The paper deals with the analysis of the legal nature of international courts' decisions and their impact on the international financial legal order. The author claims that decisions of international courts, creating no new international legal financial norms, act as an additional source of international financial law, having no autonomy, and in combination with other sources of international law, performs the following functions: 1) regulatory-prescriptive (via opinio juris of existing traditions in interstate practice in the financial sphere transforming them into international customary law); 2) regulatory-affirming (confirming the legal nature of the international agreement between the subjects of international financial legal relations which caused a disputable situation). The judicial practice on financial issues and specificity of functioning of such judicial institutions as the Permanent Court of International Justice, the International Court of Justice, the CIS Economic Court, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the Court of Justice of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community, etc. are examined. The features of the provisions of international agreements on financial issues regarding the procedure for resolving disputes between the parties of the agreement about its implementation are analyzed. The paper explores particularities of the origin and development of the idea of the creation of an international financial court. Amid modern processes of the rapid growth of the amount of crossborder financial flows in the context of globalization, which is the consequence of the implementation of numerous international financial agreements, the idea of creation of an international financial court, which was first suggested in 1935, due to the complexity of legal nature of interstate financial disputes, is an objective necessity. The following features intrinsic to decisions of international courts (including decisions on financial issues) have been identified: 1) locality (binding only on the ...
The analysis attempts to justify a new concept of Ukraine's place in the international security system. According to the results of the study, there was carried out an analysis of the historical preconditions for overcoming the postcolonial factors of the Ukrainian elite. The authors emphasized on the exclusive role of Crimea for the dominant state of the Black Sea region and hypothesized about assigning such a role to Ukraine. The use of the comparative method made it possible to distinguish the mental and behavioral principles of the European, Asian, and African archetype. Ukrainian advantages establish a transition to limiting one's own needs, conscious passionate philanthropy. The normative-value method was used to clarify the historical determinants of Russia's common good. The passionate abilities of the Ukrainian elites were confirmed on the basis of historical regularities, for which the activity method was used. It is recommended to take into account the exceptional importance of the Circumpontian community/civilization, which will eliminate Russia's ambitions within the Black Sea. The regional aspirations of the Russian Federation have faced strong opposition from Turkey and Ukraine in recent years. The European Union's position on Turkey has been described as controversial. Getting rid of a toxic partner competitor of the Russian Federation for the EU will create a new geopolitical reality in which priority will be given to respect for international law. Russia's occupation administrations are pursuing a policy of depletion and destruction in states seeking to break out of its orbit of influence. These were the pro-Russian enclaves of the Black Sea region – Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Donbass, Crimea, Transnistria or Pridnestrian region. The builders of the "Russian world" are planning and implementing a plan for the disintegration of the European community, to which A. Merkel drew attention. It is proposed to change the priorities in relation to the modern system of ineffective security system and ...
The beginning of XXI century was marked by few events that had influence on international relations in the whole world. Terror attacks in the United States of America in September 11, 2001, were the first such high a big range attacks against the USA. It had shown that the USA – the most powerful state of the world – is vulnerable to more danger, than nuclear weapons alone. After September 11 the USA started war against terrorism in Afghanistan, and many states supported it. However, in spring 2003 the USA unilaterally, without international support, decided to use military power in Iraq, arguing that Iraq possessed potential threat – weapons of mass destruction. Unilateralism, and military and technological differences between the USA and its allies have brought to light a presumption that in the international system there is a single pole, a superpower (hyperpower), the United States of America. The existence of one pole only can have different consequences on international system and international security. The aim of this article was to determine specific features of the unipolar world, influence of polarity of international system upon international security, and specific threats to security that emerge only in unipolar international systems. Another aim was to try to predict the end of the unipolar system: what could be the next poles and when could it come to the end. After analysing a number of articles concerning this topic, few conclusions were drawn. Contemporary international system is unipolar and the single pole is the USA; the USA is superior in military, economic, geopolitical, and political spheres at the same time. Increasing military power and unilateralism of the USA may be treated as a threat to international security. Great powers are trying to balance unipolar power, however, the creation of balance to unipolar power is complicated for several reasons.[.].
