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Table of contents: Wojciech Włoch -The Democratic Paradox Revisited - how liberal constitutionalism supports democratic equality; Tomasz Milej - Liberal democracy's rocky path – the cases of Kenya and Tanzania; Tímea Drinóczi, Agnieszka Bień-Kacała - Illiberal constitutionalism in Hungary and Poland: The case of judicialization of politics; Fabio Ratto Trabucco - The Hungarian Judicial System evolution between 'Orbánism' and European Governance; Zbigniew Witkowski, Maciej Serowaniec - The role of 'controlled' referendum in Polish democracy; Faith Kabata - Impact of UN Human Rights Monitoring Mechanisms in Kenya; Lóránt Csink, Réka Török - The collision of national security purpose secret information gathering and the right to privacy. The present and future of Hungarian regulation; István Sabjanics - The Legality of National Security; Václav Stehlík - Metamorphosis of Public Security Exception in the EU Internal Market and EU Citizens' Rights ; Can a democracy work without liberalism? Or in other words, is the concept of governing and being governed in turns sustainable without respecting individual rights? Or is a democracy doomed to be hijacked by authoritarian rulers, if not backed by robust mechanisms of individual rights protection, by a rule of law and as system, in which – as James Madison wanted – an ambition is made to counteract ambition and the abuses of government are controlled? A standard answer of the so-called 'Western' constitutionalism is still a clear 'no'. The present volume offers study material on countries and historical situations, in which this clear 'no' faces challenges. It traces trajectories of democracy's development as it embraced and rejected liberal ideas. The contribution by Timea Drinoczi and Agnieszka Bien-Kacała does it with respect to Hungary and Poland, while the contribution by Tomasz Milej focuses on Kenya and Tanzania. But before embarking on the developments in particular countries, Wojciech Włoch takes the reader through the contemporary thought on the relationship between democracy and liberalism. He argues from the philosophical perspective that the liberal ideal of equal rights of individuals enables a democracy to thrive and prosper. Tomasz Milej takes up this point showing on the examples of Kenya and Tanzania how the attempts to base a democratic regime on illiberal pillars eventually lead to a collapse of the same. In this vein, Timea Drinoczi and Agnieszka Bien-Kacała make a strong case against theorising violations of constitutional stipulations and disenfranchisement of judiciaries as some new concepts of democracy or political constitutionalism as opposed to the legal one; one of the terms they prefer to describe the departure from the liberal democracy is abusive constitutionalism. Various examples for this type of regime from Hungarian practice are provided by Fabio Ratto Trabucco, who discusses the legal means employed by the Hungarian government to take over the judiciary by replacing judges with new ones under a new politicised appointment procedure. In so doing, the author also discusses the interaction of the Hungarian government with external actors, such as Venice Commission and various organs of the European Union. On such a dialogue focuses Faith Kabata documenting a poor record of Kenya in implementing of the UN monitoring bodies recommendations and even obstructionism by the state executive organs regarding civil and political rights. Her study shows that these rights were best implemented when individuals took their cases to the courts and that the biggest obstacle to the implementation was a lack of social and political internalisation of certain human rights provisions. Aren't those internalisation deficits the same ones that derailed the liberal democracy – at least temporarily – in Hungary and Poland? One could look from this perspective at the failure of the direct democracy instruments to enhance people's participation in public matters, as discussed by Zbigniew Witkowski and Maciej Serowaniec in the Polish context. Those more general accounts are supplemented by three case studies on a sensitive area of clash between the collective and individual interest. The contributions by Lóránt Csink and Réka Török, by István Sabjanics and by Václav Stehlík examine the relationship between the national security concerns and the individual freedoms. Quite interestingly, Stehlík's research shows that the readjustment away from the individual movement rights towards the protection of national security concerns has also found its way into the case law of the Court of Justice if the European Union.

