Suchergebnisse

Denne afhandling fokuserer på de forskellige måder, hvorpå vi kan vurdere den sociale accept af vedvarende energiteknologier (RE) og søger at fastslå, hvordan en sådan vurdering kan bruges til at understøtte energiomlægningen. Vores nuværende energilandskab er præget af et stigende antal spredte vedvarende kraftproducerende anlæg, hvis art og tal varierer på tværs af lande og regioner. Energi fra især vindmøller på land er steget kraftigt i de forskellige europæiske lande takket være en pris, der er en af de laveste blandt vedvarende teknologier. Selvom denne udvikling er i overensstemmelse med EU's og FN's strategiplaner for vedvarende energi, er vindmøllerne og de ændringer, de har fremkaldt i landskaber, på nogle steder blevet mødt af skepsis og modstand. Med manglende accept i samfundet som hovedargument har regeringerne i Danmark og Storbritannien som følge heraf for nylig besluttet, at der er behov for en begrænsning af antallet af vindmøller. Forskningsområdet, social accept af teknologier, beskriver accept ud fra tre hovedområder: samfundsmæssig, markedsbaseret og socialpolitisk med det formål at fremhæve, hvordan accept formes af mange faktorer og aktører. I sidste ende bør denne viden hjælpe politikere til at være mere proaktive i vurderingen af omlægningens potentielle showstoppere. Denne afhandling identificerer tre spørgsmål i forbindelse med relevansen af top-down energiplanlægningstrukturer og –politikker, når det gælder håndtering af samfundets accept. Den første publikation omhandler energiplanlægningsstrukturer og er en systematisk gennemgang af peer-reviewed energimodelleringsartikler. Den undersøger forholdet mellem energimodeller, hvor og hvor meget disse værktøjer anvendes og sociale aspekter. Politiske virkemidler undersøges i anden og tredje publikation. Den anden publikation bygger på forskningen inden for social accept og adresserer formålet med afhandlingen, nemlig at foreslå en innovativ måde at formulere og forholde sig til social og samfundsmæssig accept på. Publikationen anvender en analytisk metode på de nationale handlingsplaner for vedvarende energi (NREAP), der gælder for de tre vindrige lande, Danmark, Storbritannien og Irland med det formål at undersøge, hvordan de adresserer social accept. Metoden blev også udviklet for at fremhæve tværgående samarbejde, som ikke blev tilstrækkeligt udforsket ved tidligere metoder (Devine-Wright et al., 2017a). Denne analyse påpeger at der i de tre tilfælde (DK, UK and IRL) mangler politisk fokus på lokalsamfundets accept af vindmøller Denne opfattelse styrkes i den tredje publikation, der præsenterer en statistisk analyse af energikooperative tendenser i fem europæiske lande, og fremhæver, hvordan manglende politisk støtte betyder et fald i antallet af vindmøllelaug, især i Danmark. Disse resultater stiller spørgsmålstegn ved den metode, der rent faktisk er benyttet til at adressere den manglende samfundsaccept, som beklages af Danmarks og Storbritanniens regeringer, der i mellemtiden har besluttet at prioritere deres offshore-vindressourcer. Den danske sag er særligt interessant for landets internationale image som pioner takket være den græsrodsbaserede fælles vindsektor og innovative politikker. Danmark er emnet i den fjerde publikation, som præsenterer en analyse af interviews med aktører fra den danske energiplan-lægningssektor. Denne publikation falder også sammen med meddelelsen om koalitionens nye energiplan i juni 2018. Publikationerne omhandler især de vanskeligheder, der begrænser udviklingen af energimodellering inden for sociale aspekter, nemlig spørgsmålet om samarbejde mellem forskere fra forskellige fagområder, der stadig er vanskeliggjort af problemer som "sprogbarrierer". Således blev denne afhandling udarbejdet med henblik på at se på samfundets accept i forbindelse med de store tiltag, hvor nationale energimål omsættes til lokal udvikling af vedvarende energi. Inden for denne brede formulering påpeger afhandlingen, at det europæiske energiplanlægningssystem for nærværende ikke synes at være tilstrækkeligt rustet til forebygge mulige problemstillinger i forbindelse med samfundets accept af yderligere spredte vedvarende energianlæg, der stadig kræves for at nå de fastsatte EU- og nationale mål. Afhandlingen bidrager til disse brede problemstillinger på to måder: ved at foreslå en tværgående analytisk metode med det formål at vurdere de politiske regulativer med hensyn til at inkludere de mange faktorer af social accept og ved at forholde sig til vedvarende samarbejdsvanskeligheder mellem udøvere og forskere. ; This thesis focuses on the means of assessing the social acceptance of renewable energy (RE) technologies and seeks to establish how such assessment can be used to support the energy transition. Our current energy landscape is marked by a growing amount of distributed renewable power-producing sites, whose nature and numbers vary across countries and regions. Onshore wind energy in particular has seen a fast development in different European countries, thanks to a levelised-cost that is one of the lowest among renewable technologies. Yet, while this development is in line with EU and UN renewable energy-based strategy plans, the physicality of the turbines and the changes they have induced in landscapes have in some places been met with reactions of wariness and opposition. As a consequence, naming a lack of community acceptance as their main motive, the governments of Denmark and the UK have recently decided that a curb in the number of turbines is required. In this over-arching context, the research field on social acceptance of technologies has mapped acceptance under three main dimensions: community, market and socio-political, with the intention to highlight how acceptance is shaped from numerous factors and actors. Ultimately, this knowledge should assist policy-makers in being more proactive in assessing potential showstoppers for the transition. From the context of partial reversals on onshore wind power, this thesis identifies three issues linked to the relevance of top-down energy planning structures and policies in addressing community acceptance. The first paper addresses energy planning structures through a systematic review of peer-review energy modelling articles. It explores the relationship