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Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The superpowers today - the problem of global leadership

Deutschlands direkter Nachbar und neues EU-Mitglied Polen ist für den deutschsprachigen Raum von enormer Wichtigkeit. Zwei bedeutende polnische Politikwissenschaftler erläutern in diesem Band das politische System ihres Landes: die Demokratisierung seit 1989, die Entwicklung der politischen Institutionen und Prozesse mit ihren bedeutendsten Akteuren, Auswirkungen und Problemen. Aus dem Inhalt: Polens Weg zur Demokratie Der Wandel in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Das Regierungssystem in Polen: zwischen semipräsidentiellem und parlamentarischem Kabinettssystem Die fünf Parlamente der Dritten Republik Polen Regierung und Regierungsverwaltung Das System der territorialen Selbstverwaltung und die Lokalpolitik Entstehung und Wandel des Mehrparteiensystems Wahlen und Wähler

The rapid evolution of numerous contemporary threats and the development of multilateralism constitute two significant driving forces for the intensified cooperation between the European Union and the United Nations as regards crisis management. Responding to crises (threats), both natural and man-induced, in an efficient manner requires effective crisis management in order to take steps as early as possible when a threat emerges. Given the increasing external expectations in this field addressed at the EU, it has gradually been developing relevant civil as well as military instruments of crisis management and response. The EU has also been developing collaboration with the UN which calls for increased commitment of regional organizations in bearing the costs of maintaining international peace and security. Although this cooperation is mutually beneficial, it is not free from weaknesses and limitations on various levels of operation. ; The rapid evolution of numerous contemporary threats and the development of multilateralism constitute two significant driving forces for the intensified cooperation between the European Union and the United Nations as regards crisis management. Responding to crises (threats), both natural and man-induced, in an efficient manner requires effective crisis management in order to take steps as early as possible when a threat emerges. Given the increasing external expectations in this field addressed at the EU, it has gradually been developing relevant civil as well as military instruments of crisis management and response. The EU has also been developing collaboration with the UN which calls for increased commitment of regional organizations in bearing the costs of maintaining international peace and security. Although this cooperation is mutually beneficial, it is not free from weaknesses and limitations on various levels of operation.

The aim of this work is to present the role of Poland in the system of international relations governed by the principles of (neo) liberalism, mainly in the context of crisis phenomena taking place in the West. The hypothesis of this article is as follows: the downturn in Western liberal structures may lead to the modification of the functions and legal and economic system of the Polish state, undermining the principles and rules of liberal democracy applicable there. The turbulence to which the liberal structures of the West are subject may be problematic for those states that have identified their longterm interests with the phenomena of globalization/liberalization and do not have their own strategies of action and more autonomous tools to achieve national goals. Should the western zone weaken, there may be a possibility not only of a geopolitical transformation but also of significant political and economic transformations in countries like Poland. The state may fall into the zone of influence of the new center in a geographical or functional sense, which will impose a different civilization model, based on alternative economic principles and institutional solutions, violating the rights of individuals, minorities, and private businesses. The compulsion to adapt to the new rules that will emerge as a consequence of lowering the role of liberal institutions, the foundations of which are not yet known, may lead to a reduction in the level of protection of citizens and capital in the region. The work includes comments on the functioning of the (neo) liberal system of international relations, the socio-political transformation of Central and Eastern European countries, and Polish internal/foreign policy in the face of the crisis in the Western zone. ; W artykule podjęto próbę przedstawienia roli Polski w systemie stosunków międzynarodowych regulowanym zasadami (neo)liberalizmu, głównie w kontekście zjawisk kryzysowych rozgrywających się na Zachodzie. Postawiono następującą hipotezę: dekoniunktura zachodnich ...