The aim of this article is to discuss some texts which at the diffe-rent times constructed the Lithuanian nation's cultural identity. We have drawn attention to the concept of national identity published in the periodical "Aušra" (1883). The narrative was created in the 19th century as an act of revolutionary social transformation in order to define the national consciousness, language and culture. More significantly, the site of cultural difference became the process of the enunciation of culture as "knowledgeable", authoritative, adequate to the construction of systems of cultural identification. The enunciation of cultural difference problematizes the bina-ry division of past and present, tradition and modernity at the le-vel of cultural representation. It is the problem of how, in signifying the present, something comes to be repeated, relocated and translated in the name of tradition. Thus the political (and theoretical) genealogy of modernity lies not only in the origins of the idea of civility, but in this history of the colonial moment. We pay attention to the importance of the hybrid moment of political change and the time of enunciation and make the question of contradictions rooted in the process of translation and displacement in which the cultural identity was written. Applying semiotic approach we have rethink the cultural text or system of meanings as the Semantic Universe for recognition the structure of symbolization. In the purpose to understand the two familiar traditions in the discourse of identity we seized the space of representation, where the image of Self is confronted with the difference, its Other. The Subject (individual or nation) can construct himself only through the differences and he need the Other/Others for the reason of the semiotic existence. The experience of identity makes sense only via an articulation of difference: there is no Us without Them. A cultural unit exists and is recognized insofar as there exists another one which is opposed to it. We are faced with a dimension of double-dealing: a charge of assimilation and the act of eclude. To understand the differences of the historical writing and self-identification let's compare the idea of the two texts: Motiejus Stryjkowski "Chronicle" and Albertas Vijūkas-Kojalowicz "Lithuanian history", both written as historical narratives (and political myths) before "Aušra". We have used Algirdas Julius Greimas semiotic point of view to understand the rules governing the narrative programming: it is now clear that the analysis of the discourse may disco-ver ideology. We must try to decipher myths, stories and folklore for the reason to identify the systems of values and how the models of behaviour (ability to act) impact on the style of life in the modern society. To ascertain the mythological code we have used to discuss Lithuanian folktale about the Fearless Hero in order to understand the narrative structures. The structure of this folktale might be used to discover the new order doctrine and the ideology in the text of periodical "Aušra" also for exploring and identifying the narrative and passion structures of the concrete discourse. ; Straipsnyje aptariami tekstai, įvairiais laikotarpiais prisidėję prie lietuvių tautos kultūrinės tapatybės konstravimo. Dėmesys kreipiamas į periodiniame leidinyje Aušra (1883) paskelbtą priekalbą, kurioje XIX a. didžiuoju istoriniu pasakojimu (naratyvu) buvo įreikšminta ir apibrėžta modernios lietuvių tautos savimonė, aktualizuota istorinės genealogijos problematika. Retoriškai klausiama, ar toks tekstas, formavęs tapatybės logiką ir savasties būtinybę kolonizavimo metu, neįtvirtino kultūrų hibridizacijos ir neįvardijo kolonijinio subjekto, veikiančio dabartyje, vaidmens? Taikant semiotinį požiūrį, aptariami semantinį universumą artikuliuojantys reikšminiai visetai ir kaip tos pačios kalbinės bendruomenės viduje įvyksta vertimas. Subjektas (individas, tauta) konstruoja save per skirtumą, todėl jam reikia kokio nors kito/kitų tam, kad imtų semiotiškai egzistuoti. Straipsnyje parodoma, kaip toks tapsmas gali tapti dvilypiu, susidūrus su asimiliavimo kaltinimu ir išstūmimo veiksmu. Aptariami du tekstai: Motiejaus Strijkovskio Kronika ir Alberto Vijūko-Kojelavičiaus Lietuvos istorija, kuriuose "iki" Aušros programos buvo aprašyta lietuvių tautos ir istorijos genealogija. Naudojantis Algirdo Juliaus Greimo semiotinėmis nuostatomis, nagrinėjama naratyvinė programa, kurios analizė diskurse gali išryškinti ideologiją. Parodoma, kaip pasakojimų, mitų ir folkloro dešifravimas gali atskleisti verčių sistemas ir elgesio (mokėjimo veikti) modelius. Lietuvių liaudies pasakoje apie Bebaimį Herojų siekiama atpažinti naratyvines struktūras ir išsiaiškinti mitologinį kodą. Pasakos struktūrą bandoma panaudoti Aušros tekste aiškinantis įvedamą naują tvarką ir ideologiją, taip pat atpažįstant naratyvines ir pasijines struktūras.