between energy models, the scales at which these tools are operated, and social aspects. Policy tools are investigated in the second and third papers. The second paper builds on the research on social acceptance and addresses the objective of the thesis to propose an innovative way to frame and address social and community acceptance. The paper applies an analytical framework to the National Renewable Energy Actions Plans (NREAP) of three wind-rich countries, Denmark, UK and Ireland, to explore the ways they articulate social acceptance. The framework was also designed to highlight cross-scalar dynamics that were not sufficiently explored by previous frameworks (Devine-Wright et al., 2017). This analysis highlights a dearth of policy focus on community acceptance in the three cases. This finding is reinforced by the third paper which presents a statistical analysis of energy cooperative trends in five European countries, and highlights how lack of policy supports is seeing cooperatives' numbers decline, in particular in Denmark. These findings prompt further interrogations on the means actually deployed to address the lacking community acceptance deplored by Denmark's and UK's governments, who have meanwhile decided to prioritise their offshore wind resources. The Danish case is particularly interesting for the country's international image as a pioneer thanks to its grassroots-based shared wind sector and advanced policies. Denmark is the topic of the fourth paper, which presents an analysis of interviews conducted with actors of the Danish energy planning sector. This paper also coincides with the announcement of the coalition's new energy plan in June 2018. This final paper addresses in particular the human difficulties limiting progress for energy modelling to consider social aspects. This discussion leads towards the issue of collaborative work among researchers from different fields, still hindered by reported issues of "language barriers". Thus, this thesis was designed to address community acceptance through the major steps that see national energy targets translated into local renewable energy developments. Within this broad framing, the thesis points to the current limitation of the European energy planning system, which in conclusion does not appear sufficiently equipped to preventively address possible issues linked to the community acceptance of additional distributed RE sites, still required to reach the set EU and national targets. The thesis contributes to these broad problematics in two ways, by proposing a cross-scalar analytical framework destined to assess the comprehensiveness of policy sets with regards to the several components of social acceptance, and by addressing persistent collaboration difficulties among practitioners and researchers.

In den letzten Jahren ist der strukturelle Ausschluss von »People of Colour« und »Schwarzen Menschen« durch weiße Kultur- und Bildungsinstitutionen immer mehr in den Fokus künstlerischer sowie auch institutioneller Kritik geraten. Neue Förderinstrumente und Arbeitspraktiken führten oftmals nicht zu nachhaltigen Veränderungen. Zugleich werden immer wieder neue Strategien der Allianzenbildung und solidarischen Praxis initiiert.In den Beiträgen dieses Bandes kommen Künstler_innen, Kurator_innen und Wissenschaftler_innen zu Wort, die ihre Arbeitspraxis in Zusammenarbeit mit Institutionen und Mitstreiter_innen kritisch reflektieren. Das Ergebnis ist eine Bestandsaufnahme verschiedener aktueller Kämpfe zwischen selbstkritischem Lagebericht, Manifest und praxisnahem Handbuch.

Ukraine is the midst of an existential crisis - its worst crisis since it became independent in December 1991. The country is faced with the threat from the Russian military, its severe financial crisis, and corruption. The purpose of this book is to suggest a strategy to Ukraine's policy makers on how they might be able to solve the current key problems. - Provided by publisher

Jurnal Ruang-Space mendedikasikan publikasinya untuk memperoleh pemahaman terhadap ruang dan lingkungan binaan. Jurnal ini ditujukan untuk menjembatani kesenjangan dalam publikasi ilmiah, khususnya yang menempatkan lingkungan binaan sebagai bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari ilmu-ilmu sosial maupun politik. Dalam konteks ini, Jurnal Ruang mempublikasikan artikel-artikel yang mendorong kemunculan pemikiran-pemikiran kritis, sebagai salah satu karakteristik dari era pasca-modern dan globalisasi. Pemahaman terhadap lingkungan binaan secara menyeluruh dilaksanakan dengan memproposisikan pendekatan lintas disiplin, dan cara berpikir yang tidak semata dibatasi bidang keprofesian tertentu. Adapun fokus pembidangan Jurnal ini adalah pada isu-isu yang muncul sebagai akibat pembangunan keruangan untuk mengakomodasi kebutuhan bermukim umat manusia di era milenium ketiga. Fokus ini mencakup disiplin arsitektur, perencanaan, arsitektur landskap, perancangan kota, termasuk juga pandangan serta interprestasi terhadap lingkungan binaan dari kacamata urban geografi, sosiologi dan ilmu politik. Dalam mendukung visi global ini, kami mengundang partisipasi dari penulis, baik yang berasal dari dalam maupun luar Indonesia.Secara detil, Jurnal Ruang-Space menerima artikel yang membahas isu-isu berkenaan sustainabilitas, wujud kota (urban form), urban landskap (urban landscape), desain kontrol, wujud serta organisasi spasial kemasyarakatan, etnik arsitektur, perumahan untuk masyarakat berpendapatan rendah, kebijakan serta urban politik, and desain perkotaan. Jurnal ini menyambut baik kajian terhadap beragam teori dalam wujud aplikasi maupun temuan, baik yang berupa fakta maupun analisis baru. Dalam konteks ini, pendekatan serta pemikiran berbasis multidisiplin menjadi sebuah keharusan, dan bukan perkecualian. Pendekatan berpikir 'outside the box' akan menjadi karakter penting dalam pencapaian tujuan ini. Melalui publikasi Jurnal Ruang -Space kami berharap bisa membangun visi yang dinamik dan menarik, yang berbeda dengan wujud publikasi yang hanya dilandasi oleh pandangan bahwa perencanaan dan perancangan arsitektur sebagai satu-satunya elemen penentu kualitas fisik maupun sosial dari lingkungan binaan, dimana kita berada.Selain bertujuan menyediakan ruang untuk publikasi terkait topik-topik di atas, Jurnal