In contemporary world, with the change of economic, social, political and cultural conditions, the expectations to the support or creation of welfare states are also changing. For the preservation or reinforcement of welfare states, elimination of the arising contradictions is necessary as well as positive, effective answers to the challenges raised to welfare states both in theoretic, ideological-value and practical sense. The aim of this article is to reveal and group the essential contradictions and challenges to welfare states and their public governance. This article is of a phenomenological, analytical-overview type. In chapter 1, the authors provide the notions of contradiction, challenge, welfare state, governance and public governance; chapter 2 analyses contradictions and challenges to public governance of welfare states in international, state and local levels; in chapter 3, the authors analyse the challenges to welfare states in the context of the changes of the 21st century.
In contemporary world, with the change of economic, social, political and cultural conditions, the expectations to the support or creation of welfare states are also changing. For the preservation or reinforcement of welfare states, elimination of the arising contradictions is necessary as well as positive, effective answers to the challenges raised to welfare states both in theoretic, ideological-value and practical sense. The aim of this article is to reveal and group the essential contradictions and challenges to welfare states and their public governance. This article is of a phenomenological, analytical-overview type. In chapter 1, the authors provide the notions of contradiction, challenge, welfare state, governance and public governance; chapter 2 analyses contradictions and challenges to public governance of welfare states in international, state and local levels; in chapter 3, the authors analyse the challenges to welfare states in the context of the changes of the 21st century.
Maģistra darba mērķis ir izvērtēt Āfrikas Savienības (ĀS) nozīmi miera un drošības uzturēšanā, darba sākumā izvirzot apgalvojumu, ka ĀS lielākie izaicinājumi miera uzturēšanā un konfliktu risināšanā ir nespēja nodrošināt nepieciešamo resursu mobilizāciju un spēku ģenerēšanu. Darba teorētiskajā ietvarā tiek aplūkoti miera uzturēšanas un konfliktu pārvaldības principi, kā arī reģionālo organizāciju loma miera uzturēšanā. Darba tālākajā gaitā tiek aplūkoti drošības izaicinājumi Āfrikā, ĀS izveides vēsturiskais konteksts un tās galvenie darbības principi un miera uzturēšanas un konfliktu pārvaldības instrumenti. Pētījuma analīzes daļā tiek izvērtētas ĀS miera uzturēšanas misijas Burundi, Sudānā un Somālijā, analizējot ĀS ieguldījumu šo konfliktu risināšanā. Darba noslēgumā tika apkopoti ĀS miera un drošības uzturēšanas ierobežojumi un izaicinājumi. ; The main aim of this thesis is to assess the role of the African Union (AU) in the maintenance of peace and security in Africa. This study focuses on the argument that the main challenge affecting the AU's peacekeeping and conflict resolution capabilities is the inability to provide the necessary resource mobilization and force generation. The theoretical basis of this thesis consists of peacekeeping, conflict management and resolution principles, as well as the role of regional organizations in the maintenance of peace and security. Further discussed topics are the security challenges in Africa, the establishment of the AU, as well as its key operating principles and peacekeeping and conflict management tools. The analysis section focuses on the AU peacekeeping missions in Burundi, Sudan and Somalia, which were selected to evaluate the role of the AU.
Problems in the sphere of national security of Lithuania draw attention to the fact that the management and use of information as a traditional working method of law enforcement institutions is changeable because of the increased involvement of security services and their attention towards current threats to security. Observation over the running and fast changing integration processes in the European Union in the sphere of law reforms, provision of security and significant social processes, as well as their study acquire not just a theoretical but also a more practical importance. It requires a close attention within a scientific community, namely, the representatives of legal sciences. The work presents the current issues and latest trends of development in the sphere of law regulation of the public security stipulated by the adoption of the Law of Criminal Intelligence of the Republic of Lithuania, which have not received yet a comprehensive and detailed reflection in scientific debates. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the implementation of this legal instrument in the sphere of secret activity of Lithuania's security at the present stage within the globalisation process. The author applied general scientific methods of studying objective reality and means and techniques peculiar to legal sciences. As a result, the significance and urgency of this legal instrument as a guarantee for protection of democratic values and human rights and freedoms have been emphasised.
Problems in the sphere of national security of Lithuania draw attention to the fact that the management and use of information as a traditional working method of law enforcement institutions is changeable because of the increased involvement of security services and their attention towards current threats to security. Observation over the running and fast changing integration processes in the European Union in the sphere of law reforms, provision of security and significant social processes, as well as their study acquire not just a theoretical but also a more practical importance. It requires a close attention within a scientific community, namely, the representatives of legal sciences. The work presents the current issues and latest trends of development in the sphere of law regulation of the public security stipulated by the adoption of the Law of Criminal Intelligence of the Republic of Lithuania, which have not received yet a comprehensive and detailed reflection in scientific debates. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the implementation of this legal instrument in the sphere of secret activity of Lithuania's security at the present stage within the globalisation process. The author applied general scientific methods of studying objective reality and means and techniques peculiar to legal sciences. As a result, the significance and urgency of this legal instrument as a guarantee for protection of democratic values and human rights and freedoms have been emphasised.
