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Lifelong learning policies are subject to various approaches of educational governance. Our research presents a hypothesis that lifelong learning policies are creating and engaging with new facets of governance. To test for proof of concept, the lead author conducted interviews with officials and policy makers from international organisations such as the United Nations Education, Science and Culture Organisation, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, the International Labour Organisation and the Council of Europe. The thematic analysis of the data revealed lifelong learning governance is characterised by an "effects spiral" or "interactive governance" – an institutional formation, functioning and conditioning in decision making of international, European and national actors. A double issue is also highlighted: the economic difficulties (employability, flexi-security, funding and mobility) and the monitoring process (expertise, comparison, transposition, supervision and control), which are prioritised over the social role of education. This is important because it is the social role of education that empowers citizens to realise national, regional, and international strategic plans, and the monitoring process for sustainable development. The thematic analysis reveals new forms of governance in lifelong learning policies, namely collaborative governance, competitive governance, control governance and thematic governance. The authors present this taxonomy on lifelong learning governance with recommendations of how lifelong learning policies can be optimised. (DIPF/Orig.) ; Lebenslanges Lernen wird von der Bildungspolitik auf unterschiedliche Weise gefördert. Unsere Untersuchungen gehen davon aus, dass die politische Förderung lebenslangen Lernens neue Formen finden muss. Um die Beweiskraft dieses Konzepts zu testen, führte der Erstautor Gespräche mit Beamten und politisch verantwortlichen Vertretern internationaler Organisationen wie der UNESCO, der OECD, der Internationalen Arbeitsorganisation (ILO) und dem Europarat. Die thematische Analyse der Ergebnisse zeigte, dass die Förderung lebenslangen Lernens von einem "spiralenförmigen Effekt" oder von "interaktiven Bemühungen", mithin einer institutionellen Zusammenarbeit gekennzeichnet ist, die sich bei der Entscheidungsfindung internationaler, europäischer und nationaler Gremien ergibt und die Bedingung dafür ist. Gleichzeitig ergab sich ein doppeltes Problem, nämlich die wirtschaftlichen Schwierigkeiten (Beschäftigungsmöglichkeit, Arbeitsplatzsicherheit und Flexibilität, Finanzierbarkeit, Freizügigkeit) sowie das Überprüfungsverfahren (Expertise, Vergleichbarkeit, Übertragbarkeit, Überwachung und Kontrolle), Gesichtspunkte, die gegenüber der gesellschaftlichen Rolle der Bildung Vorrang genießen. Dies ist wichtig, weil es die soziale Rolle der Bildung ist, die es dem Bürger ermöglicht, nationale, regionale und internationale politische Vorhaben Wirklichkeit werden zu lassen und weil es das Überprüfungsverfahren ist, das für nachhaltige Entwicklung sorgt. Die Auswertung der thematischen Analyse der Gesprächsergebnisse zeigt deutlich neue Formen der Förderung lebenslangen Lernens, beruhend auf Zusammenarbeit, Wetteifern um die beste Politik, Kontrolle und thematischen Schwerpunkten. Die Autoren taten sich zusammen, um gemeinsam diese Taxonomie der Förderung lebenslangen Lernens vorzustellen und Empfehlungen zur bestmöglichen Förderung lebenslangen Lernens auszusprechen. (DIPF/Orig.)