Ruang-Space juga mempublikasikan artikel berdasarkan tema spesifik, yang secara khusus dan mendalam membahas isu-isu tertentu. Tema ini dibangun dalam batas lingkup topik publikasi, misalnya: pembangunan keruangan desa, ruang pada sistem kemasyarakatan tradisional, pengaruh globalisasi terhadap budaya keruangan lokal, dan mekanisme penggendalian pembangunan keruangan di daerah. Disamping itu, sebagai sebuah produk publikasi dari Program Studi Magister Arsitektur, Universitas Udayana, Bali, kami memiliki misi menjadikan Jurnal ini sebagai media untuk mendiskusikan isu-isu penting yang sedang dihadapi masyarakat di Pulau Dewata. Ini khususnya mencakup permasalahan pembangunan dan budaya secara keseluruhan. Di permukaan, debat berkenaan topik ini bertautan erat dengan industri kepariwisataan, yang dampaknya sudah sangat jelas bisa diidentifikasi, dan telah diinterprestasikan secara beragam. Di satu sisi, industri ini seringkali dipandang memiliki peran destruktif terhadap lingkungan dan budaya lokal, namun pada saat yang sama telah berkontribusi secara besar-besaran terhadap pembangunan ekonomi. Sirkumsatansi ini bukanlah hal langka yang hanya dialami Bali, namun pulau ini memiliki potensi untuk dijadikan sebagai laboratorium, dimana permasalahan yang muncul sebagai akibat pembangunan pariwisata bisa dipelajari secara mendalam. Selain mempublikasikan artikel dengan format dan substansi tersebut di atas, ke depannya, Jurnal Ruang-Space juga mengundang tiga tipe publikasi. Pertama, book review (maksimum 1000 kata). Kedua, viewpoints yang memamaparkan pandangan-pandangan kekinian atau kritik terhadap sebuah teori, metode, topik-topik tertentu, dan lain-lain yang dipandang oleh penulis telah terlalaikan atau dimisinterprestasikan (1000-2000 kata). Ketiga, review terhadap artikel yang tidak hanya mereview buku tertentu, tetapi melingkup juga sejarah, dampak, buku-buku yang memiliki kemiripan, kritik terhadap teori (2000-3000 kata). Melalui kesempatan ini, kami ucapkan selamat bergabung kepada anggota Dewan Editor Jurnal Ruang-Space. Terima kasih yang sedalam-dalamnya kami sampaikan kepada Ibu dan Bapak Anggota Dewan Editor atas kesediaannya untuk berpartisipasi dalam publikasi ini. Kami berharap, melalui dukungan Ibu dan Bapak, Jurnal Ruang-Space akan mencapai misinya untuk berperan sebagai media komunikasi bagi pemikiran-pemikiran baru serta hasil-hasil studi di bidang lingkungan terbangun. Anggota Dewan Editor Jurnal Ruang-Space memiliki latar belakang kepakaran yang beragam dan telah memiliki pengakuan di bidangnya masing-masing. Ini melingkup kepakaran di bidang rancang bangun, pembangunan dan perencanaan, perancangan kota, politikal ekonomi, sosiologi, sejarah dan antrofologi. Edisi perdana Jurnal Ruang-Space diawali dengan artikel yang dikontribuskan oleh Profesor Alexander Cuthbert (UNSW, Australia), salah satu guru besar tamu di Universitas Udayana. Artikel pertama ini mempersonifikasikan beberapa aspek dari permasalahan yang dihadapi dalam perancangan kota, dengan menawarkan sebuah pendekatan teoritis baru. Tulisan ini memandang bahwa estetika dan interprestasi terhadap budaya di bidang arsitektur bisa dilihat melalui kacamata teori-teori sosial. Artikel kedua ditulis Ni Made Dhina Avianthi Irawan, salah seorang staf Kementrian Pekerjaan Umum Bali di bidang Penataan Bangunan dan Lingkungan. Dhina membahas tentang pembangunan citra Kota Blahkiuh berdasarkan pengalaman serta pandangan masyarakat pengamat perkembangan kota. Blahkiuh merupakan salah satu contoh kota golongan IV di Bali. Tulisan ketiga disajikan oleh Ni Made Emmi Nutrisia Dewi, salah satu staf pengajar dari Sekolah Tinggi Desain, Bali. Tulisan Emmi mengkaji tentang pemanfaatan ruang-ruang komunal di Desa Pedungan (Denpasar), wujud perubahan fungsi yang ada dan faktor-faktor penyebab perubahan ini. Artikel keempat ditulis oleh I Made Wirata (arsitek profesional) dan Ngakan Putu Sueca (profesor Jurusan Arsitektur, Universitas Udayana). Tulisan ini membahas tentang konsep rumah adat Suku Sasak di Dusun Segenter, Lombok Utara. Keunikan permukiman ini adalah pada penempatan ruang-ruang yang sangat tergantung dari penempatan pintu dan bale sakanem (bangunan dengan 6 tiang struktur). Artikel kelima ditulis oleh Dinar Sukma Pramesti, seorang arsitek profesional. Tulisan Dinar mendiskusikan tentang tipe rumah panggung di Kampung Loloan, Kabupaten Jembrana, Bali. Dinar menggarisbawahi jika bentuk arsitektur rumah panggung kampung ini telah berkembang, menyesuaikan kondisi sosial-budaya, ekonomi, umur bangunan, ketersediaan lahan, dan preferensi dari penghuni. Artikel keenam disusun oleh I Nengah Riana, Widiastuti, dan Ida Bagus Gde Primayatna, staf akademik dari Jurusan Teknik Sipil, Universitas Pendidikan Nasional, (Bali) dan Jurusan Arsitektur, Universitas Udayana. Paper ini menstudi salah satu permasalahan serius yang semakin dihadapi Kota Denpasar, yaitu perubahan pemanfaatan ruang terbuka hijau. Perubahan ini dilihat dari wujud perubahannya serta faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya alih fungsi ini. Artikel ketujuh mengkaji tentang relevansi dari perumahan berlantai banyak dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan perumahan untuk masyarakat berpendapatan rendah di daerah perkotaan di Indonesia, yang ditulis oleh Gusti Ayu Made Suartika, seorang akademik dari Program Studi Magister Perencanaan dan Pembangunan Spasial Desa/Kota, Universitas Udayana. Akhirnya terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya disampaikan kepada para penulis, wakil editor, anggota dewan editor, staf editor, dan team produksi, yang telah berkontribusi dan bekerja keras sehingga publikasi Jurnal RUANG-SPACE terealisasikan. ??? Ruang-Space is a new journal dedicated to the understanding of space and the built environment. It has been created to fill a major gap in academic publishing in Indonesia, where the physical built environment remains somewhat detached from its counterparts in social science and urban politics. To this extent Ruang-Space focuses on development in general, encouraging lateral thinking as a dominant characteristic of post-modern thought and the politics of globalisation. The intention is to address the built environment as a whole, and to dispense with the barriers and silos that define professional thinking. So