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The OAS charter proclaimed a norm of democratic governance which validated the importance of representative democracy as central to peace and stability in the Western Hemisphere. While this normative commitment made sense in the era of the good neighbor policy, multilateralism and non intervention, U.S. abandonment of these principles since the Eisenhower Administration weakened the norm and created a crisis of legitimacy in the OAS through its treatment of Guatemala in 1954 and Cuba in 1962. The approval of Resolution VI in the meeting of foreign affairs ministers in 1962, excluding Cuba from the OAS because of its government's Marxist ideology was a case of counterproductive institutionalization of the democratic governance norm. This article explores the cycle of regress and renewal of the democratic governance norm through an examination of the OAS treatment of Cuba since 1962 to the 39th OAS General Assembly in San Pedro Sula in 2009. ; La Carta de la OEA proclamó la norma de gobernabilidad democrática que validó la importancia de la democracia representativa como central a la paz y estabilidad del hemisferio occidental. Aunque ese compromiso normativo tuvo sentido en la era de la política del buen vecino, el multilateralismo y la no intervención, el abandono por Estados Unidos de esos principios desde la administración Eisenhower debilitó la norma y creó una crisis de legitimidad en la OEA a raíz de los casos de Guatemala en 1954 y Cuba en 1962. La aprobación de la Resolución VI en la reunión de cancilleres de 1962, excluyendo a Cuba de la OEA debido a la ideología marxista de su gobierno fue un caso de institucionalización contraproducente de la norma de gobernabilidad democrática. Este artículo explora el ciclo de retroceso y renovación de la norma de gobernabilidad democrática a través del examen del tratamiento de Cuba en la OEA desde 1962 hasta la Asamblea General N° 39 de la OEA en San Pedro Sula en junio de 2009.

Studie über die Entwicklung der Zollsysteme in Lateinamerika seit 1927, mit Angaben über den derzeitigen Stand und einem Ausblick auf die Perspektiven einer weiteren Vereinheitlichung im Zuge der Angleichung an die Strukturveränderungen der internationalen Normen im Rahmen des GATT. Hinweis auf das Gewicht einer gemeinsamen Verhandlungsposition der ALADI

The aim of the work was to determine the peculiarities of the principles of formation of sanctions of criminal law norms in the conditions of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The method of analysis and research was used to interpret the works of legal scientists and determine the main theoretical approaches to the application of sanctions in international law on the example of Russia's violation of international law against Ukraine. For the detailed study of the subject the method of analysis and synthesis and descriptive method was used, as well as the method of generalization to determine the results of the research. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that the study clarifies the concept of sanctioning of criminal law norms as one of the original factors of international conflict resolution. The practical significance of the study consists in identifying the action of sanctions in conditions of war by Russia against Ukraine. It is concluded that, the conducted study is the basis for specifying the concept of the principles of sanctions in the international legal sphere, which is also the result of the analysis of legal works.

El presente artículo analiza los orígenes de las normas ius cogens en su proceso evolutivo en la Comisión de Derecho Internacional. Para esto se acude a los trabajos presentados por los diferentes relatores especiales que tuvieron a su cargo el proyecto sobre el derecho de los tratados donde se incluyó el concepto de normas imperativas o ius cogens. Finalmente, se señalan las diferencias entre este tipo de normas y las normas del Derecho Internacional Humanitario. Se entiende por norma imperativa, de acuerdo con el artículo 53 de la Convención de Viena sobre el Derecho de los Tratados, aquella que ha sido "aceptada y reconocida por la comunidad internacional de Estados en su conjunto como norma que no admite acuerdo en contrario y que sólo puede ser modificada por una norma ulterior de derecho internacional general que tenga el mismo carácter". ; This article analyses the origin of ius cogens rules through its evolutionary process in the International Law Commission. In particular, the article includes the work of special rapporteurs dealing with the law of treaties project, in which the concept of imperative rules and ius cogens was studied. Some differences between these rules and humanitarian law have also been included. According to Article 53 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, a peremptory norm "is a norm accepted and recognized by the international community of States as a whole as a norm from which no derogation is permitted and which can be modified only by a subsequent norm of general international law having the same character".

This article presents an analysis of issues of legal implementation of international norms, principles and standards generally accepted in developed economic countries, in particular, the countries of the European Union and the USA, into the national legal system of financial monitoring of Ukraine. The structural characteristic of the financial monitoring system inherent in any state was taken as a basis, and the authors analyzed the internal national financial monitoring system of Ukraine, its features and gradual modification. The article, through the prism of a review of the main elements of the financial monitoring system, draws conclusions about the possible results of such an implementation, as well as about the prospects for global integration trends in this area further. Following the article, it was concluded that, on the one hand, thanks to active cooperation with authoritative international organizations working in the field of Anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism, the national financial monitoring system was able to rise to a new level of activity in preventing illegal income from entering the legal economy. At the same time, such cooperation was carried out to a greater extent not in a directive and administrative manner, but, in general, had a methodological and consultative nature and dealt with a fairly wide range of issues in this area. On the other hand, it is possible to make a disappointing conclusion that such work, which, of course, brought its positive results, nevertheless, was more carried out on paper, because, when trying to implement some international standards into domestic law, there were a number of difficulties. This reduces the effectiveness of the important and necessary work, which was done in the field of reforming the legal system of financial monitoring of Ukraine. In this regard, Ukraine continues to be under the scrutiny of international organizations and should continue to cooperate with them in the field of Anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism.

