Today, Europe is living a new decisive time as it has been in its past after World War II, in search of unity in diversity in the name of a peace project to safeguard future. If, on the one hand, Europe expresses aspirations for profound changes in its external environment, in the domestic context, it ends up colliding with aspects linked to sovereignty and human rights; on the other hand, in European foreign policy, the model reveals the search to legitimize its action. Precisely, the objective and the motivation of this study seek, through the qualitative methodology in Political Science, to analyse and understand the current context of the European Union in the international system. In fact, it is identified that this new hierarchy of powers, in the reaffirmation of the Westphalian system, where economic power comes, is bound to consolidate the democratic development between the old and new times of international relations in the destiny of Europe. From the results obtained during the analysis, in order to face again the unpredictability of the world scenario, it is a reality that Europe must promote the re-encounter of an alternative role, in other words, to assume its initial project of European edification in the name of equality of circumstances and rights of its affirmation in the global arena.
Whether the tax system ought to be built around an income or a consumption tax has been a primary -- some would say the primary -- issue in tax policy for many years. Much of the interest in tax policy arises from the widespread belief that taxes on income and savings tend to lower long-run income by retarding the creation and expansion of firms and by discouraging workers and investment. Following this belief, Brazilian's government has proposed a tax reform which, basically, replaces tax on investment and labor with tax on consumption. In this paper, we develop a dynamic general equilibrium model to guide our quantitative assessment of the economic and distributional implications of such tax reform. The model is calibrated in such a way that it matches some selected features of the Brazilian economy. We also use the calibrated model to calculate the deadweight loss of each type of taxation and thus provide some rationality for that rearrangement in the tax system. The main result of the paper is that, even though the tax reform increases the asset accumulation, labor and output of economy, it also raises the welfare inequality as borrowing constrained individuals cannot take advantage of the drop in tax on savings. ; Muito do interesse em política tributária vem da disseminada crença que as taxas sobre a renda e a poupança tendem à reduzir o produto de longo prazo, retardando a criação e a expansão das firmas e desencorajando a oferta de trabalho e o investimento. Seguindo essa idéia, o governo brasileiro propôs uma reforma tributária a qual, basicamente, substitui a taxação do investimento e do trabalho pela taxação do consumo. Nesse artigo, nós desenvolvemos um modelo dinâmico de equilíbrio geral com agentes heterogênios para investigar quantitativamente os efeitos econômicos e distributivos de tal reforma. O modelo é calibrado de forma a reproduzir selecionadas estatísticas da economia brasileira. Nós também usamos o modelo calibrado para calcular a perda de peso morto causada por cada tipo de tributação, o que permite analisar a racionalidade da mudança do sistema tributário proposta pelo governo. O principal resultado do artigo é que, embora a reforma tributária aumente a acumulação de capital, o emprego e o produto da economia, ela também aumenta a desigualdade, uma vez que, além da redução da regressividade do sistema, os indivíduos com baixa renda e que enfrentam restrição à crédito não se beneficiam da redução da taxação da poupança.