https://doi.org/10.24452/sjer.42.2.9 ; Lifelong learning policies are subject to various approaches of educational governance. Our research presents a hypothesis that lifelong learning policies are creating and engaging with new facets of governance. To test for proof of concept, the lead author conducted interviews with officials and policy makers from international organisations such as the United Nations Education, Science and Culture Organisation, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, the International Labour Organisation and the Council of Europe. The thematic analysis of the data revealed lifelong learning governance is characterised by an «effects spiral» or «interactive governance» – an institutional formation, functioning and conditioning in decision making of international, European and national actors. A double issue is also highlighted: the economic difficulties (employability, flexi-security, funding and mobility) and the monitoring process (expertise, comparison, transposition, supervision and control), which are prioritised over the social role of education. This is important because it is the social role of education that empowers citizens to realise national, regional, and international strategic plans, and the monitoring process for sustainable development. The thematic analysis reveals new forms of governance in lifelong learning policies, namely collaborative governance, competitive governance, control governance and thematic governance. The authors present this taxonomy on lifelong learning governance with recommendations of how lifelong learning policies can be optimised. ; Lifelong learning policies are subject to various approaches of educational governance. Our research presents a hypothesis that lifelong learning policies are creating and engaging with new facets of governance. To test for proof of concept, the lead author conducted interviews with officials and policy makers from international organisations such as the United Nations Education, Science and Culture Organisation, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, the International Labour Organisation and the Council of Europe. The thematic analysis of the data revealed lifelong learning governance is characterised by an «effects spiral» or «interactive governance» – an institutional formation, functioning and conditioning in decision making of international, European and national actors. A double issue is also highlighted: the economic difficulties (employability, flexi-security, funding and mobility) and the monitoring process (expertise, comparison, transposition, supervision and control), which are prioritised over the social role of education. This is important because it is the social role of education that empowers citizens to realise national, regional, and international strategic plans, and the monitoring process for sustainable development. The thematic analysis reveals new forms of governance in lifelong learning policies, namely collaborative governance, competitive governance, control governance and thematic governance. The authors present this taxonomy on lifelong learning governance with recommendations of how lifelong learning policies can be optimised. ; Peer reviewed

Over the past decade, most OECD countries have begun to reform fundamentally their agricultural policies. Some dispute has emerged over the extent to which policy-making at the international level has triggered these reforms. These disputes raise important theoretical questions about how we theorize and test for the degree of interdependence between international, regional (EU), and domestic policy change. This paper offers the concept of autonomous, linked games as a possible theoretical route to follow, a route that also permits more systematic theoretical consideration of the role of international organizations in policy-making. We focus, in particular, on the European Commission and the GATT Secretariat. Drawing on these concepts, we argue that policy reform by EU member states was significantly shaped by proposals and outcomes in the international negotiations on agriculture during the GATT Uruguay Round. ; Im Laufe des letzten Jahrzehnts haben die reichsten OECD-Länder grundlegende Reformen ihrer Agrarpolitik in Angriff genommen. Die Frage, inwieweit politische Maßnahmen auf internationaler Ebene den Anstoß für diese Reformen gegeben haben, wird derzeit kontrovers diskutiert. Diese Diskussion wirft wichtige theoretische Fragen darüber auf, wie das Ausmaß der Interdependenz zwischen internationalen, regionalen (EU) und nationalen Politikänderungen theoretisch erfasst und empirisch bestimmt werden kann. Wir bieten das Konzept autonomer, miteinander verbundener Spiele als theoretischen Ansatz an, der zur Lösung dieser Fragen beitragen könnte. Dieser Ansatz könnte auch eine stringentere theoretische Analyse der Rolle internationaler Organisationen bei der Politikgestaltung ermöglichen. Der Schwerpunkt liegt insbesondere auf der Europäischen Kommission und dem GATT-Sekretariat. Auf der Grundlage unseres Ansatzes argumentieren wir, daß Politikreformen in den EU-Mitgliedstaaten in beträchtlichem Maße geprägt wurden von den Vorschlägen und Ergebnissen der internationalen Agrarverhandlungen während der Uruguay-Runde des GATT.

The Joint Statement by the Foreign Ministers of China and Russia on Certain Aspects of Global Governance in Modern Conditions of 23 March 2021 calls for "the establishment of a fairer, more democratic and rational multipolar world order." The paper inquires how constitutional theories of international organisations have in the past and present sought to contribute to world order. It identifies three waves of such theory since the 1960s. Looking in more detail at the ongoing third wave, it identifies and seeks to pull out further a constitutional model which upscales the proto-democratic practices in international organisations by strengthening forums for participation and contestation, which rectifies to the north-south imbalance inter alia rooted in the colonial heritage by involving more actors from the global south, and which tackles the global social question upfront.

