Suchergebnisse

The constitutional reforms in Russia are amongst the most significant news for Russia's partners in international relations. The configuration of international law and Russian domestic legal order falls within the scope of the constitutional changes of 2020, and there is no chance that this change will be abandoned by the legislator. This particular amendment was not actively commented on during the nationwide discussion on the constitutional reform; it drew mostly experts' attention. The article alleges that the constitutional amendment restricting the applicability of international case law in Russia is both a transient response to the instant political tension around Russia, and a formalization of the positivistic trend well established in domestic judicial practice. The positivistic trend is part of the process shaping Russia's own approach to international law. The prospective amendment concerning international case law in the Constitution of the Russian Federation will not hinder the rules expressly stated in the treaties of the EAEU. However, the resolutions of the EAEU's structures and institutions, including the case law of the Court of the EAEU, are likely to be scrutinized in a defensive way by Russian Constitutional court in situations extraordinary for the Russian State, ensuring their conformity with the unquestionable and unconditional supremacy of the Russian Constitution.

The objective of the article was to determine how effective international institutions are in the mechanism for the protection of human rights and freedoms in the context of national security. The methods of statistical analysis, correlation analysis, generalization and analogy, hypothetical-deductive model were used to achieve the proposed objective. In addition, international institutions were identified that are directly concerned with the protection of rights and freedoms in the event of their violations at the regional level. The correlation was established between the level of human rights protection and the level of national security, the number of international human rights treaties ratified, the number of cases brought before international regional human rights courts. It concludes that international institutions are effective in the mechanism for the protection of human rights and freedoms in regions with a weak national system for the protection of human rights and freedoms. Identifying factors affecting the level of protection of human rights and freedoms in the context of national security in countries with a weak national protection system may be the prospect of further investigation.

The need for qualitative changes in the field of national security also requires the transformation of international institutions responsible for the protection of human rights and freedoms. Therefore, the aim of the article was to identify the role of international institutions in the protection of human rights and freedoms in the field of national security. The main methodological tools were the observational method and the comparative legal method. There is currently a dynamic increase in the number of international treaties ratified in the field of human rights. International institutions are making many efforts to achieve the highest level of efficiency of adequate protection mechanisms. The authorization of an illegal war exposes states to prosecution in international courts. Everything leads to the conclusion that the competence capacity of institutions seems to be limited in the face of increasing violations of human rights in many regions of the world, which leads to the need to reform international legal instruments and relevant procedures for the protection of human rights and freedoms in the field of national security.

Las preocupaciones ecológicas y sociales están cada vez más ancladas en los tratados de libre comercio. Por parte de la UE, esto se hace a través de un enfoque al diálogo («soft approach»); los EE. UU., a su vez, optan por amenazar con sanciones comerciales. En este contexto Colombia es un caso interesante. El país ha firmado acuerdos con los Estados Unidos, Canadá y la UE, que solo han sido ratificados por los respectivos parlamentos cuando allí también se estableciera que la situación de los sindicatos y los trabajadores debiera ser mejorada. En los últimos años, la relación entre la política comercial, la sostenibilidad y los derechos humanos fue objeto de una polémica fundamental. Las experiencias adquiridas con las cláusulas laborales permiten sacar conclusiones para la configuración de instrumentos de política comercial. Aquí se confirma la importancia de las disposiciones relativas a la sostenibilidad en los acuerdos comerciales y el fortalecimiento de las instituciones nacionales.

"Desde que el gas natural superó al carbón en el consumo energético de EE.UU., las emisiones de dióxido de carbono de este país han registrado una disminución. Sin embargo, el auge del gas de esquisto no traspasó las fronteras de Estados Unidos. De hecho, es cuestionable si el gas de esquisto podrá originar un giro radical en las emisiones globales mientras continúe en aumento la demanda mundial de carbón. Considerando el panorama actual, puede esperarse que el gas de esquisto produzca como mucho un impacto climático general mixto, ya que su consumo futuro depende de las decisiones en materia de políticas ambientales y energéticas de Estados Unidos y otros países. La evolución de los mercados internacionales también está signada por la incertidumbre. El alcance político del apogeo del gas natural en Estados Unidos confronta la política clímatica en Europa y en todo el mundo con nuevos e inesperados desafíos." Autorenreferat)

Eines der prioritären Ziele der deutschen Außenpolitik scheint in der Schaffung einer allseitigen internationalen Zusammenarbeit im Ostseeraum zu bestehen. Anhand der deutschen Aktivitäten in den in dieser Region bestehenden Euregios und sonstigen regionalen Organisationen und Institutionen wird jeweils detailliert aufgezeigt, in welchem Maße sich Deutschland hier politisch und wirtschaftlich engagiert. (BIOst-Mrk)

In the current economic situation, both in the Russian Federation and in the developed countries of the world, the education system is increasingly becoming a factor in successful economic and spatial development.