the subject matter of the journal will focus on major issues emerging from the development of human settlements in the third millennium. These will of necessity include the disciplines of architecture, planning, landscape architecture and urban design, as well as interpretations of the built environment emerging from urban geography, sociology and political science. In order to support our global vision, we encourage articles and reviews from around the world. In greater detail, we welcome submissions dealing with sustainability, urban form, the urban landscape, design control, community organisation, ethnic architecture, housing for the poor, urban politics and policy, and the design of cities. But in addition to our overall intention to broaden the analysis of settlement form and structure in Indonesia and abroad, we wish to push forward the barriers on significant theory, either in its application or in the discovery of new facts and forms of analysis. In so doing we accept that in the increasingly globalising world of postmodernity, cross disciplinarity is becoming the rule rather than the exception, and that thinking 'outside the box' is now a necessary characteristic of this process. Hence submissions which further these ideas will be encouraged in the peer-refereeing process that we will pursue. Under the umbrella of Ruang-Space, we hope to generate a dynamic and interesting vision of the built environment that stands in contrast to journals whose subject matter is contained within a narrow vision of architecture and planning as constraining determinants of social space. While it is our intention to make space available on a continuing basis to a diversity of submissions, as is now the norm we intend to publish occasional 'themed' issues that cover particular subjects in significant depth, for example in kampung development, space in traditional societies, the impact of globalisation on local cultures and development control. Additionally, since this journal is being produced by the Masters Program in Architecture at Udayana University in Bali, it is also our intention to use it as a forum for the diversity of problems that now inundate Balinese society, specifically those that affect development and culture as a whole. In the forefront of this debate lies the nemesis of tourism. Its impacts are ubiquitous and variously interpreted on the one hand as destructive of environment and culture yet on the other as a making a massive contribution to the local economy. While Bali's problems are not original, the island paradise offers a singular laboratory where the conflicts brought by tourism can be studied in significant depth. It is also our intention to generalise our content, not only in subject matter but also in the form in which it is presented. In future issues we will also welcome three other types of submission. First, book reviews (up to 1000 words). Second, viewpoints which provide a new insight or critique of a theory, method, subject matter etc that the author feels is being ignored or is otherwise misinterpreted (1000-2000 words). Third, review articles which not only review a particular book, but cover its history, influences, similar texts and a theoretical critique of content (approx 2-3000 words). We also take this opportunity to welcome our editorial board members, whom we gratefully thank for their participation. We hope that with your support, this journal will achieve its mission to be a medium for communication for new thoughts and study findings in the area of the built environment. Our editorial board includes experts in a variety of fields dealing with the built environment, individuals who have attained great respect in their diverse disciplines, including architecture, urban planning, urban design, political economy, sociology, sustainability, anthropology and history. This first Volume and first issue is opened by Professor Cuthbert who is a distinguished Visiting Professor at our University (Guru Besar Tamu), whose work has had international acclaim in the area of urban design. His article personifies many of the above qualities by offering a new theoretical framework for urban design from within the realm of social theory that he suggests can replace aesthetic and 'cultural' interpretations of architecture. This is followed by the second article written by Ni Made Dhina Avianthi Irawan, a civil servant of Ministry of Public Works, Department of Building and Environment in Bali. Dhina discusses the development of Blahkiuh image based on observers experiences and perception. Blahkiuh is classified as a city of class IV status in Bali. The third paper is authored by Ni Made Emmi Nutrisia Dewi, an academic of the Design Institute of Bali. Emmi's article studies the use of communal spaces of Pedungan Village (Denpasar), and the changes and factors behind them. The fourth article is written by I Made Wirata, a professional architect, and Ngakan Putu Sueca (Professor in the Department of Architecture, Udayana University). It discusses concepts behind the Sasak houses of Segenter Village, North of Lombok. The uniqueness of these settlements is the layout of spaces that relies heavily on the placement of doors and the bale sakanem (building with six structural columns). The fifth article is authored by Dinar Sukma Pramesti, a professional architect. Dinar studies the stilt houses of Loloan community, Jembrana, Bali. She underlines that the form of stilt houses has changed over time in line with various elements including socio-cultural aspects, economic factors, building age, land availability, and occupants' preferences. The sixth article is written by I Nengah Riana, Widiastuti, and Ida Bagus Gde Primayatna, academic staff from the Department of Civil Engineering, National University (Bali) and the Department of Architecture, Udayana University. It examines the conversion of green open spaces, a major problem in Denpasar. The seventh paper is authored by Gusti Ayu Made Suartika. It examines the relevance of multi storey housing in fulfilling the need for affordable houses by low income urban dwellers in Indonesia. Finally, a big thank you to all our contributors, editorial board, production team and publishing staff who have worked faithfully to bring the journal RUANG- SPACE into being.