This article analyses the positions on the role of collective bargaining of international organisations dealing with economic and employment issues. A stylised framework is developed that looks at each international organisation's mission, expert knowledge and structure (at political and technical levels). The analysis concludes that most of the international organisations under review remain anchored to their missions and mainstream economic analyses, with the exception of the OECD (partially) and the ILO. In contrast, the European Commission has a quite different nature, being part of a fully-fledged polity. The article concludes that the more nuanced position on the role of collective bargaining emerging from international organisations includes some important elements. In particular, the recognition of its potential for social inclusion and cohesion may support national measures that promote collective bargaining

This contribution points at the importance that the EU ascribes to partnership in the EU Global Strategy and other policy documents as a tool to implement the integrated approach to conflict and crises. It notes that the EU, as part of the implementation of the integrated approach concept as defined in the EU Global Strategy, has actually paid very little attention to other international organisations, and has failed to properly invest in relevant partners such as the UN and the OSCE. The contribution makes a case for the EU to think more about what other international organisations actually need in terms of resources and how the rules-based global order more generally should be strengthened in order to fully implement the integrated approach.

Why are some institutional designs perceived as more legitimate than others, and why is the same institutional design sometimes perceived as legitimacy-enhancing in one setting and not in another? In a world in which most international organisations (IOs) do not fully embody societal values and norms, such as democratic participation and equal treatment, why do legitimacy deficits in some organisations lead to pressure for institutional change while in others they are tolerated? These are important questions given that many analysts have diagnosed a 'legitimacy crisis' of IOs, but we argue that existing approaches are ill equipped to answer them. We show that the existing legitimacy literature has an implicit model of institutional change – the congruence model – but that this model has difficulty accounting for important patterns of change and non-change because it lacks microfoundations. We argue that attributions of legitimacy rest on perceptions and this implies the need to investigate the cognitive bases of legitimacy. We introduce a cognitive model of legitimacy and deduce a set of testable propositions to explain the conditions under which legitimacy judgments change and, in turn, produce pressures for institutional change in IOs. ; peerReviewed

Despite various efforts made by the international organisations over the decades, the idea of concluding an international agreement on foreign investment is still some way off. Due to the protest from the developing states, at this moment, international organisations do not have this item on their active agenda. The objective if this paper is to provide a thorough understanding of the law of foreign investment and the interplay between law and politics in regulating foreign investment. This paper examines two questions, namely, what are the efforts of the international organisations of regulating foreign investment? How has the law been interpreted over the years? Using doctrinal research method, this paper will critically analyse various international instruments in order to find out their effort to regulate FDI in host states. The findings of this study show that contribution made by the UN and other international organisations may not have led to a triumphant conclusion of a universal instrument but they have spelt out the main principles of law governing the treatment of foreign investment under international law.

This thesis investigates the role and influence of child-focused international organisations (IOs) on child protection policy in Vietnam in the years between 1990, when Vietnam ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, and passage of the national Law on Children in 2016. The investigation encompasses the ways in which international and domestic actors have interacted in child protection policy-making, the strategies used by IOs, the global child protection norms promoted by IOs, processes of norm diffusion and the extent to which global norms have been accepted, rejected or modified in Vietnam's child protection system. The thesis draws on literature about the development of Vietnam's child protection system, international organisations, norm diffusion and child protection policy, and applies a qualitative research methodology involving an organisational document review and 27 interviews with senior representatives from Vietnamese government departments, international organisations and local civil society organisations. The findings are that child-focused IOs, notably UNICEF and the large international non-governmental organisations, were highly influential in the development of Vietnam's child protection policy and service system between 1990 and 2016. During this time, phases of legislative reform, policy development and service planning were undertaken to develop the first nationwide, state-administered child protection system. A conducive political environment fostered cooperation between IOs and the government of Vietnam, and receptivity to foreign ideas, that contributed strongly to child protection system development. IOs used their authoritative position as norm creators and technical experts to introduce global norms, standards and model programs. IOs used a range of strategies to advance their ideas including agenda setting, policy transfer and insider advocacy. Government officials maintained firm control over policy decisions and regulated the activities of IOs while being ...