Abstract This paper aims to reflect about the contradictions of international cooperation for development in Haiti that can be summarized in two perspectives: the North-South cooperation (NSC) and South-South cooperation (SSC). The dynamics of relationships can mix them (N-SSC). We identified governmental and nongovernmental particularly in health, linked to the OECD, the ALBA-TCP and UNASUR as empirical sources for reflection. The OECD privileges the perspective of NSC: commitment of developed nations with undeveloped. It operates mainly through NGOs. The ALBA-TCP and UNASUR have followed the perspective of SSC: commitment and solidarity among nations alike. They emphasize the horizontal partnership based on solidarity, respect for national sovereignty and peculiarities of each country. The resumption of the categories imperialism and internationalism may contribute to the understanding and analysis the contradictions in the international development agenda, illustrated by how these different actor in Haiti organize their actions. While the first one indicates bonding mechanisms geopolitical hierarchy, the latter suggests possibilities for overcoming these mechanisms. Key-words: International cooperation; Haiti; Imperialism; Internationalism; Organizational studies. Resumo Este artigo objetiva refletir sobre contradições da cooperação internacional para o desenvolvimento no Haiti, resumidas em duas perspectivas: cooperação Norte-Sul (CNS) e cooperação Sul-Sul (CSS). A dinâmica das relações pode misturá-las (CN-SS). Identificamos atores governamentais e não governamentais, na área da saúde, vinculados à OCDE, à ALBA-TCP e à UNASUL como fontes empíricas para a reflexão. A OCDE se orienta, predominantemente pela CNS, ou seja, pelo compromisso de assistência que os países desenvolvidos oferecem aos subdesenvolvidos. Opera principalmente através de ONGs. Nas ações da ALBA-TCP e da Unasul predominam a perspectiva da CSS: comprometimento solidário entre nações iguais. Enfatizam a parceria horizontal baseada na solidariedade, no respeito à soberania e peculiaridades de cada país. A retomada das categorias imperialismo e internacionalismo contribui para compreensão e análise das contradições na agenda internacional do desenvolvimento, ilustradas pelas formas mediante as quais esses diferentes atores organizam suas ações no Haiti. Enquanto as dos países da OCDE denotam mecanismos geopolíticos hierárquicos, as ações dos países vinculados à ALBA-TCP e da UNASUR sugerem possibilidades de superação desses mecanismos, buscando a cooperação genuína e autodeterminada. Palavras-chave: Cooperação internacional; Haiti; Imperialismo; Internationalismo; Estudos oganizacionais. Resumen En este artículo se reflexiona sobre las contradicciones de la cooperación internacional para el desarrollo en Haití, resumidas en dos puntos de vista: cooperación Norte-Sur (CNS) y cooperación Sur-Sur (CSS). La dinámica de las relaciones pueden mezclarlos (CN-SS). Identificamos los actores gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, en la salud, de la OCDE, del ALBA-TCP y UNASUR como fuentes empíricas para la reflexión. La OCDE se orienta principalmente por la CNS, es decir, ofrecen asistencia a los países sudesarrollados. Opera principalmente a través de ONGs; en las acciones del ALBA-TCP y UNASUR predominan la perspectiva de CSS: el compromiso solidario entre naciones iguales. La énfasis és en la colaboración horizontal basada en la solidaridad, el respeto a la soberanía y las peculiaridades de cada país. La reanudación de las categorías imperialismo y internacionalismo contribuye a la comprensión y el análisis de las contradicciones en la agenda de desarrollo internacional, ilustrada por las formas en que los diferentes actores organizan sus acciones en Haití. Mientras que los países de la OCDE indican mecanismos geopolíticos jerárquicas, las acciones de los países vinculados al ALBA- TCP y UNASUR sugieren posibilidades para la superación de estos mecanismos, buscando la cooperación genuina y autodeterminada. Palabras-clave: Cooperación internacional; Haití, Imperialismo; Internationalismo; Estudios oganizacionales.
Among the existing models in the Brazilian legal system that deals with the transfer of non-state public activities to private entities without profit, the management contract signed with entities qualified as Social Organizations stands out, inaugurated with Federal Law no. 9.637/98. This work focuses on addressing issues for which the edited legal norms were not able to solve. It addresses all the questions that involve everything from the qualification process of the entity, through its selection, to the execution of the management contract, with emphasis on the debates around its legal nature and related issues. It also focuseson the implementation phase of the adjustment and possible civil liability of the Social Organization. Finally, external control is also addressed, with emphasis on the performance of the Audit Cours. ; Dentre os modelos existentes no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro que tratam da transferência de atividades públicas não-estatais a entes privados desprovidos de fins lucrativos, destaca-se o contrato de gestão firmado com entidades qualificadas como Organizações Sociais, inaugurado com a Lei Federal nº 9.637/98. Este trabalho volta-se ao enfrentamento de questões cujas normas legais editadas não foram capazes de solucionar. Aborda-se todos os questionamentos que envolvem desde o processo de qualificação da entidade, passando pela sua seleção, até a execução do contrato de gestão, com destaque para os debates em torno da sua natureza jurídica e questões afins. Foca-se, ainda, a fase de execução do ajuste e possível responsabilização civil da Organização Social. Por fim, o controle externo é também abordado, com ênfase à atuação dos Tribunais de Contas.
