Suchergebnisse

The dissertation provides an integrated analysis of the legal regulation of provision of food information to consumers in food law of the European Union and the Republic of Lithuania with a special focus on the content of the prohibition on misleading consumers as this prohibition can serve as a basis in cases where the legal regulation of provision of food information to consumers is missing, where such regulation is insufficient or unclear. An assessment of the conception of an average consumer defined in the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union as a criterion in deciding if the above-mentioned prohibition on misleading consumers is respected is provided at the same time raising a question if the new legal regulation of providing food information to consumers allows assuming that this conception could be still considered as a reference in the field of provision of food information to consumers. Legal regulation of the institution of responsibility of food business operators for the provision of food information to consumers, which is aimed at increasing the confidence of consumers in the food safety and control system, is also analysed in the dissertation. The research was carried out within the context of changes in the legal regulation of provision of food information to consumers: the concept of food information was introduced by the new regulation, rules for fair information practice were updated, provisions regulating the distribution of responsibility specifically in the field of provision of food information to consumers were introduced for the first time.

The article focuses on the specific conception of the governmentalization of the state and its relation to the contemporary risk society. In other words, the theory of governmentality could be used to analize the construction of risk in the governing of contemporary society. In this case, the risk is used as a means of governing people or as a way of self-governing. M. Foucault presented and discussed this conception in his writings. In late modernity, with the ideal of the welfare state receding, neoliberal principles and objectives became ascendant; they prompted many to take an interest in M. Foucault's theory on the history of governmentality and emergence of neoliberalism. According to M. Foucault, the term govermentality deals with the ways people think about governing, different rationalities or mentalities of the government. All various ways of the activities employ different mentalities of the government of conduct entailed in related knowledge. The same activities can be regarded as a different form of practice depending on mentalities that invest it. The conceptions of various risks are a part of such knowledge and social actors interiorize them. The contemporary neoliberal governing or, more precisely, governmentality seeks to find adequate reciprocal communication between governors of risk and interest group. The recognition of risk conception and governing must be visible very clearly as a constructive meaning of the theory of risk governmentality.

The article focuses on the specific conception of the governmentalization of the state and its relation to the contemporary risk society. In other words, the theory of governmentality could be used to analize the construction of risk in the governing of contemporary society. In this case, the risk is used as a means of governing people or as a way of self-governing. M. Foucault presented and discussed this conception in his writings. In late modernity, with the ideal of the welfare state receding, neoliberal principles and objectives became ascendant; they prompted many to take an interest in M. Foucault's theory on the history of governmentality and emergence of neoliberalism. According to M. Foucault, the term govermentality deals with the ways people think about governing, different rationalities or mentalities of the government. All various ways of the activities employ different mentalities of the government of conduct entailed in related knowledge. The same activities can be regarded as a different form of practice depending on mentalities that invest it. The conceptions of various risks are a part of such knowledge and social actors interiorize them. The contemporary neoliberal governing or, more precisely, governmentality seeks to find adequate reciprocal communication between governors of risk and interest group. The recognition of risk conception and governing must be visible very clearly as a constructive meaning of the theory of risk governmentality.

The article focuses on the specific conception of the governmentalization of the state and its relation to the contemporary risk society. In other words, the theory of governmentality could be used to analize the construction of risk in the governing of contemporary society. In this case, the risk is used as a means of governing people or as a way of self-governing. M. Foucault presented and discussed this conception in his writings. In late modernity, with the ideal of the welfare state receding, neoliberal principles and objectives became ascendant; they prompted many to take an interest in M. Foucault's theory on the history of governmentality and emergence of neoliberalism. According to M. Foucault, the term govermentality deals with the ways people think about governing, different rationalities or mentalities of the government. All various ways of the activities employ different mentalities of the government of conduct entailed in related knowledge. The same activities can be regarded as a different form of practice depending on mentalities that invest it. The conceptions of various risks are a part of such knowledge and social actors interiorize them. The contemporary neoliberal governing or, more precisely, governmentality seeks to find adequate reciprocal communication between governors of risk and interest group. The recognition of risk conception and governing must be visible very clearly as a constructive meaning of the theory of risk governmentality.

