The relationship between the recent decline in marriage rates in Italy & female educational level & employment opportunities is examined based on data collected in a 1983 survey conducted by the National Statistics Instit (N unspecified). Findings indicate that both a high level of education & a long time devoted to training discourage marriage & childbirth among women. Further, unlike other European countries, cohabitation is not common in Italy. Existing problems in the labor & housing markets are also contributing to discourage marriage. 6 Tables, 2 Figures, 1 Appendix, 33 References. M. Wagner
Examines the intensity & forms of Italian environmental protest, 1988-1997, drawing on an analysis of 328 national-level events, 313 events in Milan, 222 events in Florence, & 168 events in Naples as reported in local newspapers. Protest peaked during the 1988-1990 period & fell of dramatically in 1996/97; possible explanations for the decline are provided, pondering if it was real or a function of changing political conditions & media orientations. Regional variation in the intensity of protest is next considered, finding a concentration in the north. Four major issues around which people mobilized included nature conservation, energy, pollution, urban & industrial claims, & animal welfare. Analysis of forms of protest reveals the overwhelming predominance of pressure over protest actions, which supports claims that the evolution of the Italian environmental movement is part of a broader cycle originating in the 1960s. Variation in mobilizations around different issues is briefly addressed before turning to the profile of environmental organizations involved in protest events; patterns of organizational cooperation are scrutinized, finding no clear trends in networking. Legambiente is seen to be a key environmental organization; media coverage of the issues that Legambiente & other prominent groups is explored, along with the characteristics of movement institutionalization & the notion of "problem ownership." It is concluded that, during this period, Italian environmental protest only partially resembles a sustained & large-scale movement. 10 Tables, 7 Figures. J. Zendejas
Examines the intensity & forms of Italian environmental protest, 1988-1997, drawing on an analysis of 328 national-level events, 313 events in Milan, 222 events in Florence, & 168 events in Naples as reported in local newspapers. Protest peaked during the 1988-1990 period & fell of dramatically in 1996/97; possible explanations for the decline are provided, pondering if it was real or a function of changing political conditions & media orientations. Regional variation in the intensity of protest is next considered, finding a concentration in the north. Four major issues around which people mobilized included nature conservation, energy, pollution, urban & industrial claims, & animal welfare. Analysis of forms of protest reveals the overwhelming predominance of pressure over protest actions, which supports claims that the evolution of the Italian environmental movement is part of a broader cycle originating in the 1960s. Variation in mobilizations around different issues is briefly addressed before turning to the profile of environmental organizations involved in protest events; patterns of organizational cooperation are scrutinized, finding no clear trends in networking. Legambiente is seen to be a key environmental organization; media coverage of the issues that Legambiente & other prominent groups is explored, along with the characteristics of movement institutionalization & the notion of "problem ownership." It is concluded that, during this period, Italian environmental protest only partially resembles a sustained & large-scale movement. 10 Tables, 7 Figures. J. Zendejas
This study of the education system of Italy is part of the handbook "The education systems of Europe" which presents an analytical description of the education systems of all European countries, following common guidelines. The study begins with the historical and socio-cultural background of the Italian educational system which is followed by the description of the organizational and administrative context of the current education system. The next step is the functioning of the current education system, beginning with a structural overview and followed by an analysis of the different levels of the education system, including, as a separate chapter, post-secondary and tertiary education. The country study ends with an analysis of current discussions and opens perspectives for further development. A diagram illustrating the structural scheme of the Italian educational system is part of this article. (DIPF/Orig./Kie.).