En este trabajo la autora plantea que las normas que rigen actualmente el derecho del mar, particularmente las aplicables a la zona de Alta Mar, van dejando de dar respuestas satisfactorias a los Estados, llamando la atención a los lectores sobre la manera en que el progreso socioeconómico de la humanidad, las diferencias de desarrollo económico, técnico y político entre Estados y la pérdida de sostén de ciertos intereses defendidos en la III CONVEMAR están impactando sobre esta rama del derecho internacional. El análisis de las situaciones de Argentina y Canadá en esta materia brinda un interesante material de apoyo a los conceptos teóricos que se postulan a lo largo del estudio. ; The article deals with the norms that rule the Law of the Sea, particularly the ones ruling the High Seas, which are not giving a satisfactory response to the States. The author refers to the social-economic progress of humanity, the differences of economic, ethnic and political development between states and the loss of the basis of the interests defended at the III CONVEMAR. The analysis of the Argentinean and Canadian situations give important support for the theoretical concepts held in this article. ; Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales

En este trabajo se expone y analiza el régimen de protección social de los refugiados −y titulares de protección subsidiaria en los niveles en los que se contempla esta figura−. Así, se examina el tratamiento de Seguridad Social, Asistencia Sanitaria y Asistencia Social que se les dispensa en la normativa de ámbito internacional, de la Unión Europea −tanto actual como prvopuesta− e interna española, poniendo de manifiesto las claves de su regulación así como sus aspectos más controvertidos. ; This paper examines the social protection regime of refugees and persons with the right to subsidiary protection. The treatment of Social Security, Health Care and Social Assistance that are exempted by the international norms, of the European Union −current and proposed− and Spanish internal ones are examined, highlighting the keys of its regulation and its most controversial aspects.

This paper examines the social protection regime of refugees and persons with the right to subsidiary protection. The treatment of Social Security, Health Care and Social Assistance that are exempted by the international norms, of the European Union -current and proposed- and Spanish internal ones are examined, highlighting the keys of its regulation and its most controversial aspects. ; En este trabajo se expone y analiza el régimen de protección social de los refugiados −y titulares de protección subsidiaria en los niveles en los que se contempla esta figura−. Así, se examina el tratamiento de Seguridad Social, Asistencia Sanitaria y Asistencia Social que se les dispensa en la normativa de ámbito internacional, de la Unión Europea −tanto actual como prvopuesta− e interna española, poniendo de manifiesto las claves de su regulación así como sus aspectos más controvertidos.

This article analyzes the administrative and social risks arising from the introduction of the Institute of city management. As a result of the study, the authors concluded that the main risks should be considered are 1) fear of being disloyal to the Federal government, 2) the conflict between the administration and the representative body of local self-government, 3) the growth of corruption practices due to the loss of transparency of the process of entry of the head of the municipality into office and 4) the inability to carry out strategic planning. ; Este artículo analiza los riesgos administrativos y sociales derivados de la introducción del Instituto de Administración de la ciudad. Como resultado del estudio, los autores concluyeron que los principales riesgos deberían ser considerados: 1) el temor de ser desleal al gobierno federal, 2) el conflicto entre la administración y el cuerpo representativo del autogobierno local, 3) el crecimiento de prácticas de corrupción debido a la pérdida de transparencia del proceso de ingreso del jefe del municipio en el cargo, y 4) la incapacidad para llevar a cabo la planificación estratégica.

This study aims to point out the shortcomings of international legislation on the use of religious rights and was conceived as a wake-up call to the most relevant institutions for the defense of human rights, in favor of a fair, globalized legal system accessible to all vulnerable minorities, specifically people and their theological convictions, including respect in the absence of it. It describes in a coherent and critical way those international norms related to religious freedoms, in their drafting, practice and execution; determining the degree of responsibility of each actor, whether it's from State or society, in the use of religious rights; proposing new ways to improve freedom of religion in regions with historically poor human rights records. ; Este estudio pretende señalar las falencias de la legislación internacional sobre el uso de los derechos religiosos; texto concebido como una llamada de alerta a las instituciones más relevantes de defensa de los derechos humanos, en pro de un sistema jurídico justo, globalizado y asequible a todas las minorías vulnerables; específicamente, a las personas y sus convicciones de fe, incluyendo el respeto ante la ausencia de ésta. En él se describe de manera crítica las normas internacionales relacionadas con las libertades religiosas, en su redacción, práctica y ejecución; se determina el grado de responsabilidad de cada actor, sea Estado o sociedad, en el uso de los derechos religiosos; y proponen las nuevas formas de cultivar la libertad de religión en regiones con récords de derechos humanos históricamente pobres.

