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Ideological restraints are dysfunction of journalistic work. This phenomenon is often detected in "not free" countries. In this article the Russian case is analysed (140th place in "Press Freedom Index 2010" by Reporters Without Borders and "not free" country in "Map of Press Freedom 2011" by Freedom House). Journalists in Russia often fall under pressure of central government and local politics in the regions. Internet is an area of free information circulation. It's main point of internet effect. Information makes imprint in the World Wide Web. In terms of copy/ paste and share traditions information there is quite safe, because it's hard to block or remove "undesirable" content from Internet. World Wide Web becomes an alternative political space without possibility of direct influence by single political power. Journalists can use Internet to turn ideological restraints. When there is no possibility to publish information in official mass-media, this information could be leak in private Internet sphere: blogs, social networks, private web pages etc. But "Internet diffusion cannot be considered a democratic panacea" (how it is noted by Jacob Groshek). Internet effect is more powerful in democratic countries and less powerful in countries, which are "not free". Therefore the author of this article concludes that: 1) Internet could be a tool to turn ideological restraints; 2) Democratic effect of Internet becomes significant in terms of general democratic changes; 3) In Russia Internet sphere becomes an important alternative to public sphere, which is under political control. The role of Internet in Russia could grow up if evolution of politic system of the country would move towards democracy.

Ideological restraints are dysfunction of journalistic work. This phenomenon is often detected in "not free" countries. In this article the Russian case is analysed (140th place in "Press Freedom Index 2010" by Reporters Without Borders and "not free" country in "Map of Press Freedom 2011" by Freedom House). Journalists in Russia often fall under pressure of central government and local politics in the regions. Internet is an area of free information circulation. It's main point of internet effect. Information makes imprint in the World Wide Web. In terms of copy/ paste and share traditions information there is quite safe, because it's hard to block or remove "undesirable" content from Internet. World Wide Web becomes an alternative political space without possibility of direct influence by single political power. Journalists can use Internet to turn ideological restraints. When there is no possibility to publish information in official mass-media, this information could be leak in private Internet sphere: blogs, social networks, private web pages etc. But "Internet diffusion cannot be considered a democratic panacea" (how it is noted by Jacob Groshek). Internet effect is more powerful in democratic countries and less powerful in countries, which are "not free". Therefore the author of this article concludes that: 1) Internet could be a tool to turn ideological restraints; 2) Democratic effect of Internet becomes significant in terms of general democratic changes; 3) In Russia Internet sphere becomes an important alternative to public sphere, which is under political control. The role of Internet in Russia could grow up if evolution of politic system of the country would move towards democracy.

Ideological restraints are dysfunction of journalistic work. This phenomenon is often detected in "not free" countries. In this article the Russian case is analysed (140th place in "Press Freedom Index 2010" by Reporters Without Borders and "not free" country in "Map of Press Freedom 2011" by Freedom House). Journalists in Russia often fall under pressure of central government and local politics in the regions. Internet is an area of free information circulation. It's main point of internet effect. Information makes imprint in the World Wide Web. In terms of copy/ paste and share traditions information there is quite safe, because it's hard to block or remove "undesirable" content from Internet. World Wide Web becomes an alternative political space without possibility of direct influence by single political power. Journalists can use Internet to turn ideological restraints. When there is no possibility to publish information in official mass-media, this information could be leak in private Internet sphere: blogs, social networks, private web pages etc. But "Internet diffusion cannot be considered a democratic panacea" (how it is noted by Jacob Groshek). Internet effect is more powerful in democratic countries and less powerful in countries, which are "not free". Therefore the author of this article concludes that: 1) Internet could be a tool to turn ideological restraints; 2) Democratic effect of Internet becomes significant in terms of general democratic changes; 3) In Russia Internet sphere becomes an important alternative to public sphere, which is under political control. The role of Internet in Russia could grow up if evolution of politic system of the country would move towards democracy.

Ideological restraints are dysfunction of journalistic work. This phenomenon is often detected in "not free" countries. In this article the Russian case is analysed (140th place in "Press Freedom Index 2010" by Reporters Without Borders and "not free" country in "Map of Press Freedom 2011" by Freedom House). Journalists in Russia often fall under pressure of central government and local politics in the regions. Internet is an area of free information circulation. It's main point of internet effect. Information makes imprint in the World Wide Web. In terms of copy/ paste and share traditions information there is quite safe, because it's hard to block or remove "undesirable" content from Internet. World Wide Web becomes an alternative political space without possibility of direct influence by single political power. Journalists can use Internet to turn ideological restraints. When there is no possibility to publish information in official mass-media, this information could be leak in private Internet sphere: blogs, social networks, private web pages etc. But "Internet diffusion cannot be considered a democratic panacea" (how it is noted by Jacob Groshek). Internet effect is more powerful in democratic countries and less powerful in countries, which are "not free". Therefore the author of this article concludes that: 1) Internet could be a tool to turn ideological restraints; 2) Democratic effect of Internet becomes significant in terms of general democratic changes; 3) In Russia Internet sphere becomes an important alternative to public sphere, which is under political control. The role of Internet in Russia could grow up if evolution of politic system of the country would move towards democracy.

