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Worldwide terrorism-an introduction. Definitions and development -- Islamic fundamentalists -- Suicide terrorism -- Intellectuals with sympathetic views --Intellectuals and reformists against radical Islam -- Terror trail -- Reformists -- Saying no to terrorists -- Terrorism: causes, past and present. The causes of terrorism -- Yielding to violence and appeasement -- Oil and gas -- Multiculturalism and Muslim identity -- Secularism, capitalism, and globalization -- Illiteracy, poverty, and social roots -- Clash of religions, cultures, and societies -- Lost Muslim empires and imperialism -- Underworld, media, and the internet -- Lack of extradition treaties -- Injustice and lack of civil liberties -- The Afghanistan and Iraq wars -- State-sponsored terrorism moral decadence of the west -- Radical Islam's ideologies. Al-wala' wal-bara' -- Suicide bombing -- Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom -- Radical ideologues -- Sharia -- Honor killing -- Dhimmis (Zimmis) -- Wahabbi -- Deobandi -- The Khilafat movement and the Moplah rebellion -- Al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden -- The Taliban -- Al Shabaab -- Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb -- Slavery -- Jihad, Hanbalists, and reformists -- United in hatred -- Terrorism in other religions: Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism (aka Santa Dharma), Judaism -- Religion and politics -- Homegrown terrorists -- The terrorist's mind -- Radicalization and deradicalization -- Islamic radicalization in Asia, Europe, and Africa -- Central Asia: Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikstan -- South Asia: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan -- Southeast Asia: the Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia -- Radicalization in Africa -- Terrorism in Europe and crossroads of culture -- The western terrorist groups -- Weapons of mass destruction, technology, and cyberterrorism -- Nuclear and radiation terrorism -- Radiation terrorism -- Nuclear weapons proliferation -- Bioterrorism -- Chemical terrorism -- Technology and terrorism -- Surveillance, biometrics, and information technology -- Biometrics (measures of life) -- Cyberterrorism -- Computer and network security -- Mitigation strategies and structures. Counter-terrorism in America, Asia, and Europe: South Asia, the United States, analytical approaches, European approaches, modeling and simulation -- Counterinsurgency (COIN), Afghanistan, Iraq, COIN in India, analytic measures and social science -- Psychological mitigation and deterrence -- Epilogue -- Appendix 1: terrorist attacks and organizations -- Appendix 2: the UN resolutions on human rights and sovereignty -- Appendix 3: glossary -- Appendix 4: the Quranic verses and Islamic sects -- Appendix 5: abbreviations

"Sufis and Salafis in the Contemporary Age explores the dynamics at play between what are usually understood as two very different forms of Islam, namely Sufism and Salafism. Sufism is commonly understood as the peaceful and mystical dimension of Islam whereas Salafism is perceived as strictly pietistic and moralist, and for some it conjures up images of violent manifestations of Islam.Of course these generalisations require more nuanced investigation, and this book provides a number of case studies from around the Islamic world to unpack the intricate relationship between the two. The diversity of the case studies that focus on Islamic groups in India, Iraq, Egypt, Morocco, Turkey and South East Europe reflect the multiplicity of relationships that exist between the Salafis and Sufis. The specific case studies are framed by an introduction that provides essential historical background and definitions of the terms, and also by general studies of the Sufi-Salafi relationship which enable the reader to focus on the large picture. This will be the first book to investigate the relationship between Sufism and Salafism in such a wide fashion, and includes chapters on "traditional" Sufis, as well as from those who consider that Sufism and Salafism are not necessarily contradictory"--

THIS ESSAY DEALS WITH THE RELIGIOUS DIMENSIONS OF BEIRUT'S PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTION, FOCUSING ON THE SUNNI COMMUNITY, INCLUDING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ITS POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS ESTABLISHMENTS FROM THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE UNTIL TODAY. NEW POLITICAL FORCES EMERGING SINCE THE END OF THE CIVIL WAR HAVE DISRUPTED THE TRADITIONAL ALLIANCES BETWEEN RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL POWERS, AT LEAST TEMPORARILY. AS A RESULT, THE SPECIFICALLY RELIGIOUS SPACES OF THE INNER CITY, SUCH AS MOSQUES AND CEMETERIES, HAVE BECOME A BATTLEGROUND IN THE WIDER STRUGGLE OVER THE IDENTITY OF THE SUNNI POPULATION AND THE POLITICAL CONTROL OF ITS SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS ESTABLISHMENTS.