Citizen care in the health field is a fundamental right provided by the federal constitution of Brazil. The Unified Health System (SUS) is one of the best and most important systems in the world and serves around 220 million people. The System is comprehensive and characterized by three pillars of support: universality, completeness and equity. The right to scientific information is one of the main elements of the SUS and the Journal of Human Growth and Development has contributed over its 27 years of existence providing a democratic scenario and a place to debate ideas in the field of public health and the irrefutable defence of SUS in Brazil. In this way, JHGD maintains its tradition of publishing articles devoted to the field of public health and contributing to the dissemination of knowledge and to the progress of science. The Journal intends to serve as a space for exchange knowledge among professionals in universities and help them to deal with the problems of human growth and development, improving the publication scenario of scientific articles refereed by peers, highlighting its commitment to communicate the knowledge obtained through ethic research with bilingual and free publications. ; The Citizen care in the health field is a fundamental right provided by the federal constitution of Brazil. The Unified Health System (SUS) is one of the best and most important systems in the world and serves around 220 million people. The System is comprehensive and characterized by three pillars of support: universality, completeness and equity. The right to scientific information is one of the main elements of the SUS and the Journal of Human Growth and Development has contributed over its 27 years of existence providing a democratic scenario and a place to debate ideas in the field of public health and the irrefutable defence of SUS in Brazil. In this way, JHGD maintains its tradition of publishing articles devoted to the field of public health and contributing to the dissemination of knowledge and to the progress of science. The Journal intends to serve as a space for exchange knowledge among professionals in universities and help them to deal with the problems of human growth and development, improving the publication scenario of scientific articles refereed by peers, highlighting its commitment to communicate the knowledge obtained through ethic research with bilingual and free publication.
This review focuses only on specific studies into the SUS regionalization process, which were based on empirical results and published since 2006, when the SUS was already under the aegis of the Pact for Health framework. It was found that the regionalization process is now underway in all spheres of government, subject to a set of challenges common to the different realities of the country. These include, primarily, that committee-structured entities are valued as spaces for innovation, yet also strive to overcome the bureaucratic and clientelist political culture. Regional governance is further hampered by the fragmentation of the system and, in particular, by the historical deficiency in planning, from the local level to the strategic policies for technology incorporation. The analyses enabled the identification of a culture of broad privilege for political negotiation, to the detriment of planning, as one of the main factors responsible for a vicious circle that sustains technical deficiency in management. ; Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Med Prevent, R Botucatu 740-4, BR-04023062 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil ; Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Med Prevent, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil ; Escola Nacl Saude Publica, Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil ; Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Med Prevent, R Botucatu 740-4, BR-04023062 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil ; Web of Science
Education has been depicted as the main 'social elevator' to confront the internal inequalities of modern abyssal societies. Roma, as the largest, ancient European minority, are perpetually targeted as a 'sensitive' population in regard to access to and success in basic and higher education, creating a framework where Roma themselves, from an early age, are considered a 'problem'. Academia, scientific research and knowledge production are not isolated from these practices and political/epistemological framework. In this sense, the article unravels its complicity and responsibility in the maintenance of the white order, the modern civilisatory mission toward the racialised bodies and the 'ideology of integration' as the only possible political path. This paper discusses the current academic production of evidence-based research in the field of education in regards to Roma, exploring the semantics and conceptual constructions that frame the discussion related to the Roma experience in the educative system. Furthermore, the article discusses how the conceptual codification of such a framework actually serves to condition intellectual and political approaches that attempt to go beyond the complicit 'ideology of integration' when addressing public and educative policies.