International audience ; Cirano de Dominicis (1927-2017) a apporté à la physique théorique des contributions majeures. Il faisait partie de la génération des jeunes physiciens qui, au sortir de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, ont conduit à la renaissance de la physique, notamment théorique, en France. D'origine modeste, il fait ses études au lycée Masséna de Nice ; il obtient le prix de géographie au Concours général, et entre en 1948 à l'École polytechnique, d'où il sort dans le Corps des mines. Passionné par la physique théorique, il participe au cours des étés 1953 et 1954 à l'École des Houches, seul enseignement de niveau prédoctoral en physique existant alors en France, puis bénéficie du décret « Suquet », selon lequel de jeunes membres des Corps peuvent être affectés dans des laboratoires de recherche. Il complète ainsi sa formation au MIT puis à Birmingham où, sous la direction de Rudolf Peierls, il soutient en 1957 une thèse où les noyaux atomiques sont traités en tant qu'assemblées de nucléons en interaction, approche novatrice à l'époque. Il se lie ainsi avec Paul Martin et Gerry Brown, avec qui il continuera à collaborer. De retour en France, il se fixe dans le groupe naissant de physique théorique de Saclay, où se déroulera toute sa carrière, hormis de nombreux séjours à l'étranger. Avec Claude Bloch, il y joue un rôle de pionnier dans la théorie naissante du problème à N corps ; on leur doit le développement en diagrammes des fonctions thermodynamiques, qui permet grâce à des sommations partielles, une approche théorique aux liquides quantiques. Il fournit avec Roger Balian un fondement microscopique exact à la théorie de Landau des liquides de Fermi et de Bose à l'équilibre, et a à son actif des travaux avec Philippe Nozières, François Englert, James Langer, Gérard Toulouse, entre autres. Ses travaux sur la renormalisation le rendent alors prêt à contribuer au cours des années 1970 à la théorie des phénomènes critiques (avec Édouard Brézin et Jean Zinn-Justin, Daniel Amit, Paul Martin notamment). Il se consacrera ensuite pleinement à ce qui deviendra son sujet de prédilection, la mécanique statistique des systèmes désordonnés, et tout spécialement celle des verres de spin. En particulier, il se lance avec ses collaborateurs (Andrea Crisanti, Imre Kondor et Tamas Temesvari principalement) dans le programme de déterminer si les propriétés très particulières de la théorie du champ moyen des verres de spin (la fameuse solution de Parisi avec un schéma de brisure hiérarchique de la « symétrie des répliques ») se retrouvent dans les systèmes physiques en trois dimensions d'espace. Ceci requiert de savoir traiter les fluctuations autour du champ moyen, problème d'une difficulté technique inouïe. La théorie des champs des verres de spins qu'il a développée pour ce faire est exposée de façon aussi pédagogique que possible dans un livre publié en collaboration avec Irene Giardina en 2006 [1]. Ces dernières années Cirano avait beaucoup travaillé sur la question de savoir si la théorie des " droplets " (gouttelettes), qui prédit une tout autre physique des verres de spins et s'applique en deux dimensions d'espace, pouvait émerger de la théorie des champs des verres de spins. Passionné de sciences, Cirano a toujours été, de par ses origines et ses convictions, très engagé politiquement. Fortement concerné par les questions de société, la justice sociale et la place des plus défavorisés, il mettait en avant l'importance de l'éducation et de la science pour ces questions. Ses collègues et ses amis peuvent en témoigner ! Il s'est également beaucoup engagé pour la communauté scientifique, il a été président de la Société Française de Physique (SFP) en 1972 et a dirigé le Service de Physique Théorique de Saclay de 1971 à 1979. Jusqu'à ses toutes dernières années, il est resté très présent à Saclay, montrant toujours beaucoup d'attention et de sens du contact avec les visiteurs et les jeunes chercheurs. Son énergie et sa productivité scientifique restaient impressionnantes. Ses travaux ont été couronnés, entre autres, par le prix Jean Ricard de la SFP (1987), par le prix Ampère de l'Académie des sciences (1996) et par la Médaille d'argent du CNRS. Il a été notamment invité à Harvard à la chaire extrêmement prestigieuse de Loeb Lecturer. Il était également chevalier de l'ordre national du Mérite et commandeur des Palmes académiques. C'est une grande figure de la physique théorique du dernier demi-siècle qui nous a quittés.