Social work has been reintroduced in Vietnam in the late 1980s and officially recognised since 2010. With the support from international organisations, the professionalisation of social work, even though is at its infancy state, has contributed to address the local challenges and problems resulted from changing in economic paradigm in 1986 and consequences from globalisation. However, little is known about local and international social work professional development in regard to international organisations and service professionalisation for disadvantaged children. This thesis provides the first theoretical and practice analysis in this area of social work development using Vietnam as a case study. Therefore, this research empirically examines international organisations and service professionalisation for disadvantaged children who make up 18,2 % of the total children (equal to 4.3 millions children). It is hoped to fill in the gaps of knowledge and understanding about the relationship between social work and international organisations in social work professionalisation in a developing country in the global South. A qualitative research on the five selected international organisations has been conducted to unpack the questions of what and how professionalisation being processed in supporting disadvantaged children. Data were drawn from a triangulation approach with 39 in-depth interviews and three focus group discussions, document analysis, and direct observations. The research findings argue for a mutual relationship between international organisations and the social work professionalisation in local context. Importantly, it also advocates for a critical thinking of indigenising, or "Vietnamising" and authentising the social work profession and services in respect to the indigenous culture, economic, political, social, and environmental aspects.

Why have states and international organizations repeatedly failed to successfully respond to epidemics? We analyze the response during the Ebola epidemic and the SARS Cov‑2 pandemic. In both cases, the response occurred within an Epidemic Failure Cycle (EFC) with the following phases: Negligence, Arrogance/Denial, Panic, and Analysis/Self-Criticism. Central causes of ZEV include ecology (especially neglect of zoonotic diseases), politics (especially negative incentives in epidemic control), socioeconomic contexts, human psychology (especially cognitive biases), and epistemological problems (especially recourse to the experience of previous epidemics).

International audience ; Narrative theory has gained prominence especially as a companion to social construction of reality In matters of regulation and normalization, narratives socially and culturallyconstruct relevant contingencies, uncertainties, values, and decision. Here, decision dynamics pit risk generators, bearers, bearers' advocates, arbiters, researchers and informers as advocates and counter advocates (Palmlund, 2009). the decision-relevant narrative components (actors, themes, scenes, plots and scripts) are ripe with normative implications since competing narratives create worldviews that prescribe means for making sense of experience and resolving conflicts (Heath, 1994). As will be discussed in this paper, competing narratives of risk assessment and the distribution of harms and benefits offer vital insights to conflicts concerning the efficacy and safety of biotechnology applications as social drama. the tensions of this drama arise from battles over how safe is safe enough (Fischhoff, Slovic, lichtenstein, read & Combs, 1978), and how fair is safe enough (rayner & Cantor, 1987). one set of norms prescribe and guide the functions and structures of conflict resolution: how advocates of competing perspectives engage to resolve conflict through decision-making infrastructures. A second cluster of norms centers on the logics of risk-centric decisions: the gathering and vetting of evidence, the application of premises, and the evaluation of solutions, whether more aggressive or cautious in the face of uncertainties. risks attached to genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are such that sensemaking capacities based on uncontestable and ample facts are scarce; scientific evidences and political interpretations that construct norms can contradict each other. In the conflict process, broad scientific and policy communities (" sound science " and " precautionary " advocates) compete to normalize this uncertainty by imbricating knowledge in larger cultural plots (Douglas, 1992). international GMO ...