Introduction: The right to health, one of the achievements guaranteed by the Citizen Constitution promulgated in 1988, came in response to the citizens' struggle for health reform in 1986. The guarantee of this right is established in the Unified Health System (SUS). Objective: To analyze the conception of the right to health of middle level proffesionals of SUS. Methods: Qualitative approach research, through 2 focus groups involving 9 graduates of a Health Technical School of the SUS in the north of Brazil, from the courses of clinical analysis, dental hygiene and nursing, working in the Unified Health System. Content analysis proposed by Bardin (2009), with the definition of 3 categories. Results: Three categories show the results obtained concluding concepts of health, the right to health and health conceptions; Health practices and access to care; and topics of training, health care and humanization. Conclusion: The participants of this study have a conception of the right to health directed to the legislation, their concepts of health approach elements of SUS policy, among others, promotion, prevention, humanization; their conceptions of health are strongly focused on the biomedical model centered on disease and medicine.
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the recommendations of international organizations based on the Washington Consensus on health system reforms of selected countries in Latin America and the Caribbean in the 1980s and 1990s and to investigate the effects of the competitive market logic on public action in the health system. METHODS: Comparative analysis of the characteristics of health system reforms conducted in the 1980s and 1990s, still seen in Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. Data were collected by documental analysis and literature review. The systems were described based on the characteristics of: co-payment, privatization mechanisms, decentralization, fragmentation of the system, integration of funding sources and coverage of the population (universal or segmented). RESULTS: The reforms were implemented differently, worsening inequalities in health service delivery systems. Changes related to the neoliberal idea of transforming public action in the direction of private logic point to the predominance of competition rules and the reduction in economic costs in all countries analyzed, contrary to the logic of universal health systems. CONCLUSION: The reduction in economic costs, the fragmentation of systems and inequalities in the provision of health services, among others, may mean other future costs resulting from low protection to the population's health. A striking and multidimensional counter-reform is essential to make health a right of all again, in a solidarity system that can lead to the reduction in inequalities and a more democratic society. ; OBJETIVO: Analisar as recomendações dos organismos internacionais pautadas no Consenso de Washington para as reformas dos sistemas de saúde de países selecionados da América Latina e Caribe nas décadas de 1980 e 1990 e investigar os efeitos da lógica concorrencial de mercado sobre a ação pública nos sistema de saúde. MÉTODOS: Análise comparada de características das reformas dos sistemas de saúde realizadas nas décadas de 1980 e 1990, presentes até o momento no Brasil, Argentina, Chile, Colômbia, México e Peru. Os dados foram coletados por análise documental e revisão de literatura. Os sistemas foram descritos quanto às características de: copagamento, mecanismos de privatização, descentralização, fragmentação do sistema, integração das fontes de financiamento e cobertura da população (universal ou segmentada). RESULTADOS: As reformas foram implementadas de forma variada, aprofundando desigualdades nos sistemas de prestação de serviços de saúde. As mudanças, ao serem relacionadas à ideia neoliberal de transformar a ação pública na direção da lógica privada, apontam para o predomínio das regras da concorrência e da redução dos custos econômicos em todos os países analisados, contrariando a lógica dos sistemas universais de saúde. CONCLUSÃO: A redução dos custos econômicos, a fragmentação dos sistemas e as desigualdades na prestação de serviços de saúde, entre outros, poderão significar outros custos futuros decorrentes da baixa proteção à saúde da população. É imprescindível uma contrarreforma contundente e multidimensional, que retome a saúde como direito de todos, em um sistema solidário que possa levar à redução das desigualdades e a uma sociedade mais democrática.