In spring of 2005 Kaunas city became a partner in the project "Baltic Fort Route" of the program INTERREG IIIB BSR financed by the European Union. The aim of the project is preservation and effective adaptation of fortress territories for tourism. On the other hand, it should be observed that free land areas in Kaunas and around it are being intensively assimilated what may do damage to the defence objects of Kaunas Fortress and thus deteriorate their visual significance. The limits of landscape modifications should be clearly determined. During the construction process of the Fortress the peculiarities of the geomorphological system and hydrographic net of Kaunas environs were well explored and considered. The whole landscape of Kaunas environs was reconstructed according to the needs of the Fortress. The defence objects of the Fortress still have a great effect on the landscape of the city and its surrounding territories. Major part of the territories of the Fortress objects were turned into the areas of green plantation. According to the visual influence of the forts and fortifications on the environment, the mentioned objects may be divided into groups. The author presents proposals on the management of the defence objects and areas of green plantation of the Fortress that could provide for maximal possibilities in respecting their authentic view.

In spring of 2005 Kaunas city became a partner in the project "Baltic Fort Route" of the program INTERREG IIIB BSR financed by the European Union. The aim of the project is preservation and effective adaptation of fortress territories for tourism. On the other hand, it should be observed that free land areas in Kaunas and around it are being intensively assimilated what may do damage to the defence objects of Kaunas Fortress and thus deteriorate their visual significance. The limits of landscape modifications should be clearly determined. During the construction process of the Fortress the peculiarities of the geomorphological system and hydrographic net of Kaunas environs were well explored and considered. The whole landscape of Kaunas environs was reconstructed according to the needs of the Fortress. The defence objects of the Fortress still have a great effect on the landscape of the city and its surrounding territories. Major part of the territories of the Fortress objects were turned into the areas of green plantation. According to the visual influence of the forts and fortifications on the environment, the mentioned objects may be divided into groups. The author presents proposals on the management of the defence objects and areas of green plantation of the Fortress that could provide for maximal possibilities in respecting their authentic view.

In spring of 2005 Kaunas city became a partner in the project "Baltic Fort Route" of the program INTERREG IIIB BSR financed by the European Union. The aim of the project is preservation and effective adaptation of fortress territories for tourism. On the other hand, it should be observed that free land areas in Kaunas and around it are being intensively assimilated what may do damage to the defence objects of Kaunas Fortress and thus deteriorate their visual significance. The limits of landscape modifications should be clearly determined. During the construction process of the Fortress the peculiarities of the geomorphological system and hydrographic net of Kaunas environs were well explored and considered. The whole landscape of Kaunas environs was reconstructed according to the needs of the Fortress. The defence objects of the Fortress still have a great effect on the landscape of the city and its surrounding territories. Major part of the territories of the Fortress objects were turned into the areas of green plantation. According to the visual influence of the forts and fortifications on the environment, the mentioned objects may be divided into groups. The author presents proposals on the management of the defence objects and areas of green plantation of the Fortress that could provide for maximal possibilities in respecting their authentic view.

In spring of 2005 Kaunas city became a partner in the project "Baltic Fort Route" of the program INTERREG IIIB BSR financed by the European Union. The aim of the project is preservation and effective adaptation of fortress territories for tourism. On the other hand, it should be observed that free land areas in Kaunas and around it are being intensively assimilated what may do damage to the defence objects of Kaunas Fortress and thus deteriorate their visual significance. The limits of landscape modifications should be clearly determined. During the construction process of the Fortress the peculiarities of the geomorphological system and hydrographic net of Kaunas environs were well explored and considered. The whole landscape of Kaunas environs was reconstructed according to the needs of the Fortress. The defence objects of the Fortress still have a great effect on the landscape of the city and its surrounding territories. Major part of the territories of the Fortress objects were turned into the areas of green plantation. According to the visual influence of the forts and fortifications on the environment, the mentioned objects may be divided into groups. The author presents proposals on the management of the defence objects and areas of green plantation of the Fortress that could provide for maximal possibilities in respecting their authentic view.