Internet as a new form of communication emerged in the sixties (1969) when the idea of connecting computers into one network spread across the world. While accommodating and processing tremendous information flows Internet raised discussions whether the integration of many texts and voices into its space leads to anarchic or to democratic communication form. German philosopher J. Habermas laid the foundations for the Theory of Publicity's Structural Transformation. When new communication forms emerged it was attempted to apply the model of ideal publicity to the Internet as a means of mass media which can restore the situation of the ideal language and the discussion among different layers of society. The relevance of the topic of this work is based on the attempt to analyze the properties of Internet and to attribute them to the public sphere. Now when it is considered that public spheres are disappearing from our lives it is very important to research the possibilities of Internet and its application to public interests of society. Object of this work – Internet as a public sphere arena. The main problem of this work – specificity of Internet, difficulty in meeting the conditions for the existence of public sphere model. The aim of this work – to uncover the specific features of Internet and its differences from traditional mass media, and to analyze how much Internet matches or does not match the ideal model of public sphere. The main tasks in this work: to analyze Internet in the context of J. Habermas' theory of public sphere; to evaluate Internet as a public sphere arena; to generalize and present the features of Internet users' behavior; to compare Internet to other means of mass media. The hypothesis: Internet meets the preconditions for the existence of the public sphere and stimulates rational discussions. The method of the research carried out: quantitative and qualitative content analysis. Building on the analysis of scientific resources it was concluded that Internet cannot meet all the conditions for the existence of public sphere described by J. Habermas because of its specificity. But contrary to the traditional mass media Internet provides society with the opportunity to freely express its opinions, to react to political events. The research carried out revealed that while discussing in the Internet portal Delfi participants do not start reasonable, rational discussion that would match the rational discussion and ideal language described by J. Habermas and this does not satisfy all the conditions for the existence of public sphere. The hypothesis was improved after analyzing discussion participants' respect and attitude toward others' opinions, respect toward politicians, furtherance of the discussion through questions and answers, striving to reach consensus and stimulation of action. This master's degree paper may be interesting for the teachers and students in the field of communication.

Internet as a new form of communication emerged in the sixties (1969) when the idea of connecting computers into one network spread across the world. While accommodating and processing tremendous information flows Internet raised discussions whether the integration of many texts and voices into its space leads to anarchic or to democratic communication form. German philosopher J. Habermas laid the foundations for the Theory of Publicity's Structural Transformation. When new communication forms emerged it was attempted to apply the model of ideal publicity to the Internet as a means of mass media which can restore the situation of the ideal language and the discussion among different layers of society. The relevance of the topic of this work is based on the attempt to analyze the properties of Internet and to attribute them to the public sphere. Now when it is considered that public spheres are disappearing from our lives it is very important to research the possibilities of Internet and its application to public interests of society. Object of this work – Internet as a public sphere arena. The main problem of this work – specificity of Internet, difficulty in meeting the conditions for the existence of public sphere model. The aim of this work – to uncover the specific features of Internet and its differences from traditional mass media, and to analyze how much Internet matches or does not match the ideal model of public sphere. The main tasks in this work: to analyze Internet in the context of J. Habermas' theory of public sphere; to evaluate Internet as a public sphere arena; to generalize and present the features of Internet users' behavior; to compare Internet to other means of mass media. The hypothesis: Internet meets the preconditions for the existence of the public sphere and stimulates rational discussions. The method of the research carried out: quantitative and qualitative content analysis. Building on the analysis of scientific resources it was concluded that Internet cannot meet all the conditions for the existence of public sphere described by J. Habermas because of its specificity. But contrary to the traditional mass media Internet provides society with the opportunity to freely express its opinions, to react to political events. The research carried out revealed that while discussing in the Internet portal Delfi participants do not start reasonable, rational discussion that would match the rational discussion and ideal language described by J. Habermas and this does not satisfy all the conditions for the existence of public sphere. The hypothesis was improved after analyzing discussion participants' respect and attitude toward others' opinions, respect toward politicians, furtherance of the discussion through questions and answers, striving to reach consensus and stimulation of action. This master's degree paper may be interesting for the teachers and students in the field of communication.