Objective: To understand/reveal the experiences of undergraduate students of the Nursing School of the Universidade de São Paulo in international academic mobility. Method: A cross-sectional, descriptive study with a qualitative approach conducted between February and July 2017. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview and submitted to content analysis. Results: Twenty-two (22) students participated in the study. Five analytical categories emerged from the analysis of the interviews: Interinstitutional Relationships Dimension, Personal Dimension, Professional Dimension, Academic Dimension and Cultural Dimension. Conclusion: There are many advantages that international mobility can bring to vocational training. Greater governmental and institutional investment is considered necessary, but with mutual planning and monitoring by the institutions in order for it to contribute to the development of Nursing and the Country. ; Objective: To understand/reveal the experiences of undergraduate students of the Nursing School of the Universidade de São Paulo in international academic mobility. Method: A cross-sectional, descriptive study with a qualitative approach conducted between February and July 2017. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview and submitted to content analysis. Results: Twenty-two (22) students participated in the study. Five analytical categories emerged from the analysis of the interviews: Interinstitutional Relationships Dimension, Personal Dimension, Professional Dimension, Academic Dimension and Cultural Dimension. Conclusion: There are many advantages that international mobility can bring to vocational training. Greater governmental and institutional investment is considered necessary, but with mutual planning and monitoring by the institutions in order for it to contribute to the development of Nursing and the Country.
Decentralization of Brazil's Unified National Health System (SUS) still poses challenges in large cities. To characterize decentralization as an essentially political process, institutional policy variables, including local management capacity, are determinant for shaping decentralization in each context. Using the government triangle reference to evaluate management capacity, a case study was conducted with the objective of analyzing the system's decentralization in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil's largest metropolis. An analysis of selected health system managers and administrative documents identified a trend towards focusing health management at the municipal level in 2005-2008, accompanied by dismantling of local/regional structures in the Municipal Health Secretariat, resulting in technical and policy depletion at these levels. Despite the limits of decentralization, the article emphasizes its power as an operational strategy to achieve the SUS' objectives. The article also stresses the need to resume the health decentralization process in the city of Sao Paulo, both moving towards local/regional levels and linked to the decentralization of municipal public management. ; Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Prevent Med, Escola Paulista Med, BR-04023900 Sao Paulo, Brazil ; Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Saude Publ, Sao Paulo, Brazil ; Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Prevent Med, Escola Paulista Med, BR-04023900 Sao Paulo, Brazil ; Web of Science
The IV International Workshop on Oil and Gas Depletion, that is held at Gulbenkian Foundation in Lisbon on the 19th and 20th May, 2005, is the fourth annual meeting promoted by ASPO, the Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas, with the organizing support of Geophysics Centre of Évora. Previous meetings were held at the University of Uppsala in 2002, Institut Français du Pétrole, Paris in 2003, and Bundesanstatt fur Geowissenschaften und Roshtoffe, Berlin in 2004. In this fourth annual edition, the core topics chosen for our works are: • Reality in Oil Exporting Countries: The Supply Limits • Impacts of Depletion in Oil Importing Countries: The Demand Pressure • How-Much Regular Oil and Non-Conventional Oil: Utopia versus Reality • The Case for Political Action: The Depletion Protocol • The World Past Peak Oil Age From Uppsala to Lisbon, the public perception of the serious threat impending on humankind as a result of the growing scarcity of fossil fuels has increased. And national and international authorities have slowly but perceptibly admitted and changed their discourse on the problematic availability of the energy required to run the world economy. But political consequences have not yet been addressed straightforwardly – when political action is ever increasingly urgent for putting in place the economical and social changes and technological infrastructure required for preserving wellbeing if not survival itself. For this reason, in this fourth edition of ASPO's annual meetings we called upon members of the political community to share their views on how political action might be taken at the required international level. As the starting point of this debate we have the Depletion Protocol - first proposed by Colin Campbell 10 years ago at a conference in London. It has surfaced in