This article focuses on the relation between political parties and the state in the Netherlands; a polity where the main actors in the political scene are not even mentioned in the Constitution, and where there is not a specific party act. The authors describe the origins and development of political parties in the Netherlands, and the question of its regulation, together with a general and comparative glimpse to other European democracies. The thesis is that legal regulation took a different route via international law — the ECHR and the CEDAW —, applied by the national courts. ; Este artículo analiza la relación entre los partidos políticos y el Estado en Holanda; un país en el que los principales actores de la vida pública no están regulados por una ley específica, ni se mencionan en la Constitución. Los autores exponen los orígenes y el desarrollo de los partidos políticos en Holanda, y examinan el problema de su regulación, en el marco de una visión comparada con otros sistemas democráticos europeos. La tesis es que la regulación legal de los partidos siguió un camino distinto del recorrido en Europa, es decir, se realizó a través de la aplicación de normas internacionales, como el Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos y la Convención para la Eliminación de todas las Formas de Discriminación contra la Mujer, por los tribunales holandeses.This article focuses on the relation between political parties and the state in the Netherlands; a polity where the main actors in the political scene are not even mentioned in the Constitution, and where there is not a specific party act. The authors describe the origins and development of political parties in the Netherlands, and the question of its regulation, together with a general and comparative glimpse to other European democracies. The thesis is that legal regulation took a different route via international law — the ECHR and the CEDAW —, applied by the national courts.

The application in Chile of the norms that govern non-international armed conflicts is a matter that has been discussed in the country by the courts of law, which in the 1990s had to decide whether or not these norms were applicable to certain events that occurred between 1973 and 1974, a period in which the established military government issued various regulations in which it referred to a situation of war. The rulings come from the Santiago Court of Appeals and the Martial Court and deal with the applicability of Article 3 common to the Four Geneva Conventions and Protocol II of 1977. In the resolutions issued by these judicial instances there is a certain confusion regarding the scope of application of these legal texts. The present work analyzes the meaning and scope of both norms. ; La aplicación en Chile de las normas que rigen los conflictos armados sin carácter internacional es un asunto que ha sido puesto en discusión en el país por los tribunales de justicia, quienes en la década de los noventa debieron resolver si dichas normas eran o no aplicables a ciertos hechos acaecidos entre 1973 y 1974, período en el que el gobierno militar establecido dictó diversas normas en las que se refería a una situación de guerra. Los fallos provienen de la Corte de Apelaciones de Santiago y de la Corte Marcial y versan sobre la aplicabilidad del artículo 3° común a los Cuatro Convenios de Ginebra y del Protocolo II de 1977. En las resoluciones emitidas por esas instancias judiciales se observa cierta confusión respecto del ámbito de aplicación de esos textos jurídicos. El presente trabajo analiza el significado y alcance que tienen ambas normas.

El presente artículo describe algunas contradicciones en torno a la epistemología de la ciencia jurídica y de la fi losofía social con respecto a la fundamentación de la validez y la legitimidad de una esfera pública mundial. Las generalizaciones conceptuales se diluyen ante la facticidad de las relatividades comparativas presentes en el ordenamiento jurídico internacional y en el ordenamiento jurídico interno de los Estados soberanos, cuando fi nes superiores como la Justicia, los derechos y la democracia se alejan de su materialidad. Las responsabilidades de los Estados nacionales aparecen como imposibles de trasladar a un Super-Estado mundial, que prontamente se convertiría en una institución megalómana con niveles de soberanía casi absolutos frente a los ciudadanos particulares. Las exigencias a la ciencia jurídica y a la fi losofía social son cada vez mayores, lo que convierte al compromiso científi co en parte de la justifi cación de este artículo y en su centro de atención. ; This article describes some contradictions about the epistemology of legal science and social philosophy regarding the justifi cation of the validity and legitimacy of a global public sphere. Conceptual generalizations are diluted to the factuality of the comparative relativities in the international legal order and the domestic legal order of sovereign States, when ends higher as justice, rights and democracy away from its materiality. The responsibilities of the nation States appear as impossible to move to a global super-State, which would soon become a megalomaniac institution with levels of sovereignty almost absolute against private citizens. Demands to legal science and social philosophy are increasingly higher, which makes scientifi c commitment in part of the justifi cation for this article, and in its center of attention. ; 69-90 ; romrosa@yahoo.com ; sagraprofeula@gmail.com ; Semestral

Why are certain problems recognized as human rights issues, while others are not? This article focuses on the political strategies through which marginalized groups transform long standing domestic grievances into internationally-recognized human rights claims. Highlighting the interacting roles of aggrieved local groups, powerful gatekeepers in international human rights organizations, and state and civil society opponents, the article develops a four-stage model for the development of new human rights. The article also challenges constructivist theories about the formation of international norms development.