Migrants often experience worse mental health after migration than natives in Sweden. Using survey, register and peer-reviewed published data, the five studies of this thesis explored the mental health variation of different migrant groups settled in Sweden, including by the timing of migration, level of integration and region of origin. In parallel, the studies considered the role of downstream (individual) and upstream (structural) social determinants of health as drivers of mental health inequalities. Study I assessed migrants' risk of self-reported psychological distress by their age at migration and duration of residence in Sweden, relative to Swedish-born natives. Migrants generally had higher risks of psychological distress than natives, increasing with older age at migration and longer duration of residence, especially among migrants from regions not affiliated with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Health differences were largely explained by inequalities in socioeconomic position, social connection and discrimination. Study II explored how prescription rates of psychotropic medications varied by native-migrant marital composition as a proxy for integration in Sweden. Intramarried migrants had the highest prescription hazards, whereas migrants intermarried with natives had lower hazards, albeit higher than for intramarried natives. Migrant women, but not men, had attenuated hazards after adjusting for socioeconomic and other marriage-related social factors. Study III reviewed the international literature for previous evidence of the effects of non-health-related policies for migrant health. Restrictive entry and integration policies, including social welfare policies, were found to be associated with poorer self-rated general and mental health. Studies examining generous integration-related policies revealed largely positive mental health effects for migrants. Study IV investigated the mental health effects of the 1995 Father's quota, a Swedish parental leave reform that incentivized fathers' leave use. Whereas both native and migrant fathers increased their parental leave use following the reform, only migrant fathers, especially those from non-OECD regions and with migrant partners, experienced concurrent decreases in psychiatric hospitalizations. Study V examined the mental health effects of another Swedish parental leave policy, the 2012 Double Days reform, which introduced a month of simultaneous parental leave for mothers and fathers. Although both native and migrant fathers had increased levels of parental leave use, only native fathers and their partners exhibited decreased psychotropic medication prescription rates and greater outpatient care uptake related to mental health. The findings of this thesis highlight the dynamic nature of mental health after migration, and the relevance of the social determinants of health within the receiving country context. The studies provide empirical support for how migrants' mental health can vary by the timing of migration and level of integration, through downstream determinants, including socioeconomic position and social connection, and upstream determinants, such as welfare programs and migration policies. Taken together, the thesis emphasizes the need to consider migrant mental health inequalities as socially-patterned phenomena amenable to change after migration. ; Migranter har ofta sämre psykisk hälsa efter invandring jämfört med inrikes födda i Sverige. Genom att använda enkätdata, registerinformation och tidigare publicerade studier undersöker denna avhandling skillnader i psykisk hälsa mellan olika migrantgrupper och inrikes födda och hur vistelsetid i landet, integration och specifikt födelseland påverkar dessa skillnader. I de fem ingående delstudierna studeras också betydelsen av olika närliggande (individuella) och avlägsna (strukturella) bestämningsfaktorer för migranters psykiska hälsa. I Studie I undersöktes självskattad psykiska hälsobesvär bland migranter efter ålder vid invandringen och vistelsetid i landet. Högre ålder vid invandringen och längre vistelsetid i landet innebar i genomsnitt ökad risk för psykisk ohälsa särskilt bland migranter från länder utanför Organisationen för ekonomiskt samarbete och utveckling (OECD) regioner. Skillnader i psykisk hälsa förklarades till stor del av låg socioekonomisk position, bristfälligasociala kontakter och utsatthet för diskriminering. I Studie II studerades variationer i utskrivning av psykofarmaka i blandäktenskap som en proxy för integrationsnivå. Störst risk för utskrivning av psykofarmaka återfanns i äktenskap bestående av utrikesfödda makar medan risken var lägre i blandäktenskap dvs. bland migranter gifta med en inrikes född partner. Bland utrikesfödda kvinnor försvann sambanden efter justering för socioekonomiska- och sociala förhållanden inom äktenskapet vilket inte var fallet för utrikesfödda män. I Studie III undersöktes den internationella litteraturen kring effekter av icke hälsorelaterade policys på migranters hälsa genom en systematisk översikt. Översikten visade att restriktiv migrations- och integrationspolitik ökade risken för självskattade hälsobesvär och psykisk ohälsa bland migranter. En generös integrationspolitik visade sig däremot ha en positiv inverkan på migranters psykiska hälsa. I Studie IV studerades införandet av en svensk föräldraledighetsreform under 1995 som syftar till att uppmuntra ett utökat uttag av föräldraledighet bland fäder (pappadagar), och dess konsekvenser för migranters psykiska hälsa. Både utrikesfödda och inrikes födda fäder ökade sitt uttag av föräldradagar till följd av reformen. Utrikesfödda fäder, och särskilt de födda utanför OECD regionerna eller med en utrikesfödd partner, uppvisade en minskning av psykiatrisk slutenvård till följd av reformen. I Studie V undersöktes effekterna av en annan svensk föräldraledighetsreform under 2012, som innebär en månads samtidig föräldraledighet för båda föräldrarna (dubbeldagar) och dess konsekvenser för deras psykiska hälsa. Både inrikes födda och utrikesfödda fäder utökade sitt uttag av föräldradagar till följd av reformen. Inrikes födda fäder och deras partners uppvisade minskad användning av psykofarmaka och utökat psykiatrisk öppenvårdutnyttjande till följd av reformen. Resultaten från denna avhandling visar att den psykiska hälsan hos migranter i Sverige har en dynamisk karaktär och att flera olika sociala bestämningsfaktorer i mottagarlandet är av betydelse för deras psykiska hälsotillstånd. De olika delstudierna ger empiriskt stöd för att ålder vid invandringen, vistelsetid i landet och integrationsnivån är faktorer av stor betydelse för den psykiska hälsan bland utrikesfödda. Såväl närliggande sociala bestämningsfaktorer, som socioekonomisk position och sociala kontakter, och avlägsna bestämningsfaktorer, som välfärdsprogram och migrations politik, har betydelse för migranters psykiska hälsa. Sammantaget visar denna avhandling att skillnader i psykisk hälsa efter födelseland påverkas av sociala faktorer i mottagarlandet vilket därmed också innebär att det är möjligt att påverka föreliggande ojämlikheter.