various guises since, named the Uppsala Protocol in 2002, on the occasion of the First International ASPO's Workshop, later also referred to as the Rimini Protocol. The organizers of this Workshop welcome all participants and thank all speakers who kindly accepted to contribute to this event and those participants who also offered their contributions. They thank Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation and Partex – Oil and Gas, for generously hosting this event and offering the valuable sponsorship which makes it possible. Thanks are also due to the staff of the Geophysics Centre of Évora and University of Évora who, along the past few months, has worked in preparation of the conditions to hold this event now and who, together with the staff of Gulbenkian Foundation, are making it through. The Organizing Committee May 2005
RESUMO Objetivo: investigar na literatura acerca da legislação vigente do direito à saúde dos apenados, como também a sua efetividade no sistema prisional brasileiro. Método: revisão integrativa com vistas a responder a questão > Realizada nas bases de dados LILACS, PubMed, Adolec e Cochrane, buscando-se artigos em português, inglês e espanhol, publicados entre 1998 e 2012, além da SciELO, livros, dissertações, teses, documentos normativos e leis utilizando os descritores direito à saúde, legislação e prisões. Resultados: os resultados revelaram que a legislação e os documentos normativos produzidos recentemente são bastante abrangentes e satisfazem as necessidades teóricas da manutenção da saúde dos presidiários brasileiros. Porém, verificou-se uma inobservância da legislação e um descumprimento dos direitos sociais dos presos, incluindo o âmbito da saúde. Conclusão: a legislação vigente apresenta-se bastante completa, porém há um descumprimento dos direitos à saúde dos presidiários por parte do Estado. Descritores: Direito à Saúde; Legislação; Prisões. ABSTRACT Objective: to investigate in the literature concerning the legal status of the right to health of inmates, as well as its effectiveness in the Brazilian prison system. Method: an integrative review aimed to answer the question > Held in the databases LILACS, PubMed, Cochrane and Adolec, looking up for articles in Portuguese, English and Spanish, published between 1998 and 2012, in addition to the SciELO, books, dissertations, theses, laws and normative documents using the descriptors right to health, law and prisons. Results: the results revealed that the legislation and normative documents produced recently are quite comprehensive and meet the theoretical needs of maintaining the health of inmates Brazilians. However, there was a non-observance of the law and noncompliance of the social rights of the detainees, including the scope of health. Conclusion: the current legislation is a rather complete, but there is a noncompliance of the right to health of prisoners by the State. Descriptors: Right to Health; Legislation; Prisons. RESUMEN Objetivo: investigar en la literatura sobre la condición jurídica del derecho a la salud de los reclusos, así como su eficacia en el sistema penitenciario brasileño. Método: revisión integradora destinada a responder a la pregunta ; ABSTRACT Objective: to investigate in the literature concerning the legal status of the right to health of inmates, as well as its effectiveness in the Brazilian prison system. Method: an integrative review aimed to answer the question > Held in the databases LILACS, PubMed, Cochrane and Adolec, looking up for articles in Portuguese, English and Spanish, published between 1998 and 2012, in addition to the SciELO, books, dissertations, theses, laws and normative documents using the descriptors right to health, law and prisons. Results: the results revealed that the legislation and normative documents produced recently are quite comprehensive and meet the theoretical needs of maintaining the health of inmates Brazilians. However, there was a non-observance of the law and noncompliance of the social rights of the detainees, including the scope of health. Conclusion: the current legislation is a rather complete, but there is a noncompliance of the right to health of prisoners by the State. Descriptors: Right to Health; Legislation; Prisons. RESUMO Objetivo: investigar na literatura acerca da legislação vigente do direito à saúde dos apenados, como também a sua efetividade no sistema prisional brasileiro. Método: revisão integrativa com vistas a responder a questão > Realizada nas bases de dados LILACS, PubMed, Adolec e Cochrane, buscando-se artigos em português, inglês e espanhol, publicados entre 1998 e 2012, além da SciELO, livros, dissertações, teses, documentos normativos e leis utilizando os descritores direito à saúde, legislação e prisões. Resultados: os resultados revelaram que a legislação e os documentos normativos produzidos recentemente são bastante abrangentes e satisfazem as necessidades teóricas da manutenção da saúde dos presidiários brasileiros. Porém, verificou-se uma inobservância da legislação e um descumprimento dos direitos sociais dos presos, incluindo o âmbito da saúde. Conclusão: a legislação vigente apresenta-se bastante completa, porém há um descumprimento dos direitos à saúde dos presidiários por parte do Estado. Descritores: Direito à Saúde; Legislação; Prisões. RESUMEN Objetivo: investigar en la literatura sobre la condición jurídica del derecho a la salud de los reclusos, así como su eficacia en el sistema penitenciario brasileño. Método: revisión integradora destinada a responder a la pregunta