The purpose of the thesis is to put forth and explore a notion of teaching as a practice of attention formation. Drawing on educational philosophy and the Didaktik/Pädagogik-traditions, teaching is explored as a relational and lived-though practice that can promote, form, and share attention. In the context of teaching, attention is connected to the acts of showing and observing. As such, teaching can be seen as a complex of relations that emerges through the intersection of the intentions of the one who is showing and the one who is observing. This intersection creates a tension between the self-active student and the paths made possible for this self-activity. The pedagogical dimension of this tension can be expressed through the principles of the summons to self-activity and Bildsamkeit. By turning to some key-texts of the French philosopher Jacques Rancière, I explore how the notion of teaching as attention formation can be understood from within a radical relational perspective on education and also how attention itself can be thought of as an educational phenomenon. From this critical relational perspective, where the relation is seen as constitutive of educational situations and where the possibility for uniqueness, difference, and freedom are regarded as central characteristics for a democratic conception (and ethical realization) of education, I interpret Rancière's notions of intellectual emancipation and partage du sensible as political/aesthetic analogues to the summons to self-activity and Bildsamkeit, respectively. While the event of intellectual emancipation, although constituted relationally, mainly addresses the unique attentive subject, the notion of le partage du sensible draws attention to the larger and shared context in which this event takes place. In the thesis, teaching as attention formation is addressed as a relational phenomenon in which the unique and irreplaceable subject is called into being and is given space to respond to the summons of the surrounding world and to strive against the materiality of that very same world. It is suggested that attention formation might be the educational event when someone, as a unique other, is called into presence and is given room to claim and to speak for his or her interest. It is an event made possible by those teachers who have the sensibility to discover its coming, the courage to let it happen, and the strength to accept the consequences of it. ; Detta är en pedagogisk-filosofisk avhandling med syfte att undersöka på vilket sätt undervisning kan ses som en praktik som kan skapa, forma och dela uppmärksamhet. Utifrån ett relationellt pedagogiskt perspektiv och med hänvisning till både en pedagogisk och didaktisk problematik utreder jag hur undervisning kan förstås som en praktik där uppmärksamhet både uppfordras och formas, det vill säga som en uppmärksamhetsbildande praktik. Uppmärksamhet är ett fenomen som de senaste 150 åren främst har beskrivits i psykologiska, kognitiva eller neurobiologiska termer. Dock har uppmärksamhet varit en pedagogisk fråga och en fråga för undervisning i minst 3000 år (genom t ex Platon, Rousseau, Comenius, Herbart, Montessori, James, Dewey). I avhandlingen tar jag fasta på den pedagogiska traditionen av att tänka uppmärksamhet i relationella termer och något som skapas i en undervisningssituation, när lärare och elever möts i relation till ett ämnesinnehåll. Med undervisning som en relation mellan någon som visar, något som visas och någon som förväntas uppmärksamma det som visas, skapas en spänning mellan elevens förväntade självverksamhet och de vägar som görs möjliga för denna självverksamhet. Den pedagogiska dimensionen av detta möte förstår jag med hjälp av principerna uppfordran till självverksamhet och bildsamhet. Dessa principer utvecklar jag med hjälp av den franske filosofen Jacques Rancières diskussioner om undervisning som intellektuell emancipation och om estetik/politik som ett delande av det sinnliga. Avhandlingens teoretiska bidrag består i att utveckla en relationell förståelse av undervisning som en uppmärksamhetsbildande praktik, genom att förstå Rancière's begrepp intellektuell emancipation och delandet av det