The beginning of XXI century was marked by few events that had influence on international relations in the whole world. Terror attacks in the United States of America in September 11, 2001, were the first such high a big range attacks against the USA. It had shown that the USA – the most powerful state of the world – is vulnerable to more danger, than nuclear weapons alone. After September 11 the USA started war against terrorism in Afghanistan, and many states supported it. However, in spring 2003 the USA unilaterally, without international support, decided to use military power in Iraq, arguing that Iraq possessed potential threat – weapons of mass destruction. Unilateralism, and military and technological differences between the USA and its allies have brought to light a presumption that in the international system there is a single pole, a superpower (hyperpower), the United States of America. The existence of one pole only can have different consequences on international system and international security. The aim of this article was to determine specific features of the unipolar world, influence of polarity of international system upon international security, and specific threats to security that emerge only in unipolar international systems. Another aim was to try to predict the end of the unipolar system: what could be the next poles and when could it come to the end. After analysing a number of articles concerning this topic, few conclusions were drawn. Contemporary international system is unipolar and the single pole is the USA; the USA is superior in military, economic, geopolitical, and political spheres at the same time. Increasing military power and unilateralism of the USA may be treated as a threat to international security. Great powers are trying to balance unipolar power, however, the creation of balance to unipolar power is complicated for several reasons.[.].
The beginning of XXI century was marked by few events that had influence on international relations in the whole world. Terror attacks in the United States of America in September 11, 2001, were the first such high a big range attacks against the USA. It had shown that the USA – the most powerful state of the world – is vulnerable to more danger, than nuclear weapons alone. After September 11 the USA started war against terrorism in Afghanistan, and many states supported it. However, in spring 2003 the USA unilaterally, without international support, decided to use military power in Iraq, arguing that Iraq possessed potential threat – weapons of mass destruction. Unilateralism, and military and technological differences between the USA and its allies have brought to light a presumption that in the international system there is a single pole, a superpower (hyperpower), the United States of America. The existence of one pole only can have different consequences on international system and international security. The aim of this article was to determine specific features of the unipolar world, influence of polarity of international system upon international security, and specific threats to security that emerge only in unipolar international systems. Another aim was to try to predict the end of the unipolar system: what could be the next poles and when could it come to the end. After analysing a number of articles concerning this topic, few conclusions were drawn. Contemporary international system is unipolar and the single pole is the USA; the USA is superior in military, economic, geopolitical, and political spheres at the same time. Increasing military power and unilateralism of the USA may be treated as a threat to international security. Great powers are trying to balance unipolar power, however, the creation of balance to unipolar power is complicated for several reasons.[.].
After the end of the Cold war the unipolar international system was established and during recent decade it was transformated from strickt unipolarity (1990-2000) to modified unipolarity (2001-2010). Exceptional and multidimensional power with the global reach of the USA was the reason for naming structure of international system as strict unipolar till terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 in the USA. After September 11th the USA started to act less unilaterally than before temporary changing the unilateralism to multilateralism for collective actions against terrorism in Afghanistan. The multilateral response to September 11th terrorist attacks became the first stage of transformation of strict unipolarity based on Article 5 of Washington Treaty. Years of 2001-2003 could be named as the beginning of modified unipolarity: sole superpower acted multilaterally in war against terrorism and at the same time it promoted the enlargement of its influence with NATO enlargement to the post soviet area. Formation of transformed unipolar structure allows speaking about the necessity of defining a new type of unipolarity – modified unipolarity which is theoretically balancing on the dividing lines of unipolarity, multipolarity and nonpolarity concepts. This article consists of broad definition of modified unipolarity, theoretical analysis of polarity and its transformation, also, some preliminary conclusions and insights are made concerning possible transformation of modified unipolarity in the foreseen future.