Problems in the sphere of national security of Lithuania draw attention to the fact that the management and use of information as a traditional working method of law enforcement institutions is changeable because of the increased involvement of security services and their attention towards current threats to security. Observation over the running and fast changing integration processes in the European Union in the sphere of law reforms, provision of security and significant social processes, as well as their study acquire not just a theoretical but also a more practical importance. It requires a close attention within a scientific community, namely, the representatives of legal sciences. The work presents the current issues and latest trends of development in the sphere of law regulation of the public security stipulated by the adoption of the Law of Criminal Intelligence of the Republic of Lithuania, which have not received yet a comprehensive and detailed reflection in scientific debates. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the implementation of this legal instrument in the sphere of secret activity of Lithuania's security at the present stage within the globalisation process. The author applied general scientific methods of studying objective reality and means and techniques peculiar to legal sciences. As a result, the significance and urgency of this legal instrument as a guarantee for protection of democratic values and human rights and freedoms have been emphasised.
Problems in the sphere of national security of Lithuania draw attention to the fact that the management and use of information as a traditional working method of law enforcement institutions is changeable because of the increased involvement of security services and their attention towards current threats to security. Observation over the running and fast changing integration processes in the European Union in the sphere of law reforms, provision of security and significant social processes, as well as their study acquire not just a theoretical but also a more practical importance. It requires a close attention within a scientific community, namely, the representatives of legal sciences. The work presents the current issues and latest trends of development in the sphere of law regulation of the public security stipulated by the adoption of the Law of Criminal Intelligence of the Republic of Lithuania, which have not received yet a comprehensive and detailed reflection in scientific debates. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the implementation of this legal instrument in the sphere of secret activity of Lithuania's security at the present stage within the globalisation process. The author applied general scientific methods of studying objective reality and means and techniques peculiar to legal sciences. As a result, the significance and urgency of this legal instrument as a guarantee for protection of democratic values and human rights and freedoms have been emphasised.
The authors of the book have come to the conclusion that it is necessary to effectively use modern management mechanisms and development strategies of economic entities in order to increase the efficiency of their activities. Basic research focuses on assessing the organizational-legal forms of management, corporate governance, study of logistics processes, operation of stock exchange, study of organizational culture. The research results have been implemented in the different models of cluster structures, management tools in financial supervision, use of electronic commerce, environmental solutions, economic forecasting methods, models of government, development strategies of economic entities in various sectors of the economy. The results of the study can be used in decision-making at the level of international business, ministries and departments that regulate the processes development of economic systems, ensuring stability and efficiency. The results can also be used by students and young scientists in modern concepts of the development of economic entities in the context of institutional transformations of the global environment.
The authors of the book have come to the conclusion that it is necessary to effectively use modern management mechanisms and development strategies of economic entities in order to increase the efficiency of their activities. Basic research focuses on assessing the organizational-legal forms of management, corporate governance, study of logistics processes, operation of stock exchange, study of organizational culture. The research results have been implemented in the different models of cluster structures, management tools in financial supervision, use of electronic commerce, environmental solutions, economic forecasting methods, models of government, development strategies of economic entities in various sectors of the economy. The results of the study can be used in decision-making at the level of international business, ministries and departments that regulate the processes development of economic systems, ensuring stability and efficiency. The results can also be used by students and young scientists in modern concepts of the development of economic entities in the context of institutional transformations of the global environment.
The article analyses the formation and functioning of the Section of Military History in the Lithuanian Army Staff in the period of 1935–1940. The significance of military history for officer training and military planning in the interwar Lithuanian Army is touched upon. The issues of the formation of the Section of History in the Lithuanian Army Staff and the composition of its personnel are disclosed. Moreover, the functions and the methods of activity of the Section and taking over the experience of the Estonian Army are discussed. The achievements of the Section of History and its intended plans are identified. The analysis of the activity of that specific Section of the Army Staff is one component of a broader research on the studies of military history in interwar Lithuania, seeking to disclose how the research on military history was conducted in interwar Lithuania and how the findings were exploited by the main user of the studies of military history – the Lithuanian Army.
The article analyses the formation and functioning of the Section of Military History in the Lithuanian Army Staff in the period of 1935–1940. The significance of military history for officer training and military planning in the interwar Lithuanian Army is touched upon. The issues of the formation of the Section of History in the Lithuanian Army Staff and the composition of its personnel are disclosed. Moreover, the functions and the methods of activity of the Section and taking over the experience of the Estonian Army are discussed. The achievements of the Section of History and its intended plans are identified. The analysis of the activity of that specific Section of the Army Staff is one component of a broader research on the studies of military history in interwar Lithuania, seeking to disclose how the research on military history was conducted in interwar Lithuania and how the findings were exploited by the main user of the studies of military history – the Lithuanian Army.