THIS STUDY TESTS WHETHER A HYPOTHESIS EXPLAINING POPULAR SUPPORT FOR MIDDLE EASTERN FUNDAMENTALISTS MOVEMENTS ADEQUATELY DESCRIBES THE GRASSROOTS APPEAL OF HIZBALLAH, LEBANON'S RADICAL SHIITE ORGANIZATION. USING 1992 SURVEY DATA, THE STUDY FOUND THAT HIZBALLAH ADHERENTS WERE LESS LIKELY THAN EXPECTED TO BE DEEPLY RELIGIOUS, TO HAVE A LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, AND TO HAVE A STRONG POLITICAL ALIENATION. RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HIZBALLAH IS NOT THE VEHICLE OF RADICAL SHIITES AND THAT OTHER FACTORS UNDERLIE ITS ORGANIZATIONAL GROWTH AND ENCOURAGE ITS EVOLUTION AS A MAINSTREAM PARTY. THE STUDY ALSO SUGGESTS THAT CONSTRAINTS IMPOSED ON ISLAMIC GOALS BY LEBANON'S PLURALIST SOCIETY AND ITS POWERFUL NEIGHBOR SYRIA HAVE INFLUENCED THE MODERATE TREND OF HIZBALLAH. THE STUDY CONCLUDES THAT ISLAMIST SUCCESS I CARVING A NICHE IN A COMMUNITY STILL SEEKING SELF-IDENTITY AND ADEQUATE NATIONAL REPRESENTATION MEANS THAT ISLAMISTS ARE UNLIKELY TO LOSE EXTERNAL BACKERS' SUPPORT SHOULD MIDDLE EAST PEACE NEGOTIATION REDUCE HIZBALLAH'S RESISTANCE ROLE.

Argues that, unlike radical Islamic movements, Osama bin Laden has no political strategy and his network, more a sect than a political movement, is a product of globalization. Summaries in English and Spanish p. 472 and 486.

Introduction : the Mediterranean from prehistory through antiquity -- The Helleno-Islamic Mediterranean (650-1050 CE) : the making of the Helleno-Islamic Mediterranean -- An age of conflict and collaboration (1050-1350 CE) : the Mediterranean from the edges -- The contest for the Mediterranean (1350-1650 CE) : new empires, new sects, new worlds -- Epilogue : Luís de Torres in Cuba, Ishmael in the South Pacific : a world grown larger, a sea grown smaller?.

Introduction -- The religion of Islam -- Tasawwuf -- Ahmadiyya -- Shiʻa Islam -- The Zaidi Shiʻa sect -- The Ismaili Shiʻa sect -- The Alawites sect -- Hashashin Shiʻa sect -- The Islamic monarchy -- Arabia : the birthplace of Islam and Wahhabism -- Early reformers -- The Muslim brotherhood (MB) -- Arab tribalism -- The Arab Spring -- The Arab Spring in Tunisia -- Yemen -- The Arab Spring in Yemen -- Egypt -- Sectarianism in Egypt -- Egypt's copts -- Nubia and the Egyptian Nubians -- The Arab Spring in Egypt -- Libya -- The Berber -- The Arab Spring in Libya -- The Arab Spring in Syria -- The Palestinian refugees in Syria -- Lebanon -- Lebanon and Israel -- The Maronites -- The Druze -- Palestinian refugees in Lebanon -- The Arab Spring in Lebanon -- Jordan -- The Arab Spring in Jordan -- Morocco -- The Arab Spring in Morocco -- Iraq -- Saddam's Iraq wars : The invasion of Iraq -- the second Gulf War -- Iraqi Kurds -- The Arab Spring in Iraq -- Algeria -- The Arab Spring in Algeria -- Qatar -- Kuwait -- United Arab Emirates (UAE) -- The Arab Spring in the Gulf States -- Arab Spring in Kuwait -- The Arab Spring in Saudi Arabia -- The Palestinians -- The Arab Spring in the Palestinian Authority -- Israel and the West -- The Arab Spring and Israel -- The legacy of the Arab Spring.

THE LEBANESE PARTY OF GOD, OR HIZBALLAH, IS AN ILLUMINATING CASE STUDY IN THE EVOLUTION OF A RADICAL ISLAMIST MOVEMENT. HIZBALLAH HAS PRAGMATICALLY CONFRONTED THE SHIFTING LANDSCAPE OF REGIONAL POLITICS AS WELL AS THE CHANGING TERRAIN OF LEBANESE POLITICS. IT HAS RETAINED ITS COMMITMENT TO ENDING ISRAEL'S OCCUPATION IN SOUTHERN LEBANON, BUT IT HAS ALSO ENTERED THE GAME OF "CONFESSIONAL," OR INTER-SECT, POLITICS WITHIN LEBANON. ALTHOUGH THE EVOLUTION OF THE IRANIAN REGIME HAS AFFECTED HIZBALLAH, AS HAS THE HEGEMONIC POSITION OF SYRIA VIS-A-VIS LEBANON, THERE IS LITTLE DOUBT THAT HIZBALLAH HAS PROVED ITSELF RESPONSIVE TO THE ATTITUDES AND ASPIRATIONS OF ITS DOMESTIC CONSTITUENCY. WITH HIZBALLAH'S ENTRY INTO THE POLITICAL SYSTEM, LATENT REGIONAL AND IDEOLOGICAL TENSIONS AND DIVISIONS HAVE BEEN REVEALED.