After the end of the Cold war the unipolar international system was established and during recent decade it was transformated from strickt unipolarity (1990-2000) to modified unipolarity (2001-2010). Exceptional and multidimensional power with the global reach of the USA was the reason for naming structure of international system as strict unipolar till terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 in the USA. After September 11th the USA started to act less unilaterally than before temporary changing the unilateralism to multilateralism for collective actions against terrorism in Afghanistan. The multilateral response to September 11th terrorist attacks became the first stage of transformation of strict unipolarity based on Article 5 of Washington Treaty. Years of 2001-2003 could be named as the beginning of modified unipolarity: sole superpower acted multilaterally in war against terrorism and at the same time it promoted the enlargement of its influence with NATO enlargement to the post soviet area. Formation of transformed unipolar structure allows speaking about the necessity of defining a new type of unipolarity – modified unipolarity which is theoretically balancing on the dividing lines of unipolarity, multipolarity and nonpolarity concepts. This article consists of broad definition of modified unipolarity, theoretical analysis of polarity and its transformation, also, some preliminary conclusions and insights are made concerning possible transformation of modified unipolarity in the foreseen future.
As you know, in public international law there is no hierarchy of sources of law. However, in practice, there are controversial situations when legal relations are subject to legal regulation of various sources of law. This is especially acute in the case of international custom and an international treaty.The purpose of the scientific article is to study the problems of the relationship and interaction of the international treaty and international custom in various aspects of their existence, namely: in aspects of their occurrence, observance and application.The article focuses on the legal analysis of the relationship between the international treaty and international custom in the judicial practice of the International Court of Justice of the United Nations. The analysis is subject, in particular, to the case of the continental shelf of the North Sea (1969), as well as the case of military and paramilitary activities in Nicaragua and against Nicaragua (1986).Based on the analyzed materials, the author of the article came to the conclusion that, firstly, an international treaty may contain customary norms, that have already existed and were in effect even before its conclusion. Secondly, the international treaty may be the last stage in the process of forming the customary norm. And thirdly, an international treaty may propose new legal norms that, due to further practice of subjects of international law, can be the basis for the creation of a new international custom.Moreover, it can be concluded that international customs and international treaties can exist and operate in parallel. However, even if the contractual and customary norm are identical in content, and the subjects of international law who are in disputed legal relations are connected, both by one and the second source of law, then from the point of view of applying these identical norms, they exist independently from each other. ; Як відомо, у міжнародному публічному праві відсутня ієрархія джерел права. Однак в практиці виникають спірні ...
The problem of international security is one of the central in theory and practice of internationals and statesmen, because it is associated with almost any issue of international politics. Modern processes and phenomena are characterized by the complexity of technological, political, financial relationships in socio-economic systems. They identify increasingly unpredictable new combinations of risk parameters and the extent of their consequences. This determines the relevance of the analysis of the modern system of international security. ; Проблема міжнародної безпеки є однією з центральних в теорії і практиці міжнародників і державних діячів, оскільки з нею пов'язаний практично будь-яке питання міжнародної політики. Для сучасних процесів і явищ характерно ускладнення технологічних, політичних, фінансових взаємозв'язків у соціально-економічних системах. Вони визначають всі більш важкопередбачувані нові комбінації параметрів ризиків і масштабів їх наслідків. Це обумовлює актуальність аналізу сучасної системи міжнародної безпеки.
In the beginning of the 21st century different features of the transformation of the contemporary international system could be studied. Among these features changes in nature of threats, actions of main actors of international system concerning changing security environment, appearance of new centers of power and military confrontation between the USA and Russia could be distinguished. Impact of polarity of the international system towards international security was one of the most popular topics of international relations in the second half of the 20th century. Concept of polarity as certain distribution of power in international system became very popular due to Realism school of international relations. Many different studies were made concerning this topic in the Cold War period, but after the end of the Cold War topics of international system and polarity in the international system seemed as unimportant and lost its significance. The new importance of polarity conception was brought by the emergence of new types of threats to international security and by unequal distribution of power in the international system that created unipolar structure with one superpower and several smaller centers of power in the beginning of the 21st century. In this article few presumptions and conclusions concerning the transformation of the contemporary polar structure of international systems were made. First presumption is that contemporary international system is transforming from strict unipolarity with one exceptionally strong superpower to modified unipolarity with one superpower and several emerging centers of power.[.].
