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Cover -- Front Matter -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Patterns and Trends in Juvenile Crime and Juvenile Justice -- 3 The Development of Delinquency -- 4 Preventing Juvenile Crime -- 5 The Juvenile Justice System -- 6 Race, Crime, and Juvenile Justice: The Issue of Racial Disparity -- References -- APPENDIX A Definition of Offenses Used in Uniform Crime Reporting -- APPENDIX B The Indeterminacy of Forecasts of Crime Rates and Juvenile Offenses -- APPENDIX C Workshop Agendas -- APPENDIX D Biographical Sketches -- Index.

Cover Page -- Half Title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Introduction -- Chapter 1: Trends in Juvenile Crime and Punishment -- 1: The United States Has a Higher Rate of Juvenile Crime than Other Western Countries -- 2: Balkans Grapple with Exploding Youth Crime -- 3: British Rates of Girl Gang Crime Are Exploding -- 4: Some Central American Countries Treat Youth Gang Crime as a Threat to Regional Security -- 5: In Europe, Juvenile Crime Is Increasingly Prominent in the Public Consciousness -- 6: The United States Is Criminalizing Typical Childhood Behavior -- Periodical and Internet Sources Bibliography -- Chapter 2: Risk Factors for Juvenile Crime -- 1: New Zealand's Juvenile Crime Is Caused by Multiple Risk Factors -- 2: The Dutch Failure to Integrate Immigrant Groups Has Led to an Increase in Juvenile Crime -- 3: Brazil's Drug Mafia Is Recruiting Impoverished Children -- 4: Palestinian Girls Turn to Crime to Escape Troubled Family Lives -- 5: The Australian Juvenile System Is Discriminatory Against Aboriginal Youth -- 6: Scotland Should Be More Responsive to the Needs of At-Risk Children -- 7: The Caribbean Youth Crime Rate Is Affected by the Region's Social and Economic Problems -- Periodical and Internet Sources Bibliography -- Chapter 3: Debates over the Juvenile Justice System -- 1: Tanzanian Juvenile Institutions May Be Doing More Harm than Good -- 2: Ireland Should Not Be Incarcerating Children in Adult Institutions -- 3: Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan Should End the Juvenile Death Penalty -- 4: Palestinian Youths Are Being Mistreated in Israeli Detention -- 5: Argentina Considers Lowering the Age of Criminal Responsibility -- 6: England's Juvenile Justice System Is Cruel and Counterproductive -- Periodical and Internet Sources Bibliography -- Chapter 4: Juvenile Justice System Reforms

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Introduction -- Chronology -- 1. Reforming Juvenile Justice -- 2. Juvenile Offenders Must be Granted Due Process Rights Under the Fourteenth Amendment -- 3. Juvenile Criminal Proceedings should Restore Focus on Minors' Due Process Rights by Returning to Standards Set in In re Gault -- 4. Neither the Sixth nor Fourteenth Amendment Guarantees a Juvenile Offender the Right to a Trial by Jury -- 5. The Withholding of Jury Trials from Juvenile Offenders is Outdated in a More Punitive Juvenile Justice System -- 6. Juveniles should be Tried As Adults When They Have Committed Violent Crimes -- 7. Juveniles should not be Tried or Sentenced As Adults -- 8. The Mother of a Son Incarcerated in an Adult Prison Tells Why the System Fails Young People -- 9. Rates of Juvenile Incarceration should be Reduced -- 10. A Woman Who Spent Time in a Youth Detention Facility Recounts the Poor Treatment She Received There -- 11. Juveniles should not be Exempted from the Death Penalty As a Group, but Judged on an Individual Basis -- 12. Sentencing a Juvenile Offender to the Death Penalty Violates the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments -- 13. Minors should be Sentenced to Life in Prison Without Parole Under Certain Circumstances -- 14. It is Unconstitutional to Sentence Minors to Life in Prison Without Parole for Crimes Less than Homicide -- 15. A Prisoner Explains How He Has Grown to Understand the Significance of His Crime -- 16. A Mother of a Murder Victim Argues That Minors should not be Sentenced to Life Without Parole -- 17. The Sister of a Murder Victim Urges Legislators not to Abolish the Life Without Parole Sentence for Juvenile Murderers -- Organizations to Contact -- For Further Reading -- Index -- Back Cover