ABSTRACTThis study aims to determine the effect of beauty vloggers and celebgram endorsers on brand image and its impact on purchase intention of Make Over products. This type of research uses an explanatory research approach with a quantitative approach. With the data collection method using a questionnaire with a sample of 100 respondents distributed online using the path analysis method. Based on the results of data analysis, it is concluded that beauty vlogger has a significant effect on brand image and purchase intention, celebgram endorser has a significant effect on brand image, celebgram endorser has not significant effect on purchase intention and brand image has a significant effect as a mediating variable between beauty vlogger and purchase intention. Keywords: Beauty Vlogger, Celebgram Endorser, Brand Image, Purchase Intention and Make Over.DAFTAR PUSTAKAAditya, Kadek Yoga & I Made Wardana. 2017. 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This research aims to know Impact of conventional banking financing and Islamic banking financing on economic growth 2008-2018. In this study the authors used a saturated sampling technique found in Non-Probability Sampling. The analysis technique used is VECM (Vector Error Correction Model). Based on the results of the study indicate that there is a one-way relationship on several variables, namely Conventional Banking Financing to GDP and Conventional Banking Financing to Islamic Banking Financing, In the long run, Conventional Banking Financing has a positive and significant relationship to GDP, whereas Islamic Banking Financing has a negative and significant relationship to GDP.Keywords: Banking Financing, Economic Growth, GDP (Gross Domestic Product), VECM (Vector Error Correction Model)REFFERENCESAam, Slamet Rusydiana. 2009. Hubungan Antara Perdagangan Internasional, Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Dan Perkembangan Industri Keuangan Syariah Di Indonesia. 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In the context of climate change and energy crisis, bioenergy, which accounts for the largest share of renewable energy in the global energy mix, has drawn considerable attention from an increasing number of countries. While its potential to curb greenhouse gas emissions and to provide energy has been widely acknowledged, concerns over the side effects of bioenergy are still being voiced. In particular, its perceived threats on food security and local ecosystems have largely impeded its development, which is best exemplified by the role that bioenergy takes in the EU's growth strategy of "Europe 2020". This fact provided the motivation for the reflections presented in this thesis on how to realize a sustainable development of the bioenergy industry. To answer this question, we have selected a coastal province in eastern China as the region in which to conduct our study. China is simultaneously the most populated country and the largest GHGs emitter in the world. It can, therefore, be expected that the entire international community can learn some valuable lessons from the practical experience that China has gathered in the field of bioenergy. Following a brief outline of the background information on our research in the initial two chapters, Chapter 3 frames the structure of the bioenergy industry and clarifies the role of each actor. Depending on their relative importance in the industry, these actors can be assigned to one of the two categories of stakeholders: central or peripheral. Based on the local practice, we present the construction process of the bioenergy industry in China from both the supply side and the demand side. This descriptive analysis is intended to help the reader form a general understanding of the bioenergy industry in China, on which our subsequent quantitative analysis is based. Chapter 4 focuses on farmers as one of the central stakeholders that are located at the upstream of the bioenergy supply chain. We develop a biomass feedstock provision model compiled with GAMS to simulate the responsive behaviors of farmers – the agents in our spatial-agent dynamic model – to the challenges arising from emerging energy crops. Using this model, we delineate land use changes after the insertion of the bioenergy industry. We further fix the sources of the promising biomass feedstock, with the straws of conventional crops accounting for 85% of feedstock and energy crops for the remaining 15%. In view of the geographical characteristics of the region, the northern part of Jiangsu is recommended to accommodate an extensive cultivation of energy crops in the long run. Furthermore, our model also confirmed the positive role of reclaimed mudflats as a candidate for the arable land resource that is capable of alleviating land use conflicts between conventional crops and energy crops. In analogy to Chapter 4 focusing on farmers, Chapter 5 concentrates on haulers and bioenergy plants operators, which are the other two actors belonging to the category of central stakeholders. Based on the data on biomass feedstock provision predicted by the model described above, we deliberately calibrate the optimizing model of bioenergy industry infrastructure to stimulate their respective performances. As a result we discovered a general pattern in the modeled distribution of bioenergy plants: due to the higher transportation cost of biomass feedstock than of bioenergy products, bioenergy plants opt to be situated more closely to the sources of biomass feedstock than to the consumption centers of bioenergy products. In terms of the specific distribution, the model projects that up to 44% of biorefineries and 62% of power plants with the largest scale should be located