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the allocation of financial resources in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) in the state of São Paulo by level of care, health region, source of funds and level of government. METHODS: This is an exploratory study based on 2014 data extracted from the Public Health Budget Database, presented in absolute terms, relative terms and per capita. RESULTS: In 2014, R$52.1 bi were spent on public health, 58.0% having corresponded to the expenditures of the municipalities and 42.0% to those of the state government. Regional per capita spending varied from R$561.75 to R$824.85. As for the per capita spending on primary health care, which represented 37.5% of the municipalities' total expenditure, the lowest value was found in the city of São Paulo and the highest, in Araçatuba. Campinas had the highest per capita expenditure on medium and high complexity care, while Presidente Prudente had the lowest. The highest regional percentage of the current net revenue spent on health was verified in Registro, and the lowest, in the city of São Paulo. CONCLUSIONS: The paradigm of the health sector's financing in São Paulo revealed that the expenditure on primary health care, level elected by health policy as strategic because it depends on coordination and integral health care in the attention networks, was not considered a priority in relation to the expenditure with the medium and high complexity, exposing the iniquities in the state's regions. ; OBJETIVO: Analisar a alocação de recursos financeiros no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no estado de São Paulo por nível de atenção, região de saúde, fonte de recursos e ente federado. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo exploratório circunscrito ao exercício de 2014. Os dados extraídos do Sistema de Informações sobre Orçamentos Públicos em Saúde estão apresentados em valores absolutos, relativos e per capita. RESULTADOS: Em 2014 observou-se um gasto público com saúde de R$52,1 bi, sendo 58,0% relativos ao gasto dos municípios e 42,0% relativos ao gasto do governo do estado. O gasto regional per capita variou de R$561,75 a R$824,85. Já o gasto per capita com atenção primária à saúde, que representou 37,5% do gasto total dos municípios, foi menor na região da Grande São Paulo e maior em Araçatuba. A região de Campinas apresentou o maior gasto per capita com atenção de média e alta complexidade, enquanto Presidente Prudente teve o menor. O maior percentual regional da receita corrente líquida gasto com saúde foi verificado em Registro, e o menor na Grande São Paulo. CONCLUSÕES: O paradigma de financiamento do setor da saúde em São Paulo revelou que o gasto com a atenção primária, nível eleito pela política de saúde como estratégico porque dele dependem a coordenação e o cuidado integral à saúde nas redes de atenção, não recebeu prioridade em relação ao gasto com a média e a alta complexidade, expondo as iniquidades nas regiões do estado.
Discuta la participación de estudiantes de secundaria en la gestión escolar, presentando los resultados de la investigación realizada en una escuela pública en el estado de Amazonas. Su objetivo era identificar acciones institucionales que permitan la participación de estudiantes de secundaria en los procesos de gestión, verificando hasta qué punto el principio de gestión democrática de la educación pública se ha materializado en las escuelas secundarias. La metodología tiene una perspectiva cualitativa que aplica la técnica de análisis de documentos, incluidos documentos escolares como: Actas, Proyecto político pedagógico, Reglas internas, Informes y Manuales. Los resultados muestran pocas y frágiles formas de participación estudiantil en la gestión de la escuela secundaria. Hay un esfuerzo por demarcar la gestión democrática como principio en los documentos escolares, pero no hay propuestas para garantizar una participación efectiva de los estudiantes en las acciones de gestión de la escuela secundaria. ; This study discusses upper secondary school student's participation in educational management by presenting the results of a research conducted at a public school in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Its purpose was to identify institutional actions that enable upper secondary school students' participation in educational management processes, assessing to what extent the principle of democratic management in public education has been made possible in these institutions. In this qualitative research the document analysis of school documents such as: Minutes, Pedagogic Political Project, Internal Regulations, Reports, and Manuals was performed. The findings indicate few and frail forms of student participation in secondary school management. An effort to mark democratic management as a principle in school documents exists, however there is a lack of propositions that enables student participation in secondary school management.