In this short analysis of the Pancayati Raj, the form of grassroots level democracy par excellence, the article attempts at explaining what a Pancayat is, both etymologically and socially, and how it functions in India. It also throws light on its history, on the effects of British rule, its current legal and administrative status. The reader will discover why political will is important in strengthening Pancayats and how self-sufficient Pancayats lead to a better living and social conditions in far fetched parts of the world's seventh biggest country in the world with a population of more than a billion. The article later compares the differences between Pancayats across different Indian states. Finally, there is a comparison between the Rromani Kris and Pancayats with common points and differences that arise due to circumstantial contexts. The reader may be perplexed if the Rromani Kris is linked to Pancayats, but such forms of local governance have existed across continents for centuries. Few have survived, and they deserve their due credit. ; Dre jekh xarni analìza pal-o «Pańćajat RaŴ» dre Ìndia, savo si i ćaćutnedër fòrma e demokraciaqëri maśkär tikne manuśenθe, o artìklo zumavel te duślǎrel so sï o Pańćajat, katar avel lesqëro anav thaj savi institùcia sï jov andar-o sociàlo dikhan. Duślǎrel kuti vi lesqëri història (maśkär averenθe sär paruvdilǎs tel-o britàno raz), thaj mothovel pala lesqëro akanutuno legàlo aj administratìvo status. O drabavno si te axalǒl sosqe sï but vasno, andar-i politikani rig, te zoralǒl o pańćajat thaj sär biumblavde pańćajàtǎ śaj te anen fededër Ŵiiben e manuśenqe thaj fededër sociàlo somtruja lenqe, Ŵi dur e forosθar, Ŵi dre kaśukedër gava, dre jekh baro them, savo sï e sundalesqëro eftàto baredër them, thaj kaj Ŵiven butedër sär jekh miliàrdo Ŵene. Dr-o dùjto kotor, o artìklo ćhuvel paśpaśe e pańćajatesqëri sistèma dre vervëra ràśtre e Indiaqëre. Agore ćhuvel paśpaśe i rromani kris thaj o Pańćajat, sikavindǒr save diferènce thaj khetane aspèkte śaj kerdile andar-o vervëra kontèkstǎ. O drabavno śaj te pućhlǎrel pes val si i rromani kris varesär dre relàcia e Pańćajateça, no naśti bistras so dre but thema säs angiledër dr-o sundal but fòrme thanutne raimatenqëre pe vervëra kontinèntǎ dre nakhle śeliberśa. Nabut lenθär aćhile Ŵivde aj fukcionàlo zi adadives – thaj sï te das len patǐv kana zi akana keren butǐ. ; Natalia Gancarz

Despite the relatively young population of Ireland a growth of the elderly can be observed in this country. Therefore, a vast number of research and studies on society ageing and socio-economic variables characteristic for this part of society as well as on its needs are conducted. It is related to the requirement of designing and implementing certain schemes in the public policy. It even enforces some specific actions on the government, inter alia in the pension system. The main aim of the paper, therefore, is a presentation of the most important data referring to Ireland's pension system as well as the incomes of people aged 65 and over. Bearing this goal in mind the study shows some demographic data, the elements of Irish pension system and information about incomes of the elderly. Thus, the section referring to Ireland's population shows not only present and previous data related to the participation of the elderly in society, but it also presents the projections for this age group, taking into consideration the different scenarios of migration and fertility.. We use these variables to illustrate ageing as well as to show depth and seriousness of this process in the future. Whereas, in the section related to the pension system we draw our attention to the components of this system such as state pension, occupational pension or private pension. The part of the paper referring to incomes that elderly people receive in Ireland analyses their importance for this age group. In this section we discuss the sources of incomes, their level and distribution as well as variables affecting incomes such as education, employment sector and the number of working years.

There are about 2.2 million prisoners in the USA. It is generally viewed that this number is a result of a too severe penal system connected with the introduction of the absolute intolerance for drug crimes policy. But not only gang members and drug dealers are doing time in prison, this system also applies to war veterans. In 2012, there were 181,500 veterans behind bars, especially participants of the recent wars. Most of them face problems with addiction or struggle with permanent unemployment, homelessness or psychological disorders. This phenomenon is alarming because veterans as a privileged group have a social, medical, education cover and all capabilities not to break the law. Veterans as former soldiers, disciplined and well familiar with criminal law, who received ethics and international humanitarian law training courses, from practical point of view should not break the rules stated by the legal system. The image of former veterans who served their country, totally disagree with penitentiary statistics. Recent years have shown that military service, especially in the area of conflict, may become a double-edged sword, and in fact veterans may pose a threat to society.