in northern Jiangsu. These figures support the government's decision to turn the area into a production basis for bioenergy, as outlined in the official development plan. Additionally, we evaluate two proposed policies designed to relieve the pressure of bulky biomass transport on local logistic systems and to shorten the regional development disparity among three sub-regions of the region studied. By combining the above two independent but related models in Chapter 6, we arrive at a decision support system for the bioenergy industry. This system takes into account the whole bioenergy supply chain. Unlike each of the separate sub-models presented in previous chapters, the integrated model adequately depicts the interactions among the upstream and downstream of the bioenergy supply chain. Furthermore, it also describes their feedback to peripheral stakeholders such as the government, local residents, NGOs and other lobbying groups, which do not form part of the supply chain but influence the general setting for the bioenergy industry. Using this model as our analytical tool, we examine two policies aiming to promote the bioenergy industry: a comprehensive policy (a favorable taxation) and a targeted policy (a financial subsidy). Generally speaking, despite the fact that both supportive measures could significantly boost the development of the industry without necessarily jeopardizing food security, their effectiveness relies to a great extent on the scale and the objectives of these measures taken. In the last chapter, we return to our qualitative analysis. This time, however, we widen its temporal and spatial scope. First, we construct a conceptual model describing the cascade use and recycling of biomass resources. Then we compare the short-term and the long-term incentive mechanisms involved. Finally, we apply Porter's diamond model to analyze separately all the factors constituting the advantages of the bioenergy industry. We argue that an unprecedented opportunity for bioenergy industry development has come. The fundamental actors driving the development of the industry are professional bioenergy firms boasting clearly defined and well-enforced property rights, good supervision mechanisms, advanced technological background and effective management methods. Since the bioenergy industry is mostly oriented towards the domestic market, it is likely to become more competitive with the formation of an industrial cluster focused on bioenergy or by receiving appropriate support from the government. The government's intervention is justified in this context by the government's supervisory duties, legislative duties and its responsibility to provide favorable incentives. In this study, we have successfully built an integrated model covering all the actors of the bioenergy industry and proposed a sustainable development strategy for the industry in China. Nevertheless, the study has several limitations that need be overcome before it can be extended to other regions. Firstly, due to the lack of high-quality field data of energy crops plantations, the uncertainties regarding actual agricultural operations and the resultant potential ecological risks cannot be fully reflected in our study. Secondly, only bioethanol and biopower have been included in the mathematical model. In view of the wide variety of biomass conversion routes, more bioenergy products should be included in future models. ; Vor dem Hintergrund des Klimawandels und der Energiekrise hat Bioenergie in einer wachsenden Zahl von Ländern in letzter Zeit beträchtliche Aufmerksamkeit gewonnen. Zum weltweiten Energiemix trägt sie bereits heute den größten Teil bei. Zwar wird das Potenzial von Bioenergie, zu einer Reduktion der Treibhausgasemissionen beizutragen, weithin anerkannt; doch werden immer noch Bedenken in Hinblick auf ihre Nebenwirkungen geäußert. Insbesondere die befürchteten Gefahren für die Ernährungssicherheit und lokale Ökosysteme behindern die Entwicklung der Bioenergie erheblich, was wohl am besten anhand der Rolle veranschaulicht werden kann, die der Bioenergie in der Entwicklungsstrategie "Europa 2020" durch die EU zugeschrieben wird. Vor diesem Hintergrund behandelt die vorliegende Dissertation die Frage, wie eine nachhaltige Entwicklung der Bioenergieindustrie erreicht werden kann. Zur Beantwortung dieser Frage wurde eine küstennahe Provinz im Osten Chinas als Untersuchungsgebiet ausgewählt. China ist das bevölkerungsreichste Land und der größte Treibhausgasemittent der Welt. Es kann daher davon ausgegangen werden, dass die gesamte Völkergemeinschaft einige wertvolle Lehren aus den praktischen Erfahrungen ziehen kann, die China auf dem Gebiet der Bioenergie gesammelt hat. Im Anschluss an eine kurze Darstellung des Hintergrunds unserer Untersuchung in den ersten beiden Kapiteln wird im dritten Kapitel die Struktur der Bioenergiebranche skizziert und die Rolle der einzelnen Akteure beschrieben. Abhängig von deren jeweiliger Bedeutung für die Branche können diese Akteure als entweder Haupt- oder Nebenakteure klassifiziert werden. Ausgehend von der lokalen Praxis stellen wir die Entwicklung der Bioenergiebranche in China sowohl auf der Angebots- als auch auf der Nachfrageseite dar. Diese deskriptive Analyse soll dem Leser ein Grundverständnis der Bioenergiebranche in China vermitteln, auf dem die anschließende quantitative Analyse aufbaut. Das vierte Kapitel beschäftigt sich mit den Landwirten, die als zentrale Akteure am Anfang der Bioenergie-Wertschöpfungskette stehen. Mit Hilfe von GAMS entwickeln wir ein Modell zur Bereitstellung der Biomasserohstoffe, um das Reaktionsverhalten der Landwirte (den Akteuren in unserem dynamischen räumlichen Akteursmodell) auf die