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THE SOVIET EFFORTS TO PROMOTE A WORLD CONFERENCE OF COMMUNIST PARTIES AND THE NATURE OF THE PREVIOUS CONFERENCES PROVIDE THE BACKDROP FOR EVALUATING THE NATURE OF INTERPARTY RELATIONS AMONG THE WORLD'S COMMUNIST PARTIES. DURING THE 1960'S THE UNITY THAT HAD MARKED THE EARLIER PHASE OF THE POST-WAR PERIOD BROKE DOWN.

The article describes the policy of British Prime Minister from the Conservative Party Margaret Thatcher and John Major. Particular attention is paid to differences in strategy of Prime Ministers, and also to the intraparty and interparty relations.

The article describes the ratification of Maastricht treaty on European Union by British parliament. Particular attention is paid to the role of Prime Minister John Major in the framing of a treaty and its acceptance in the context of escalated intraparty and interparty relations.

THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS A STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE POLITICAL LANDSCAPE IN GERMANY. IT ARGUES THAT INTERPARTY RELATIONS ARE INCREASINGLY MULTIFACETED AND COMPLEX, INTENSIFYING THE STRATEGIC DILEMMAS FACING THE PARTIES. IT WARNS THAT THE RESULT IS A PARTY SYSTEM WITH A HIGH POTENTIAL FOR FLUX, NEARING THE BOUNDARIES OF STABILTY.

Spain has used the consensual and ultimately successful transition to democracy in its public diplomacy efforts. However, the early democratization literature was divided on the benefits of consensual transitions. This article reflects on prominent hypotheses in the democratization literature regarding how transition processes (modes) affect subsequent democratic politics, particularly focusing on how the mode of transition could affect the competitiveness of interparty relations in parliament. Rather than being explained by the transition process, interparty relations in Spain can, in part, be explained by the parties' adaptation to the electoral and institutional environment, which have both evolved over Spain's recent democratic history. ; España ha utilizado su transición a la democracia consensual y finalmente exitosa en sus esfuerzos de diplomacia pública. Sin embargo, la literatura inicial sobre la democratización se dividió sobre los beneficios de las transiciones consensuadas. En este artículo se reflexiona sobre las hipótesis prominentes en la literatura sobre la democratización de cómo los procesos de transición (modos) afectan a la política democrática posterior, sobre todo centrándose en cómo el modo de transición podría afectar a la competitividad de las relaciones entre partidos en el parlamento. En lugar de ser explicado por el proceso de transición, las relaciones entre partidos en España, en parte, se explica por la adaptación de los partidos al ambiente electoral e institucional, que han evolucionado durante la historia democrática reciente de España.

The experiment reported here examines the effect of opposite and mixed seating positions on the performance of negotiating teams in a role-playing debate where one team is given a markedly stronger case than the other. In line with Morley and Stephenson's previous findings, it was proposed that the greater visual accessibility of the other in the opposite condition would increase the salience of interpersonal as against interparty exchange. It was predicted and found that this could cause the side with the stronger case to be more successful in the mixed than in the opposite condition. In addition there was some evidence that the interaction between seating position and strength of case was particularly marked when participants were instructed to concentrate first on those issues which divided them. The results are discussed with reference to the importance of the balance between interpersonal and interparty factors in bargaining relationships.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Acknowledgments -- List of Abbreviations -- Part I Background -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theorizing Social Media, Parties, and Political I nequalities -- 3 Social Media in Politics: The Netherlands from a Comparative Perspective -- Part II Changes in the Power Balance -- 4 Interparty Relations: David versus Goliath -- 5 Intraparty Relations: David versus Nabal and Abigail -- 6 Social Media Go "Glocal": The Local and European Arenas -- Part III The Transformative Impact of Social Media -- 7 Do Social Media Help Win Elections? -- 8 Conclusion -- Appendix: In-depth Expert Interviews -- Notes -- References -- Index.

IN MANY DUTCH AND COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF EXECUTIVE-LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS THE DUTCH CASE ELUDES STRAIGHTFORWARD CLASSIFICATION. APPLICATION OF KING'S TYPOLOGY OF MODES OF EXECUTIVE-LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS SHOW THAT THE PATTERN OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MINISTERS AND MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT HAS EVOLVED FROM A PRIMARILY NONPARTY MODE TO A PREDOMINANTLY INTERPARTY MODE. HOWEVER, DUTCH EXECUTIVE-LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS APPEAR AMBIGUOUS PRIMARILY BECAUSE ALL MODES STILL EXIST TO SOME EXTENT.

'Party System Closure' maps trends in interparty relations in Europe from 1848 until 2019. It investigates how the length of democratic experience, the institutionalization of individual parties, the fragmentation of parliaments, and the support for anti-establishment parties, shape the degree of institutionalization of party systems. The analyses presented answers the questions of whether predictability in partisan interactions is necessary for the survival of democratic regimes and whether it improves or undermines the quality of democracy. The developments of party politics at the elite level are contrasted with the dynamics of voting behaviour. The comparisons of distinct historical periods and of macro-regions provide a comprehensive picture of the European history of party competition and cooperation.

In this report, the author explores the political and institutional changes that have contributed to congressional gridlock and examines their consequences for foreign policy making. Some of these developments, she notes, are national trends that have developed over a number of decades. Successive redistricting efforts, for example, have all but eliminated interparty competition in some House districts, leaving the real competition to the primaries and the most ideologically driven voters. King further notes that the rising cost of elections has increased the time devoted to fundraising at the expense of substantive priorities, and the twenty-four hour news cycle has decreased the time and incentive for reflective debate. More subtle, but equally important, institutional changes have likewise diminished Congress's effectiveness. A decline in committee chairmen's authority and expertise, tighter control over voting by party leaders, and the relaxation of traditional customs limiting the use of procedural tools to practical ends have all, led to a breakdown in comity. The consequences highlighted are both broad and significant, from delayed presidential appointments to a poorly coordinated budget process for critical foreign policy areas such as intelligence, diplomacy, and development.