) how the perceptions of the negotiation and the presence of internal negotiations may limit the negotiation parties' possibilities to solve deadlocks. The analysis shows that innovations that are non-controversial, in the sense that they are hard to relate to the positions of the parties in terms of concessions or retractions, may play an important role in solving deadlocks. Furthermore, it indicates that agreements that follow deadlocks are often characterized by uncertainty, vagueness, symbolic formulas and residual disagreement.

Abstract
Today's concept of economic globalization is predicated and centered around a sustainable development various economic systems which focus on their ability to achieve the best possible results today without jeopardizing the ability of national economies to meet their needs in the future. Beginning with the fact that globalization has become a pre-requisite for most companies today, regardless of its size or scope of operations, I will, in this paper talk about the theoretical issues that surround globalization of an economy, different types and stages of international transactions and the business communications that go on within these internationalization stages.

Abstract
The notion of justice is a vital element in international negotiation training especially if the participants are from the political and diplomatic realms. This is the case not only because trainees need to be aware of existing judicial organizations, but foremost, because of the role that fairness plays in helping negotiation processes develop and conclude agreements that are then implemented successfully. Unfair outcomes are normally ineffective. This article highlights the role of justice in a training environment of growing complexity. It deals with simple bilateral exercises, as well as negotiations that involve constituencies and mediators, multiparty bargaining situations, and complex multilateral diplomatic conferences. Justice in the training environment touches upon issues like positions and interests, power and influence, strategy and tactics, skills and styles, culture and emotions, and above all, on actors and processes in the context of politics, diplomacy and history.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- The EU as an International Negotiator -- Approach -- Case Selection -- Terminology -- Structure of the Book -- References -- Theorising the EU as an International Actor -- International Negotiations as a Two-Level Game with Principals and Agents -- The Negotiator in a Two-Level Game -- Principal-Agent Analysis-Domestic Dynamics -- Strategic Action by the International Negotiator -- Strategic Action by the Principals at the International Level -- Negotiating Context -- Two-Level Game and Principal-Agent Analysis of EU International Negotiations -- The EU Negotiators at the Centre: A Framework for Analysis -- References -- Development Negotiations -- Introduction -- Background -- From Yaoundé to Cotonou -- From Lomé to Cotonou -- The EU Institutional Set-Up: A Principal-Agent Relationship -- Agent Power -- Principal Control -- The College of Commissioners -- The Council of the EU -- The European Parliament -- Case Study-Negotiating the Partnership Agreement with the OACPS -- Preparation Phase -- The EU's Domestic Negotiations at Level Two-Identifying the Win-Set -- International Engagement at Level One -- Negotiation Phase -- The EU's Domestic Negotiations at Level Two -- International Negotiations at Level One -- Ratification Phase -- Conclusion -- References -- Trade Negotiations -- Introduction -- Background -- Entering the Multilateral Trading System -- Towards Bilateralism -- The EU Institutional Set-Up: A Principal-Agent Relationship -- Agent Power -- Principal Control -- The College of Commissioners -- The Council of the EU -- The European Parliament -- Case Study-Negotiating the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with Japan -- Preparation Phase -- The EU's Domestic Negotiations at Level Two-Identifying the Win-Set -- International Engagement at Level One.

International law needs to respond to the dual pressures for change brought on by rapid technological development and the promulgation of the "New International Economic Order." While a number of major international negotiations have been mounted in recent years to respond to these pressures, all of them have failed to meet expectations. The value of international law in shaping and stabilizing international behavior will certainly diminish unless the performance of these international negotiations is improved or other methods for effectuating change are found. It is the purpose of this article to explore some of the procedures that the international community has used to respond to these pressures and to suggest areas for improvement or further exploration.

The goals of the Conference were to foster increased communication and understanding between practitioners and researchers and among various research disciplines, to present and discuss research results, and to identify possible future research activities. The participation and interaction of both high level negotiations practitioners and researchers were considered especially valuable and unique aspects of the Conference.All of the subjects dealt with at the Conference have direct and obvious relevance to improving negotiations outcomes on, and the ability to deal effectively with, such issues as the trans boundary effects (environmental,economic, etc.) of technological risk, security and confidence-building measures,and international economic cooperation- all of which are high on the negotiations agenda of many countries.

The international system comprises a plurality of sovereign states often pursuing conflicting interests. One means of resolving or managing conflicts between those states is diplomatic bargaining or negotiation.