In the beginning of the 21st century different features of the transformation of the contemporary international system could be studied. Among these features changes in nature of threats, actions of main actors of international system concerning changing security environment, appearance of new centers of power and military confrontation between the USA and Russia could be distinguished. Impact of polarity of the international system towards international security was one of the most popular topics of international relations in the second half of the 20th century. Concept of polarity as certain distribution of power in international system became very popular due to Realism school of international relations. Many different studies were made concerning this topic in the Cold War period, but after the end of the Cold War topics of international system and polarity in the international system seemed as unimportant and lost its significance. The new importance of polarity conception was brought by the emergence of new types of threats to international security and by unequal distribution of power in the international system that created unipolar structure with one superpower and several smaller centers of power in the beginning of the 21st century. In this article few presumptions and conclusions concerning the transformation of the contemporary polar structure of international systems were made. First presumption is that contemporary international system is transforming from strict unipolarity with one exceptionally strong superpower to modified unipolarity with one superpower and several emerging centers of power.[.].
In the beginning of the 21st century different features of the transformation of the contemporary international system could be studied. Among these features changes in nature of threats, actions of main actors of international system concerning changing security environment, appearance of new centers of power and military confrontation between the USA and Russia could be distinguished. Impact of polarity of the international system towards international security was one of the most popular topics of international relations in the second half of the 20th century. Concept of polarity as certain distribution of power in international system became very popular due to Realism school of international relations. Many different studies were made concerning this topic in the Cold War period, but after the end of the Cold War topics of international system and polarity in the international system seemed as unimportant and lost its significance. The new importance of polarity conception was brought by the emergence of new types of threats to international security and by unequal distribution of power in the international system that created unipolar structure with one superpower and several smaller centers of power in the beginning of the 21st century. In this article few presumptions and conclusions concerning the transformation of the contemporary polar structure of international systems were made. First presumption is that contemporary international system is transforming from strict unipolarity with one exceptionally strong superpower to modified unipolarity with one superpower and several emerging centers of power.[.].
The historical period after the beginning of the global economic crisis has accelerated the transformation of the Balkan subsystem of the European system of international relations. In a strategic sense, the European Union faces a complex dilemma: to Europeanize the Balkans, or to risk the balkanization of Europe. The European Union, together with the United States, has overcome the scenario of European balkanization. Symbols for this were the completion of the process of joining NATO Albania, Montenegro, and Macedonia. It is critically important to overcome the conflict between Serbia and Kosovo. Russia is trying to maintain its influence in Serbia, which remains the last Russian outpost in the Balkans. Serbian society remains divided into a liberal pro-European segment focused on European and Euro-Atlantic integration, and a nationalist segment that hopes to reestablish the "Great Serbia" project on the verge of the 21st century. The peace in the Balkans can only bring the completion of the process of including this region into the system of European and Euro-Atlantic integration. ; Історичний період після початку світової економічної кризи прискорив процес трансформації балканської підсистеми європейської системи міжнародних відносин. В стратегічному сенсі Європейський Союз постав перед складною дилемою: європеїзуватиБалкани або ризикувати балканізацією Європи. ЄС разом зі США подолав сценарій балканізації Європи. Символами цього стало завершення процесу вступу до НАТО Албанії, Чорногорії та Македонії. Критично важливим є подолання конфлікту між Сербією і Косово. Росія намагається зберегти свій вплив у Сербії, яка залишається останнім російським форпостом на Балканах. Сербське суспільство залишається поділеним на ліберальний проєвропейський сегмент, орієнтований на європейську і євроатлантичну інтеграцію, і націоналістичний, який сподівається відновити загиблий на межі ХХІ ст. проект «Великої Сербії». Мир на Балкани може принести тільки завершення процесу включення цього регіону у систему європейської та євроатлантичної інтеграції.