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface and Acknowledgments -- 1 Background and History -- Introduction -- The Development of Childhood -- Juvenile Justice in the United States: The Beginnings -- Houses of Refuge -- Training Schools or Reformatories -- Child Savers and Other Nineteenth-Century Juvenile Justice Reform Efforts -- Treatment Programs for Institutionalized Juvenile Offenders -- Contemporary Organizations, Programs, and Developments -- Juvenile Justice Today: A Quick Look -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 Problems, Controversies, and Solutions -- Introduction -- Problems -- Misperceptions and Misunderstandings -- Youth in Crisis: Problems Facing Juveniles -- Kids and Guns -- The Contemporary Juvenile Justice System -- Controversies -- Complexity of the System -- Serious Juvenile Offenders and Status Offenders: Transfers and Divestiture -- Overrepresentation of Minorities -- Legal Challenges to the Juvenile Justice System -- Possible Solutions -- Restorative Justice and Other Alternatives to Incarceration -- Evaluations of Incarceration Alternatives -- Delinquency Prevention Programs -- Gang Prevention Programs -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Perspectives -- Introduction -- Preparing Youth for the Future: Kimberly Booth -- We Must Improve Education for Youth in the Juvenile Justice System: Katherine Burdick -- Adolescence, Incarcerated: Josh Gravens -- The Lines We Draw: Deborah L. Johnson -- Community Restorative Justice Hub: A Model of Hospitality and Accompaniment: David A. Kelly -- A Teacher, Not a Judge: Thomm Quackenbush -- The Hall: Heidi Lynn Smith -- What Should We Do with Juvenile Murderers?: John T. Whitehead -- 4 Profiles -- People -- Jane Addams (1860-1935) -- Freda Adler (1934- ) -- John Augustus (1785-1859) -- Howard Becker (1928- ) -- Louise Bowen (1859-1953).

This handbook is an up-to-date examination of advances in the fields of juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice that includes interdisciplinary perspectives from leading scholars and practitioners. Examines advances in the fields of juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice with interdisciplinary perspectives from leading scholars and practitioners Provides a current state of both fields, while also assessing where they have been and defining where they should go in years to come Addresses developments in theory, research, and policy, as well as cultural changes and legal shifts Contains

Hunting for the universal risk factor / Stephen Case and Kevin Haines -- Power and powerlessness in transition / Monica Barry -- Juvenile offenders / Thom Brooks -- The inextricable link between age and criminal history in sentencing / Shawn D. Bushway and Anne Morrison Piehl -- Deterrence as a principle of youth sentencing : no effect on youth but a significant effect on judges / Carla Cesaroni and Nicholas Bala -- Envisioning a juvenile justice system that supports positive youth development / James M. Frabutt, Kristen L. Di Luca and Kelly N. Graves -- Cruel and unusual punishment : mandatory sentencing of juveniles tried as adults without the possibility of youth as a mitigating factor / Alison Powers -- Pre-sentence reports, magisterial discourse and agency in the youth courts of England and Wales / Jo Phoenix -- Restorative justice -- is more better? : The experience of police-led restorative cautioning pilots in Northern Ireland / David O'Mahony and Jonathan Doak -- Juvenile victims in restorative justice : findings from the reintegrative shaming experiments / Tali Gal and Shomrom Moyal -- Restorative justice and youth justice in England and Wales : one step forward, two steps back / David O'Mahony.

This photo essay and introduction focus on people in California prisons who were sentenced to decades in prison for crimes committed as juveniles. The United States is the only country in the world to sentence juveniles to life in prison. A majority of juveniles sentenced to life serve their time in just five states, California among them. While many breakthroughs are still needed, California has begun to right the wrongs it has committed against the state's most vulnerable population.