Suchergebnisse

The issue of international human rights norms which have not yet been fully established within the existing international human rights standard belongs at present to the essential components of the UN Human Rights Council agenda. Based on a synthesis of legal and political notions of the process of emergence of human rights norms, the paper attempts to clearly define and classify these emerging norms, which are sometimes called "new" human rights. At the same time it focuses on individual emerging human rights that are included on the Council's agenda, examines the stages they reached in the international norm cycle and briefly discusses the tools used by the UN Human Rights Council to achieve progress in this respect and turn the norms in statu nascendi into full international standards. Adapted from the source document.

The paper analyses the motivation behind the Czech Foreign Policy's decision to support the "measures" of the "EU-14" towards Austria in 2000, which was an exception among EU-accessions candidate states. This paper offers two hypotheses explaining the Czech decision to follow the EU-14 measures: defense of European values or international norms vs. the assertion of the national interest. The hypotheses have been constructed with the help of two approaches: the constructivist distinction between "logic of appropriateness" & the "logic of consequentiality" in the state behavior, & the liberal-intergovernmental model of maximizing benefit, i.e. improving the state's negotiation position. The analysis of arguments which were used by the Czech political elite showed that the normative argument & the argument regarding "national interest" were both used in different variations by both advocates & opponents of the "sanctions." Through an analysis of empirical material the author came to the conclusion that detection of motives in foreign policy decisions requires consideration of both of the aforementioned approaches. Obviously, a comparative survey including further research materials could eventually support this conclusion. References. Adapted from the source document.

This paper aims to develop a simple, rigorous, and generally applicable analytical framework for investigation of the ability of international institutions to shape the political contestation among actors in international politics. To achieve this end, it discusses the key conceptual problems of the existing notions of the functioning of international institutions and offers steps to address these problems. It partially reformulates and formalizes the currently used concepts of effectiveness and robustness of institutions and builds upon them the concept of institutional capacity, which captures the quality of the institutions' work in a more complex and analytically rigorous manner. Subsequently, the paper discusses how the concept of institutional capacity can be applied to the study of the political systems of international organizations and presents a list of 24 criteria that are suitable for assessments of their functioning. Adapted from the source document.

Although today national interest is a concept often deemed too old-fashioned for any relevant study of foreign policy or international relations, it is surprising how deeply embedded it is in practical political discourse. The aim of this article is therefore to recast the concept so as to make it a useful theoretical instrument again, hence renewing the conceptual link between the academic & practical discourses on the subject. The argument is divided into five steps: First, we will explain the realist account of national interest & its two major features -- essentialism & its non-normative nature. Second, we will dedicate some attention to the critics of the realist approach. Third, we will try to demonstrate that both sides of this debate have committed a fundamental error in considering national interest as a descriptive category. By pointing to the concept's historical evolution, we will show that national interest should be primarily understood as a normative concept. In the last two steps, we will couple the debate on interest to discussions in theories of democracy & set three criteria which must be met for interest to be considered legitimate. Adapted from the source document.

This article deals with the Iranian motivations for building military nuclear programme. The motivations are analyzed through three models presented by Scott D. Sagan (1997): the security model, the domestic politics model and the norm model. These models are used in a competitive way. We claim that despite the fact that all the models are able to find certain motivations in the case of Iran, the security model is the best model in terms of applicability, but only when its weak aspects are overcome. Regarding the domestic politics model we were able to identify the structures (the Revolutionary Guards and scientists) which might have the greatest profit from Iran's nuclearization. However, other motivations within the political system are hardly found. From the perspective of the normative model we discuss the role of international and cultural norms in the context of the Iranian nuclear programme, and we especially discuss the image of modernity, nationalism and the double standard applied from the side of the Western countries in connection with this topic. Adapted from the source document.

This study analyses the causes of the fall of the Chechen state after its de facto independence (1996-1999) following the so-called First Russian-Chechen War (1994-1996). The failed incursion of the (predominantly Wahhabi) Chechen-Dagestani guerillas in Dagestan (August 1999), designed to inflame a regional rebellion against Russia, resulted in the current Second Russian-Chechen War. The Chechen state's failure was mainly caused by internal factors, primarily the 'clanish' division of Chechen society & customary legal norms (eg., blood feuds), but also the spread of political Islam & the expansion of North Caucasian Wahhabism. Considering recent attempts to extend the conflict over Chechnya's borders, this field continues to be of immense import. In Dagestan, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria & elsewhere, processes similar to those being studied may be better understood following this study. Adapted from the source document.

Der vorliegende Band dokumentiert die Beiträge einer Konferenz, die 1997 an der Europa-Universität Viadrina zum Thema "Der deutsch-polnische Nachbarschaftsvertrag - Bilanz nach 5 Jahren" stattfand. Die Autoren - Politologen, Juristen, Ökonomen, Historiker, Kultur- und Sprachwissenschaftler sowie Praktiker aus dem diplomatischen Dienst - bilanzieren die deutsch-polnischen und die deutsch-tschechischen Beziehungen der letzten Jahre, untersuchen die rechtliche, wirtschaftliche und soziale Situation der deutschen und polnischen Minderheit und diskutieren Grundlagen und Probleme der grenzüberschreitenden Zusammenarbeit. Ein separates Kapitel beschäftigt sich mit der kulturellen Identität der polnischen bzw. deutschen Minderheit und dem kulturellen Austausch zwischen Deutschland, Polen und der Tschechischen Republik. In diesem Zusammenhang ist auch die Lektüre von Heft 4, 1998, der Zeitschrift "Eichholz Brief" empfehlenswert, das dem deutschen-teschechischen Verhältnis gewidmet ist und zahlreiche Aufsätze zu deutsch-tschechischen Auslandsbildern und Kulturbeziehungen enthält. (ifa)

In den vergangenen 40 Jahren litten wir Ungarn - wie die Bürger der gesamten Region - unter dem Mangel an Freiheit. Heutzutage leiden wir unter dem Gefühl des Mangels an Gleichheit und Lebenssicherheit. Ähnlich wie die ursprüngliche Kapitalakkumulation geht auch die gegenwärtige auf Kosten der Armen. Faktoren wie Zusammenbruch der Wertehierarchie, Unzulänglichkeit des Rechtssystems und Transformation des Schulwesens (so insb. die Abschaffung des kostenlosen Schulunterrichts) bergen große Gefahren in sich. Den Meinungsumfragen zufolge empfinden 65% der Ungarn (wie auch der Polen oder der Slowaken) ihr derzeitiges Leben als schwerer als das von 1990. Materielle Opfer werden wir auch künftig aufbringen müßen. In einer relativ kurzen Zeit soll unsere Region zum Bestandteil des sich vereinigenden Europas werden. Auf Veränderungen unseres Lebens und noch mehr des Denkens drängen zudem die Globalisierungsprozesse und die Revolution der Informatik. All den Prozessen gegenüber, die uns unaufhaltsam in das Netz des Welthandels einfügen, müßen wir uns stellen. Gleichzeitig gilt es jedoch, jene nationale Charakterzüge, dank denen wir Tschechen, Ungarn, Slowaken, Polen etc. sind, beizubehalten. In dem weltumspannenden Wettbewerb können wir nur bestehen, wenn wir unsere Identität nicht aufgeben. (BIOst-Hrs)