The article deals with the formation of a system of training international specialists in the spheres of diplomacy, economics, politics, ethnology, linguistics, culture, literary studies, art studies, etc. as an integral attribute of a full-fledged state, which are not limited to priority and promising areas, and cover all the most possible directions of activities. It emphasizes the importance of cultural diplomacy for achieving economic and political priorities. The history of the formation of such a system in Europe, the Russian Empire, the USSR, Ukraine in the era of the UPR and the Soviet period is considered. Separately we are talking about the elements of a holistic and purposeful activity in this direction in Ukraine with the achievement of statehood. There are gaps in the formation of the appropriate system of educational and scientific training of specialists, their causes. The ways of overcoming current deficiencies are proposed by the efforts of state authorities and educational institutions, taking into account Ukraine's aspirations to become a subject of world politics.
The article explores the issues of improvement of the seaport management system that is currently operating in Ukraine, are studied the legal aspects of introduction in Ukraine of the international experience in informatization of the system of management of seaports, introduction of innovations, new developments into the national seaport management system, bringing it to the international standards, examines the necessity to amend the national legislation of Ukraine in view of the time requirements. The article deals with the economic potential of Ukrainian seaports and possible ways of its development. The importance of the development of the management of the seaports of Ukraine as an integral part of the whole domestic transport system and international maritime transportations is noted. The article deals with examples of positive experience of seaports in the world regarding the informatization of the seaport management system. The list of existing seaport management information systems and examples of their use in the ports of the world are given. The successes of Ukraine in the field of informatization of the seaport management system, namely the successful experience of implementation of the E- PORT information system in the specialized seaport of Olvia, are also noted. Are listed The following stages of implementation of the E-PORT information system in the seaports of Ukraine. It has been determined that the implementation of the E-PORT information system at the State-owned enterprise «Olvia» Stevedoring Company» at the specialized maritime port of Olvia allowed to optimize the processes related to the delivery and shipment of cargo at this port. Other positive attempts to use information technologies in the marine economic complex have been investigated, namely Vessel Transport Service (VTS), Vessel Traffic Management Information System (VTMIS) and Management Information System (MIS). Is given the example of possible main stages of development of information system of management of seaports of Ukraine. Are listed The laws of Ukraine governing the operation of information systems and information protection. The article highlights the legal and technical requirements for regulatory support of information systems and information security. ; У статті досліджується питання удосконалення системи управління морськими портами, яка нині діє в Україні, вивчаються правові аспекти впровадження в Україні міжнародного досвіду інформатизації системи управління морськими портами, впровадження у національну систему управління морськими портами інновацій, новітніх розробок, приведення її до міжнародних стандартів, вивчається необхідність внесення змін у національне законодавство України з огляду на вимоги часу. У статті розглядається економічний потенціал морських портів України та можливі шляхи його розвитку. Досліджено питання причини занепаду морегосподарського комплексу України та досліджено шляхи вирішення наявних проблем, визначено шляхи виходу з кризи. Зазначено важливість розвитку сфери управління морськими портами України як складової ланки усієї вітчизняної транспортної системи та міжнародних морських транспортних перевезень. У статті розглянуто приклади позитивного досвіду морських портів світу стосовно інформатизації системи управління морськими портами. Наведено перелік існуючих інформаційних систем управління морськими портами та приклади їх використання у портах світу. Також зазначено успіхи України у сфері інформатизації системи управління морськими портами, а саме успішний досвід впровадження інформаційної системи E-PORT у спеціалізованому морському порту «Ольвія». Перераховано наступні етапи впровадження інформаційної системи E-PORT в морських портах України. Визначено що впровадження інформаційної системи E-PORT на Державному підприємстві «Стивідорна компанія «Ольвія» у спеціалізованому морському порту «Ольвія» дозволило оптимізувати процеси, пов'язані з доставкою та відправкою вантажів в даному порту. Досліджено інші позитивні спроби використання інформаційних технологій в морегосподарському комплексі, а саме Служби Транспортного Обслуговування Судна (VTS), Управління ІнформаційноюСистемою Руху Судна (VTMIS) та Управління Системою Інформації (MIS). Наведено приклад можливих основних етапів розвитку інформатизації системи управління морськими портами України. Перелічено закони України що регламентують роботу інформаційних систем та захисту інформації. У статті висвітлюються правові та технічні вимоги до нормативно-правового забезпечення роботи інформаційних систем та захисту інформації.
