For some years now, two intersex associations, Brújula Intersex and Stop Intersex Genital Mutilation, have been coordinating the participation in evaluation processes of the rights of intersex people convened by the United Nations. This article will try to analyse the legal strategies of these two associations to obtain the condemnation of several states by the United Nations. The ultimate goal is to draw a common thread of life stories, functioning of medical devices, silencing by governmental authorities, and possibilities for intersex people's agency.
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Bachelor of Laws Degree, Strathmore University Law School ; According to the proponents of the natural law school of thought, human rights exist as result of higher law than that made by man. There are certain moral norms that bind us as rational beings regardless of where a person comes from. John Locke thus states that all human beings were by their own nature to respect one another as equals. He explored this concept in "The second Treaties of Civil Government". In his Chapter 2 'The State of Nature ' he affirms that all men are free to direct their actions and disposes of their possessions without seeking permission from anyone except within the limits imposed by the law of nature. In line with this state of equality no person has more power and authority that another as they are creatures of the same species and status. The protection of the life and dignity of men is thus a function of a legitimate government and a lack of such protection is a threat to the stability of human rights. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the current legal framework protects and promotes the rights of intersex people. This was achieved by analyzing certain domestic legislation. It emerged through the discussion that there are hopeful signs towards the protection and the promotion of the rights of intersex people at the national level through the constitution of an intersex taskforce. The Constitution has not specifically made reference to the rights of intersex people but has put up mechanisms where there can be redress, where fundamental rights and freedoms have been infringed. The inclusion of the word intersex in the interpretation of sex would ensure the instances of institutional discrimination are reduced.
For some years now, two intersex associations, Brújula Intersex and Stop Intersex Genital Mutilation, have been coordinating the participation in evaluation processes of the rights of intersex people convened by the United Nations. This article will try to analyse the legal strategies of these two associations to obtain the condemnation of several states by the United Nations. The ultimate goal is to draw a common thread of life stories, functioning of medical devices, silencing by governmental authorities, and possibilities for intersex people's agency.
Sex, gender and sexual orientation are diverse, as are the ways of living associated with them. The extent to which people can live a free and self-determined life according to their own body, gender, sexuality and way of life influences their social resources, opportunities for participation and discrimination and has an influence on their life situation and health. A narrative review of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) health was conducted including international and German reviews, meta-analyses and population-based studies. The focus of this article is the legal, social and medical recognition as well as health status of LGBTI people in Germany. While the legal framework in Germany for homosexual and bisexual people has gradually improved, many civil society stakeholders have pointed to major deficits in the medical and legal recognition of transgender and intersex people. In addition, scientific findings frequently have not yet found its way into medical practice to an adequate extent. Available data on LGBTI health indicate a need for action in the areas of mental health and health care provision. However, due to a lack of comprehensive data, conclusions cannot be drawn on the general health situation and health resources of LGBTI people. For the concrete planning and implementation of measures as well as the differentiated portrayal of the situation in Germany, the databases must be expanded, not least via population-representative surveys.
Geschlechter, sexuelle Orientierungen und die damit verbundenen Lebensweisen sind heterogen. Inwieweit Menschen ihr Geschlecht, ihre Sexualität und ihre Lebensform selbstbestimmt und frei leben können, und mit welchen gesellschaftlichen Ressourcen, Teilhabechancen und Diskriminierungen dies verbunden ist, beeinflusst ihre Lebenslagen und damit auch ihre gesundheitliche Situation. Es wurde ein narratives Review zur gesundheitlichen Situation von lesbischen, schwulen, bisexuellen, trans- und intergeschlechtlichen Personen (LSBTI) durchgeführt und dazu internationale und deutsche Reviews, Metaanalysen und bevölkerungsbezogene Studien herangezogen. Der Beitrag beschreibt schlaglichtartig den Stand der rechtlichen, gesellschaftlichen und medizinischen Anerkennung in Deutschland sowie die gesundheitliche Lage von LSBTI-Personen. Die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen in Deutschland haben sich für homo- und bisexuelle Menschen schrittweise verbessert, während für trans- und intergeschlechtliche Personen aus Sicht vieler Akteur*innen bezüglich sowohl der medizinischen als auch rechtlichen Anerkennung noch große Defizite bestehen und wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse noch ungenügend Eingang in die medizinische Praxis gefunden haben. Die verfügbaren Daten zur gesundheitlichen Situation von LSBTI-Personen verweisen auf Handlungsbedarfe im Bereich der psychischen Gesundheit und der Gesundheitsversorgung. Die Datenlage ist jedoch sehr lückenhaft und lässt kaum Aussagen über die allgemeine gesundheitliche Lage und über gesundheitliche Ressourcen von LSBTI-Personen zu. Für die konkrete Planung und Umsetzung von Maßnahmen und die differenzierte Beschreibung der Situation in Deutschland bedarf es eines Ausbaus der Datengrundlagen, nicht zuletzt auch in bevölkerungsrepräsentativen Erhebungen.
Purpose This paper aims to challenge the cisnormative and binary assumptions that underpin the management and gender scholarship. Introducing and contextualising the contributions that comprise this special issue, this paper critically reflects on some of the principal developments in management research on trans* and intersex people in the workplace and anticipates what future scholarship in this area might entail.
Design/methodology/approach A critical approach is adopted to interrogate the prevailing cisnormative and binary approach adopted by management and gender scholars.
Findings The key finding is the persistence of cisnormativity and normative gender and sex binarism in academic knowledge production and in society more widely, which appear to have hindered how management and gender scholars have routinely failed to conceptualise and foreground the array of diverse genders and sexes.
Originality/value This paper foregrounds the workplace experiences of trans* and intersex people, which have been neglected by management researchers. By positioning intersexuality as an important topic of management research, this paper breaks the silence that has enwrapped intersex issues in gender and management scholarship. There are still unanswered questions and issues that demand future research from academics who are interested in addressing cisnormativity in the workplace and problematising the sex and gender binaries that sustain it.
Intersex/differences of sex development (DSD) conditions are divergences among genitalia, gonads, and chromosome patterns. These variances have been present for millennia and socially defined according to the cultural system established. The aim of this study is to describe the perspectives of adult intersex/DSD people, their relatives, and intersex/DSD expert professionals in Spain. A descriptive qualitative study design was adopted. The study was carried out in several locations in Spain. Individual in-depth interviews were conducted and addressed to 12 participants (4 intersex/DSD people, 3 relatives, and 5 professional experts). A total of 4 spheres, 10 categories, and 26 subcategories were obtained. The number of verbatims obtained in each of the spheres described were intersex/DSD as a community (n = 54), health sphere approach (n = 77), law sphere approach (n = 12), and psychosocial approach (n = 73). Regarding intersex/DSD as a community sphere, there is a clear need of promoting education on sex and body diversity. With respect to the health sphere, it is mentioned the inadequacy of services and how this has a negative impact on the health of intersex/DSD people. Regarding the law sphere, it is highlighted the need of designing legislations at a national level which protect and defend the rights of intersex/DSD people. Regarding the psychosocial sphere, these people suffer from social isolation, secrecy, shame, self-identity questioning, and mental disorders that negatively impact their quality of life.