The article presents an analysis of the discourse of teacher occupational periodicals on teacher stress, its effects and contexts of expression. Public opinion about the prestige of the teaching profession, workload, teacher's health, school microclimate, etc. is formed by the political and social interests of different actors represented in the media. A piece of the scientific information obtained during a research project on occupational stress in Lithuanian teachers has been employed in the study (Bubelienė, 2010; Bubelienė, Merkys, 2010; Merkys, Bubelienė, 2009). The analysis of the professional press discourse is aimed at revealing how various actors introduce socially constructed worldviews, values, ideas, attitudes, and opinions, and give a sense to situations, social roles, identities, and interpersonal relationships in the process of discourse. Occupational factors, contexts and sources of risk leading to an increased occupational stress in teachers are examined. The article presents the results of the research and the emerged thematic plot lines that reflect the determinants of the teacher stress at macro, organizational, and micro levels. The analysis of the teacher professional press discourse has shown that the topic of the teacher stress in the Lithuanian public discourse and public opinion occupies a position of a comparatively high relevance in terms of numerous stress determinants and contexts. It has been revealed that the discourse on occupational stress in teachers mainly reflects the social factors on the macro level, which have a substantial effect on the expression of occupational stress in teachers.

The article presents an analysis of the discourse of teacher occupational periodicals on teacher stress, its effects and contexts of expression. Public opinion about the prestige of the teaching profession, workload, teacher's health, school microclimate, etc. is formed by the political and social interests of different actors represented in the media. A piece of the scientific information obtained during a research project on occupational stress in Lithuanian teachers has been employed in the study (Bubelienė, 2010; Bubelienė, Merkys, 2010; Merkys, Bubelienė, 2009). The analysis of the professional press discourse is aimed at revealing how various actors introduce socially constructed worldviews, values, ideas, attitudes, and opinions, and give a sense to situations, social roles, identities, and interpersonal relationships in the process of discourse. Occupational factors, contexts and sources of risk leading to an increased occupational stress in teachers are examined. The article presents the results of the research and the emerged thematic plot lines that reflect the determinants of the teacher stress at macro, organizational, and micro levels. The analysis of the teacher professional press discourse has shown that the topic of the teacher stress in the Lithuanian public discourse and public opinion occupies a position of a comparatively high relevance in terms of numerous stress determinants and contexts. It has been revealed that the discourse on occupational stress in teachers mainly reflects the social factors on the macro level, which have a substantial effect on the expression of occupational stress in teachers.

The article presents an analysis of the discourse of teacher occupational periodicals on teacher stress, its effects and contexts of expression. Public opinion about the prestige of the teaching profession, workload, teacher's health, school microclimate, etc. is formed by the political and social interests of different actors represented in the media. A piece of the scientific information obtained during a research project on occupational stress in Lithuanian teachers has been employed in the study (Bubelienė, 2010; Bubelienė, Merkys, 2010; Merkys, Bubelienė, 2009). The analysis of the professional press discourse is aimed at revealing how various actors introduce socially constructed worldviews, values, ideas, attitudes, and opinions, and give a sense to situations, social roles, identities, and interpersonal relationships in the process of discourse. Occupational factors, contexts and sources of risk leading to an increased occupational stress in teachers are examined. The article presents the results of the research and the emerged thematic plot lines that reflect the determinants of the teacher stress at macro, organizational, and micro levels. The analysis of the teacher professional press discourse has shown that the topic of the teacher stress in the Lithuanian public discourse and public opinion occupies a position of a comparatively high relevance in terms of numerous stress determinants and contexts. It has been revealed that the discourse on occupational stress in teachers mainly reflects the social factors on the macro level, which have a substantial effect on the expression of occupational stress in teachers.