International audience ; Narrative theory has gained prominence especially as a companion to social construction of reality In matters of regulation and normalization, narratives socially and culturallyconstruct relevant contingencies, uncertainties, values, and decision. Here, decision dynamics pit risk generators, bearers, bearers' advocates, arbiters, researchers and informers as advocates and counter advocates (Palmlund, 2009). the decision-relevant narrative components (actors, themes, scenes, plots and scripts) are ripe with normative implications since competing narratives create worldviews that prescribe means for making sense of experience and resolving conflicts (Heath, 1994). As will be discussed in this paper, competing narratives of risk assessment and the distribution of harms and benefits offer vital insights to conflicts concerning the efficacy and safety of biotechnology applications as social drama. the tensions of this drama arise from battles over how safe is safe enough (Fischhoff, Slovic, lichtenstein, read & Combs, 1978), and how fair is safe enough (rayner & Cantor, 1987). one set of norms prescribe and guide the functions and structures of conflict resolution: how advocates of competing perspectives engage to resolve conflict through decision-making infrastructures. A second cluster of norms centers on the logics of risk-centric decisions: the gathering and vetting of evidence, the application of premises, and the evaluation of solutions, whether more aggressive or cautious in the face of uncertainties. risks attached to genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are such that sensemaking capacities based on uncontestable and ample facts are scarce; scientific evidences and political interpretations that construct norms can contradict each other. In the conflict process, broad scientific and policy communities (" sound science " and " precautionary " advocates) compete to normalize this uncertainty by imbricating knowledge in larger cultural plots (Douglas, 1992). international GMO ...

International audience ; Narrative theory has gained prominence especially as a companion to social construction of reality In matters of regulation and normalization, narratives socially and culturallyconstruct relevant contingencies, uncertainties, values, and decision. Here, decision dynamics pit risk generators, bearers, bearers' advocates, arbiters, researchers and informers as advocates and counter advocates (Palmlund, 2009). the decision-relevant narrative components (actors, themes, scenes, plots and scripts) are ripe with normative implications since competing narratives create worldviews that prescribe means for making sense of experience and resolving conflicts (Heath, 1994). As will be discussed in this paper, competing narratives of risk assessment and the distribution of harms and benefits offer vital insights to conflicts concerning the efficacy and safety of biotechnology applications as social drama. the tensions of this drama arise from battles over how safe is safe enough (Fischhoff, Slovic, lichtenstein, read & Combs, 1978), and how fair is safe enough (rayner & Cantor, 1987). one set of norms prescribe and guide the functions and structures of conflict resolution: how advocates of competing perspectives engage to resolve conflict through decision-making infrastructures. A second cluster of norms centers on the logics of risk-centric decisions: the gathering and vetting of evidence, the application of premises, and the evaluation of solutions, whether more aggressive or cautious in the face of uncertainties. risks attached to genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are such that sensemaking capacities based on uncontestable and ample facts are scarce; scientific evidences and political interpretations that construct norms can contradict each other. In the conflict process, broad scientific and policy communities (" sound science " and " precautionary " advocates) compete to normalize this uncertainty by imbricating knowledge in larger cultural plots (Douglas, 1992). international GMO ...

International audience ; Narrative theory has gained prominence especially as a companion to social construction of reality In matters of regulation and normalization, narratives socially and culturallyconstruct relevant contingencies, uncertainties, values, and decision. Here, decision dynamics pit risk generators, bearers, bearers' advocates, arbiters, researchers and informers as advocates and counter advocates (Palmlund, 2009). the decision-relevant narrative components (actors, themes, scenes, plots and scripts) are ripe with normative implications since competing narratives create worldviews that prescribe means for making sense of experience and resolving conflicts (Heath, 1994). As will be discussed in this paper, competing narratives of risk assessment and the distribution of harms and benefits offer vital insights to conflicts concerning the efficacy and safety of biotechnology applications as social drama. the tensions of this drama arise from battles over how safe is safe enough (Fischhoff, Slovic, lichtenstein, read & Combs, 1978), and how fair is safe enough (rayner & Cantor, 1987). one set of norms prescribe and guide the functions and structures of conflict resolution: how advocates of competing perspectives engage to resolve conflict through decision-making infrastructures. A second cluster of norms centers on the logics of risk-centric decisions: the gathering and vetting of evidence, the application of premises, and the evaluation of solutions, whether more aggressive or cautious in the face of uncertainties. risks attached to genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are such that sensemaking capacities based on uncontestable and ample facts are scarce; scientific evidences and political interpretations that construct norms can contradict each other. In the conflict process, broad scientific and policy communities (" sound science " and " precautionary " advocates) compete to normalize this uncertainty by imbricating knowledge in larger cultural plots (Douglas, 1992). international GMO ...