ParlaMint is a multilingual set of comparable corpora containing parliamentary debates mostly starting in 2015 and extending to mid-2020, with each corpus being about 20 million words in size. The sessions in the corpora are marked as belonging to the COVID-19 period (after October 2019), or being "reference" (before that date). The corpora have extensive metadata, including aspects of the parliament; the speakers (name, gender, MP status, party affiliation, party coalition/opposition); are structured into time-stamped terms, sessions and meetings; with speeches being marked by the speaker and their role (e.g. chair, regular speaker). The speeches also contain marked-up transcriber comments, such as gaps in the transcription, interruptions, applause, etc. Note that some corpora have further information, e.g. the year of birth of the speakers, links to their Wikipedia articles, their membership in various committees, etc. The corpora are encoded according to the Parla-CLARIN TEI recommendation (https://clarin-eric.github.io/parla-clarin/), but have been validated against the compatible, but much stricter ParlaMint schemas. This entry contains the linguistically marked-up version of the corpus, while the text version is available at http://hdl.handle.net/11356/1388. The ParlaMint.ana linguistic annotation includes tokenization, sentence segmentation, lemmatisation, Universal Dependencies part-of-speech, morphological features, and syntactic dependencies, and the 4-class CoNLL-2003 named entities. Some corpora also have further linguistic annotations, such as PoS tagging or named entities according to language-specific schemes, with their corpus TEI headers giving further details on the annotation vocabularies and tools. The compressed files include the ParlaMint.ana XML TEI-encoded linguistically annotated corpus; the derived corpus in CoNLL-U with TSV speech metadata; and the vertical files (with registry file), suitable for use with CQP-based concordancers, such as CWB, noSketch Engine or KonText. Also included is the 2.0 release of the data and scripts available at the GitHub repository of the ParlaMint project.
ParlaMint 2.1 is a multilingual set of 17 comparable corpora containing parliamentary debates mostly starting in 2015 and extending to mid-2020, with each corpus being about 20 million words in size. The sessions in the corpora are marked as belonging to the COVID-19 period (from November 1st 2019), or being "reference" (before that date). The corpora have extensive metadata, including aspects of the parliament; the speakers (name, gender, MP status, party affiliation, party coalition/opposition); are structured into time-stamped terms, sessions and meetings; with speeches being marked by the speaker and their role (e.g. chair, regular speaker). The speeches also contain marked-up transcriber comments, such as gaps in the transcription, interruptions, applause, etc. Note that some corpora have further information, e.g. the year of birth of the speakers, links to their Wikipedia articles, their membership in various committees, etc. The corpora are encoded according to the Parla-CLARIN TEI recommendation (https://clarin-eric.github.io/parla-clarin/), but have been validated against the compatible, but much stricter ParlaMint schemas. This entry contains the linguistically marked-up version of the corpus, while the text version is available at http://hdl.handle.net/11356/1432. The ParlaMint.ana linguistic annotation includes tokenization, sentence segmentation, lemmatisation, Universal Dependencies part-of-speech, morphological features, and syntactic dependencies, and the 4-class CoNLL-2003 named entities. Some corpora also have further linguistic annotations, such as PoS tagging or named entities according to language-specific schemes, with their corpus TEI headers giving further details on the annotation vocabularies and tools. The compressed files include the ParlaMint.ana XML TEI-encoded linguistically annotated corpus; the derived corpus in CoNLL-U with TSV speech metadata; and the vertical files (with registry file), suitable for use with CQP-based concordancers, such as CWB, noSketch Engine or KonText. Also included is the 2.1 release of the data and scripts available at the GitHub repository of the ParlaMint project. As opposed to the previous version 2.0, this version corrects some errors in various corpora and adds the information on upper / lower house for bicameral parliaments. The vertical files have also been changed to make them easier to use in the concordancers.
Darba tēma ir "Ekonomiskās sankcijas: Krievijas gadījuma analīze". Ekonomiskās sankcijas ir bieži izmantots ārpolitikas instruments, kura ieviešanas skaits ir audzis tieši pēdējo 25 gadu laikā. Teorētiskajā daļā autors apskata ekonomisko sankciju veidus, mērķus, kā arī tos aspektus, kuri ir ietekmējuši ekonomisko sankciju pielietojuma pieaugumu. Tāpat, teorētiskajā daļā tiek apskatīts gudro sankciju koncepts. Balstoties teorētiskajā daļā gūtajās atziņās, darba empīriskajā daļā tiek analizēts ES un ASV ekonomisko sankciju gadījums pret Krievijas Federāciju. Analizējot pret Krieviju vērsto ekonomisko sankciju veidus un to radītos efektus, tiek noskaidrota to ietekme uz Krievijas ekonomiku un politisko lēmumu procesiem. ; The topic of this thesis is "Economic sanctions: Russia case study". Economic sanctions is a commonly used foreign policy tool that has gained increased popularity in the past 25 years. In the theoretical part the author looks at the aspects which have affected the rise of sanction use, as well as the types and goals of economic sanctions. The concept of smart sanctions is also looked upon in the theoretical part of this paper. Based on the acquired knowlage in the theoretical part, the empirical part will is dedicated for the analysis of EU and US imposed sanctions against Russia. Analysing the types and effects of the imposed sanctions against Russia, their influence on Russia's economy and political decision making process is established.