Internet as a new form of communication emerged in the sixties (1969) when the idea of connecting computers into one network spread across the world. While accommodating and processing tremendous information flows Internet raised discussions whether the integration of many texts and voices into its space leads to anarchic or to democratic communication form. German philosopher J. Habermas laid the foundations for the Theory of Publicity's Structural Transformation. When new communication forms emerged it was attempted to apply the model of ideal publicity to the Internet as a means of mass media which can restore the situation of the ideal language and the discussion among different layers of society. The relevance of the topic of this work is based on the attempt to analyze the properties of Internet and to attribute them to the public sphere. Now when it is considered that public spheres are disappearing from our lives it is very important to research the possibilities of Internet and its application to public interests of society. Object of this work – Internet as a public sphere arena. The main problem of this work – specificity of Internet, difficulty in meeting the conditions for the existence of public sphere model. The aim of this work – to uncover the specific features of Internet and its differences from traditional mass media, and to analyze how much Internet matches or does not match the ideal model of public sphere. The main tasks in this work: to analyze Internet in the context of J. Habermas' theory of public sphere; to evaluate Internet as a public sphere arena; to generalize and present the features of Internet users' behavior; to compare Internet to other means of mass media. The hypothesis: Internet meets the preconditions for the existence of the public sphere and stimulates rational discussions. The method of the research carried out: quantitative and qualitative content analysis. Building on the analysis of scientific resources it was concluded that Internet cannot meet all the conditions for the existence of public sphere described by J. Habermas because of its specificity. But contrary to the traditional mass media Internet provides society with the opportunity to freely express its opinions, to react to political events. The research carried out revealed that while discussing in the Internet portal Delfi participants do not start reasonable, rational discussion that would match the rational discussion and ideal language described by J. Habermas and this does not satisfy all the conditions for the existence of public sphere. The hypothesis was improved after analyzing discussion participants' respect and attitude toward others' opinions, respect toward politicians, furtherance of the discussion through questions and answers, striving to reach consensus and stimulation of action. This master's degree paper may be interesting for the teachers and students in the field of communication.

Internet as a new form of communication emerged in the sixties (1969) when the idea of connecting computers into one network spread across the world. While accommodating and processing tremendous information flows Internet raised discussions whether the integration of many texts and voices into its space leads to anarchic or to democratic communication form. German philosopher J. Habermas laid the foundations for the Theory of Publicity's Structural Transformation. When new communication forms emerged it was attempted to apply the model of ideal publicity to the Internet as a means of mass media which can restore the situation of the ideal language and the discussion among different layers of society. The relevance of the topic of this work is based on the attempt to analyze the properties of Internet and to attribute them to the public sphere. Now when it is considered that public spheres are disappearing from our lives it is very important to research the possibilities of Internet and its application to public interests of society. Object of this work – Internet as a public sphere arena. The main problem of this work – specificity of Internet, difficulty in meeting the conditions for the existence of public sphere model. The aim of this work – to uncover the specific features of Internet and its differences from traditional mass media, and to analyze how much Internet matches or does not match the ideal model of public sphere. The main tasks in this work: to analyze Internet in the context of J. Habermas' theory of public sphere; to evaluate Internet as a public sphere arena; to generalize and present the features of Internet users' behavior; to compare Internet to other means of mass media. The hypothesis: Internet meets the preconditions for the existence of the public sphere and stimulates rational discussions. The method of the research carried out: quantitative and qualitative content analysis. Building on the analysis of scientific resources it was concluded that Internet cannot meet all the conditions for the existence of public sphere described by J. Habermas because of its specificity. But contrary to the traditional mass media Internet provides society with the opportunity to freely express its opinions, to react to political events. The research carried out revealed that while discussing in the Internet portal Delfi participants do not start reasonable, rational discussion that would match the rational discussion and ideal language described by J. Habermas and this does not satisfy all the conditions for the existence of public sphere. The hypothesis was improved after analyzing discussion participants' respect and attitude toward others' opinions, respect toward politicians, furtherance of the discussion through questions and answers, striving to reach consensus and stimulation of action. This master's degree paper may be interesting for the teachers and students in the field of communication.

It is not a novelty that the internet and new technologies and their granted possibilities make an impact for a modern society. Thanks to the internet that today we can talk about global, as well as itself internet, internet pirate subculture phenomenon which has become various research object of scientists. Internet pirates are considered copyright infringers who access their activities as the philosophy of freedom approach to all the information. Copying and distributing copyright production without the author's knowledge is considered as the crime compared to theft, so internet subculture name – pirates, is derived from it. On the specifics of this subculture all participants hide their personalities after a variety of invented names and even communicating with each other. While governments where looking to find the ways to control internet piracy activities, naturally where provoked various resistance movements for freedom approach to all the information. By negative opponents, banned "piracy" would damage human's right to information, knowledge, information owners would have to filter traffic, prohibit approaches to illegal information and the internet would lose its' freedom as encompassing whole network or limitless source of information and knowledge function. [.]