Herausforderungen zu simulieren, die mit dem Aufkommen der Energiepflanzen verbunden sind. Unter Verwendung dieses Modells skizzieren wir die durch die Bioenergiesparte ausgelösten Veränderungen im Bereich der Landnutzung. Hierbei legen wir die Anteile für konventionellen Anbau und Energiepflanzen an der gesamten landwirtschaftlichen Produktion auf 85% und 15% fest. Aufgrund der geographischen Beschaffenheit der Region wird für den nördlichen Teil von Jiangsu langfristig eine extensive Bewirtschaftung mit Energiepflanzen empfohlen. Darüber hinaus wurde mit Hilfe unseres Modells die positive Rolle urbar gemachten Wattenmeers als Ressource einer möglichen Entschärfung von Landnutzungskonflikten zwischen konventionellen und Energiepflanzen bestätigt. Analog zum Fokus des vierten Kapitels auf Landwirte konzentriert sich das fünfte Kapitel auf Spediteure und die Betreiber von Bioenergieanlagen, die beide ebenfalls zu der Gruppe der Hauptstakeholder gehören. Ausgehend von den Angaben zur Bioenergie-Versorgungskette, die sich aus Simulationen mit dem oben beschriebenen Modell ergeben, justieren wir das Optimierungsmodell für die Infrastruktur der Bioenergiebranche im Sinne einer Förderung der jeweiligen Leistungen. Als Ergebnis wurde ein allgemeines Muster im Hinblick auf die räumliche Verteilung von Bioenergieanlagen beobachtet: Da die Transportkosten von Biomasserohstoffe höher sind als die von Bioenergieprodukten, bevorzugt das Modell eine Entscheidung für die Platzierung von Bioenergieanlagen nahe bei den Rohstoffquellen gegenüber Nähe zu Konsumzentren. Hinsichtlich der genauen räumlichen Verteilung errechnet das Modell, dass bis zu 44% der Bioraffinerien und 62% der größten Kraftwerke im nördlichen Teil von Jiangsu errichtet werden sollten. Diese Zahlen bekräftigen die Entscheidung der Regierung, die Gegend zu einen Standort der Bioenergieproduktion zu machen, was auch im offiziellen Entwicklungsplan der Region zu finden ist. Zusätzlich werten wir zwei vorgeschlagene Handlungsweisen aus, die zur Reduktion der Auswirkungen sperriger Biomassetransporte auf die lokale Logistikinfrastruktur sowie zur Verringerung der Entwicklungsunterschiede zwischen drei Gegenden innerhalb der betrachteten Region beitragen sollen. Eine Kombination der beiden oben beschriebenen voneinander unabhängigen aber dennoch miteinander verwandten Modelle im sechsten Kapitel führt zu einem Entscheidungsunterstützungssystem für die Bioenergiebranche. Das System berücksichtigt die gesamte Bioenergieversorgungskette. Anders als die in den vorangegangenen Kapiteln beschriebenen Untermodelle bildet das integrierte Modell das Zusammenspiel zwischen den vorgelagerten und den nachgelagerten Märkten innerhalb der Bioenergiebranche hinreichend ab. Darüber hinaus beschreibt es deren Rückkopplung mit den Nebenstakeholdern, zu denen die Regierung, Bewohner, NGOs und andere Lobbygruppen gehören. Diese sind nicht Teil der Versorgungskette, haben aber einen Einfluss auf die Rahmenbedingungen der Bioenergiebranche. Unter Zuhilfenahme unseres Modells als analytisches Instrument untersuchen wir zwei Ansätze zur Förderung der Bioenergieindustrie: Eine umfassende Politik (günstige Besteuerung) und eine zielgerichtete Politik (finanzielle Förderung). Im Allgemeinen hängt die Effektivität beider Ansätze größtenteils vom Ausmaß und von den Zielsetzungen der getroffenen Maßnahmen ab. Die Herausforderung besteht darin die Förderungsmaßnahmen so auszurichten, dass sie die Branche stärken ohne die Nahrungsmittelsicherheit zu gefährden. Im letzten Kapitel kehren wir zur qualitativen Analyse zurück. Diesmal weiten wir jedoch ihren zeitlichen und räumlichen Rahmen aus. Zunächst entwickeln wir ein konzeptionelles Modell, das die Kaskadennutzung und das Recycling von Biomasseressourcen beschreibt. Daraufhin vergleichen wir die damit verbundenen kurzfristigen und langfristigen Anreizmechanismen. Zum Schluss wenden wir Porters Diamantenmodell an, um all jene Faktoren gesondert zu analysieren, die für die Bioenergiebranche Vorteile bedeuten. Wir legen dar, dass sich derzeit eine noch nie dagewesene Chance für die Entwicklung der Bioenergiebranche bietet. Bei den Hauptakteuren, die die Entwicklung der Branche antreiben, handelt es sich um professionelle Bioenergieunternehmen, die über klar definierte und gut durchsetzbare Eigentumsrechte, etablierte Kontrollmechanismen, einen fortgeschrittenen technologischen Hintergrund und effektive Managementmethoden verfügen. Da die Bioenergiebranche vor allem auf den heimischen Markt ausgerichtet ist, wird sie durch die Bildung eines Branchenclusters oder durch angemessene Förderung durch die Regierung wahrscheinlich wettbewerbsfähiger. Ein Eingreifen der Regierung ist in diesem Zusammenhang durch deren Aufsichtspflicht, deren legislative Aufgaben und deren Zuständigkeit, finanzielle Anreize zu schaffen, gerechtfertigt. In dieser Studie ist es uns gelungen, ein integriertes Modell zu entwickeln, das alle Akteure der Bioenergiebranche umfasst. Wir haben weiterhin eine Strategie zur nachhaltigen Entwicklung der Branche in China ausgearbeitet. Dennoch hat die Studie auch einige Beschränkungen, die überwunden werden müssen, bevor sie auf andere Regionen übertragen werden kann. Zum Einen können die Unsicherheiten hinsichtlich der tatsächlichen landwirtschaftlichen Erzeugung und den aus dieser resultierenden Umweltrisiken in dieser Studie aus Ermangelung hochwertiger Felddaten im Hinblick auf Energiepflanzenplantagen nicht voll und ganz reflektiert werden, zum Anderen wurden in dem mathematischen Modell nur Bioethanol und Biostrom berücksichtigt. Angesichts der großen Bandbreite an Wegen der Biomasse-Konversion sollten in künftige Modellen weitere Bioenergieprodukte eingebaut werden.