The article presents an analysis of the discourse of teacher occupational periodicals on teacher stress, its effects and contexts of expression. Public opinion about the prestige of the teaching profession, workload, teacher's health, school microclimate, etc. is formed by the political and social interests of different actors represented in the media. A piece of the scientific information obtained during a research project on occupational stress in Lithuanian teachers has been employed in the study (Bubelienė, 2010; Bubelienė, Merkys, 2010; Merkys, Bubelienė, 2009). The analysis of the professional press discourse is aimed at revealing how various actors introduce socially constructed worldviews, values, ideas, attitudes, and opinions, and give a sense to situations, social roles, identities, and interpersonal relationships in the process of discourse. Occupational factors, contexts and sources of risk leading to an increased occupational stress in teachers are examined. The article presents the results of the research and the emerged thematic plot lines that reflect the determinants of the teacher stress at macro, organizational, and micro levels. The analysis of the teacher professional press discourse has shown that the topic of the teacher stress in the Lithuanian public discourse and public opinion occupies a position of a comparatively high relevance in terms of numerous stress determinants and contexts. It has been revealed that the discourse on occupational stress in teachers mainly reflects the social factors on the macro level, which have a substantial effect on the expression of occupational stress in teachers.

Subject of the master thesis is to analyze measurements to reach environmental protection and food law objective, describe the restictions of the free movement of goods which are based on scientific assessment. This phase is a part of risk analysis which includes risk management and risk awareness. World Trade Organization does not distinguish the risk management phase based on precautionary principle. However, all three phases are clearly distinguished and regulated, thus, the principle is interpreted differently in these legal systems. Judicial review of restrictive measures based on scientific assessments stands out in a way that judges are required to analyze scientific evidences in order to carry out assessment of these measurements. Standards of judicial review in the European Union and World Trade Organization are determined by diverse courts involvement in this process. Therefore, external expert provide consultations for the judicial institutions as the specific knowledge is required in order to assess circumstances of the dispute.

Subject of the master thesis is to analyze measurements to reach environmental protection and food law objective, describe the restictions of the free movement of goods which are based on scientific assessment. This phase is a part of risk analysis which includes risk management and risk awareness. World Trade Organization does not distinguish the risk management phase based on precautionary principle. However, all three phases are clearly distinguished and regulated, thus, the principle is interpreted differently in these legal systems. Judicial review of restrictive measures based on scientific assessments stands out in a way that judges are required to analyze scientific evidences in order to carry out assessment of these measurements. Standards of judicial review in the European Union and World Trade Organization are determined by diverse courts involvement in this process. Therefore, external expert provide consultations for the judicial institutions as the specific knowledge is required in order to assess circumstances of the dispute.

Bribery is one of the corruptive criminal acts. Criminal liability for this criminal offence is established in article 225 of Criminal Code of Lithuania. In this master's work approach of bribery offence in Criminal Code is revealed by analyzing the configuration of bribery: the subject - matter, the objective part, the subject and the subjective part. Moreover, there is examined history of treatment of bribery offence in Lithuania since 1918 when Lithuania proclaimed its independence. Also this criminal offence is distinguished from other offences against public authority (such as backhander, misuse and bribery of agent) accenting main differences among those criminal offences which all together defines corruption. Furthermore, in this work there is analyzed treatment of bribery in main European Union, Council of Europe and United Nations Organization international documents in which this offence is called passive corruption or passive bribery and which are compulsory for the Republic of Lithuania. In the end, there is reviewed regulation of bribery criminal offence in main criminal laws of foreign countries – Latvia, Estonia, Sweden, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Ireland, United States of America and Canada.