sinnliga som estetisk/politiska paralleller till de pedagogiska principerna uppfordran till självverksamhet och bildsamhet. Då undervisning förstås som en uppmärksamhetsbildande praktik, blir den också möjlig att tänka som en estetisk/politisk verksamhet som erbjuder det unika och oersättliga subjektet att både ta plats och tillföra något nytt bland andra subjekt i en värld av skillnader. Med denna förståelse vill jag göra uppmärksamhet till en pedagogiskt relevant fråga, särskilt i relation till en nutida utbildningsdiskurs som är starkt färgad av mätbarhet, målfokusering och individcentrering. ; Forskarskolan Filosofiska studier av pedagogiska relationer

International audience ; Cirano de Dominicis (1927-2017) a apporté à la physique théorique des contributions majeures. Il faisait partie de la génération des jeunes physiciens qui, au sortir de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, ont conduit à la renaissance de la physique, notamment théorique, en France. D'origine modeste, il fait ses études au lycée Masséna de Nice ; il obtient le prix de géographie au Concours général, et entre en 1948 à l'École polytechnique, d'où il sort dans le Corps des mines. Passionné par la physique théorique, il participe au cours des étés 1953 et 1954 à l'École des Houches, seul enseignement de niveau prédoctoral en physique existant alors en France, puis bénéficie du décret « Suquet », selon lequel de jeunes membres des Corps peuvent être affectés dans des laboratoires de recherche. Il complète ainsi sa formation au MIT puis à Birmingham où, sous la direction de Rudolf Peierls, il soutient en 1957 une thèse où les noyaux atomiques sont traités en tant qu'assemblées de nucléons en interaction, approche novatrice à l'époque. Il se lie ainsi avec Paul Martin et Gerry Brown, avec qui il continuera à collaborer. De retour en France, il se fixe dans le groupe naissant de physique théorique de Saclay, où se déroulera toute sa carrière, hormis de nombreux séjours à l'étranger. Avec Claude Bloch, il y joue un rôle de pionnier dans la théorie naissante du problème à N corps ; on leur doit le développement en diagrammes des fonctions thermodynamiques, qui permet grâce à des sommations partielles, une approche théorique aux liquides quantiques. Il fournit avec Roger Balian un fondement microscopique exact à la théorie de Landau des liquides de Fermi et de Bose à l'équilibre, et a à son actif des travaux avec Philippe Nozières, François Englert, James Langer, Gérard Toulouse, entre autres. Ses travaux sur la renormalisation le rendent alors prêt à contribuer au cours des années 1970 à la théorie des phénomènes critiques (avec Édouard Brézin et Jean Zinn-Justin, Daniel Amit, Paul Martin notamment). Il se consacrera ensuite pleinement à ce qui deviendra son sujet de prédilection, la mécanique statistique des systèmes désordonnés, et tout spécialement celle des verres de spin. En particulier, il se lance avec ses collaborateurs (Andrea Crisanti, Imre Kondor et Tamas Temesvari principalement) dans le programme de déterminer si les propriétés très particulières de la théorie du champ moyen des verres de spin (la fameuse solution de Parisi avec un schéma de brisure hiérarchique de la « symétrie des répliques ») se retrouvent dans les systèmes physiques en trois dimensions d'espace. Ceci requiert de savoir traiter les fluctuations autour du champ moyen, problème d'une difficulté technique inouïe. La théorie des champs des verres de spins qu'il a développée pour ce faire est exposée de façon aussi pédagogique que possible dans un livre publié en collaboration avec Irene Giardina en 2006 [1]. Ces dernières années Cirano avait beaucoup travaillé sur la question de savoir si la théorie des " droplets " (gouttelettes), qui prédit une tout autre physique des verres de spins et s'applique en deux dimensions d'espace, pouvait émerger de la théorie des champs des verres de spins. Passionné de sciences, Cirano a toujours été, de par ses origines et ses convictions, très engagé politiquement. Fortement concerné par les questions de société, la justice sociale et la place des plus défavorisés, il mettait en avant l'importance de l'éducation et de la science pour