It is not a novelty that the internet and new technologies and their granted possibilities make an impact for a modern society. Thanks to the internet that today we can talk about global, as well as itself internet, internet pirate subculture phenomenon which has become various research object of scientists. Internet pirates are considered copyright infringers who access their activities as the philosophy of freedom approach to all the information. Copying and distributing copyright production without the author's knowledge is considered as the crime compared to theft, so internet subculture name – pirates, is derived from it. On the specifics of this subculture all participants hide their personalities after a variety of invented names and even communicating with each other. While governments where looking to find the ways to control internet piracy activities, naturally where provoked various resistance movements for freedom approach to all the information. By negative opponents, banned "piracy" would damage human's right to information, knowledge, information owners would have to filter traffic, prohibit approaches to illegal information and the internet would lose its' freedom as encompassing whole network or limitless source of information and knowledge function. [.]

It is not a novelty that the internet and new technologies and their granted possibilities make an impact for a modern society. Thanks to the internet that today we can talk about global, as well as itself internet, internet pirate subculture phenomenon which has become various research object of scientists. Internet pirates are considered copyright infringers who access their activities as the philosophy of freedom approach to all the information. Copying and distributing copyright production without the author's knowledge is considered as the crime compared to theft, so internet subculture name – pirates, is derived from it. On the specifics of this subculture all participants hide their personalities after a variety of invented names and even communicating with each other. While governments where looking to find the ways to control internet piracy activities, naturally where provoked various resistance movements for freedom approach to all the information. By negative opponents, banned "piracy" would damage human's right to information, knowledge, information owners would have to filter traffic, prohibit approaches to illegal information and the internet would lose its' freedom as encompassing whole network or limitless source of information and knowledge function. [.]

It is not a novelty that the internet and new technologies and their granted possibilities make an impact for a modern society. Thanks to the internet that today we can talk about global, as well as itself internet, internet pirate subculture phenomenon which has become various research object of scientists. Internet pirates are considered copyright infringers who access their activities as the philosophy of freedom approach to all the information. Copying and distributing copyright production without the author's knowledge is considered as the crime compared to theft, so internet subculture name – pirates, is derived from it. On the specifics of this subculture all participants hide their personalities after a variety of invented names and even communicating with each other. While governments where looking to find the ways to control internet piracy activities, naturally where provoked various resistance movements for freedom approach to all the information. By negative opponents, banned "piracy" would damage human's right to information, knowledge, information owners would have to filter traffic, prohibit approaches to illegal information and the internet would lose its' freedom as encompassing whole network or limitless source of information and knowledge function. [.]

This research represents the analysis of the transition of Internet service providers' responsibilities in the sphere of online illegal material in the EU, by studying the balancing of fundamental rights of users in obligations to block and filter the content, by examining possible voluntary measures applied by ISP sand evaluating the upcoming regulations in this field of EU law. Furthermore, the drawbacks of current EU legislation regarding Internet censorship established by online providers were found and recommendations in eliminating this issue were stated.

This research represents the analysis of the transition of Internet service providers' responsibilities in the sphere of online illegal material in the EU, by studying the balancing of fundamental rights of users in obligations to block and filter the content, by examining possible voluntary measures applied by ISP sand evaluating the upcoming regulations in this field of EU law. Furthermore, the drawbacks of current EU legislation regarding Internet censorship established by online providers were found and recommendations in eliminating this issue were stated.

Mass media is usually presented as a civil society institution informing citizens about political, social, economic and other issues. From this standpoint, media's interest in criminal justice, which maintains social control and is responsible for the safety of citizens, is quite natural. However it is also important to consider media's political and commercial functions, since they have great impact on the nature of information about deviant acts. At the same time information received about deviant acts could affect certain societal responses towards this behavior. The extreme form of this social reaction is associated with the concept of moral panics (St. Cohen, J. Young). Moral panic is perceived as a disproportional and hostile social reaction to an issue defined as a threat to societal values, involving stereotypical media presentation and leading to demands for greater social control and creating a spiral of reaction. The aim of the presented work was to analyze the impact of mass media constructing moral panics towards drug problem. The analysis of the Lithuanian biggest news portal "Delfi" drug discourse, the attention paid by society, authorities and criminal justice institutions towards drug problem, indicated inadequacy with the indexes of drug use spread and negative outcomes during the examined period. Increased attention towards drug issue in Lithuanian society corresponded with five key characteristics of moral panics: disproportionality of reaction, measurable concern, hostility to the objects of the panic, widespread concern that the threat is real and volatility.