ces questions. Ses collègues et ses amis peuvent en témoigner ! Il s'est également beaucoup engagé pour la communauté scientifique, il a été président de la Société Française de Physique (SFP) en 1972 et a dirigé le Service de Physique Théorique de Saclay de 1971 à 1979. Jusqu'à ses toutes dernières années, il est resté très présent à Saclay, montrant toujours beaucoup d'attention et de sens du contact avec les visiteurs et les jeunes chercheurs. Son énergie et sa productivité scientifique restaient impressionnantes. Ses travaux ont été couronnés, entre autres, par le prix Jean Ricard de la SFP (1987), par le prix Ampère de l'Académie des sciences (1996) et par la Médaille d'argent du CNRS. Il a été notamment invité à Harvard à la chaire extrêmement prestigieuse de Loeb Lecturer. Il était également chevalier de l'ordre national du Mérite et commandeur des Palmes académiques. C'est une grande figure de la physique théorique du dernier demi-siècle qui nous a quittés.

The article deals with philosophical foundations of the theory of Liberalism developed by the Lithuanian-American sociologist and one of the leaders of the Lithuanian diaspora in the USA Vytautas Kavolis (1930–1996). It aims to clarify the problem of coherence which Kavolis encounters while developing his political theory and the way of dealing with it by him. The problem is conditioned by the fact that the thinker seeks to develop Integral Liberalism, which would encompass not only Liberalism, but other modern political ideologies as well, especially Conservatism. By taking fundamental differences between Liberalism and Conservatism into account, the question arises about the possibility of their reconciliation and of the establishment of Integral Liberalism as a coherent system of thought and action. It is stated that Kavolis looks for conditions of both possibilities in the area of philosophical anthropology. The thinker's conception of man is grounded on a presupposition that the fundamental structure of human existence consists of the self and the world. The self is this particular, unique, autonomous and free individual. The world is the sum total of relationships. At the center of this totality stands the national community and its cultural tradition. The relationship between the self and the world is defined in two ways. On the one hand, they are not deducible from one another, therefore they are separate elements of human existence. On the other hand, the self and the world are interrelated. They cannot exist without one another. The community and its cultural tradition fill the self with content. They provide the self with meanings, which enable an individual to live meaningfully. It is supposed that the self is incapable to create meanings by itself. In one's turn, the community could not be alive without the self. Kavolis' conception of man presupposes a defined existential ontology of Liberalism, Conservatism and Integral Liberalism. According to it, Liberalism has roots in the self, Conservatism – in the world, and Integral Liberalism is rooted in the whole structure of human existence. There is no conflict between Liberalism and Conservatism on the fundamental level of human existence. They are in accordance because their existential grounds, i.e., the self and the world, are not only separate, but also interrelated entities. Liberalism and Conservatism are involved in conflict when their meaning is overemphasized and efforts are made to establish them as all-embracing ideologies. If there is no real conflict between Liberalism and Conservatism, then Integral Liberalism is possible as a consistent system of thought and action, too. ; Straipsnyje gilinamasi į filosofinius Amerikos lietuvių visuomenės ir mokslo veikėjo Vytauto Kavolio liberalizmo teorijos pagrindus. Jame sie­kiama atskleisti koherencijos problemą, su kuria lietuvių išeivių mąstytojas susiduria plėtodamas savąją liberalizmo versiją, ir būdą, kuriuo tą proble­mą stengiasi įveikti. Koherencijos problema kyla dėl to, kad Kavolis siekia sukurti integralųjį liberalizmą, kuris apimtų ne tik liberalizmo, bet ir kitų modernių pasaulėžiūrų, pirmiausia konservatizmo, principus. Kadangi savo pamatinėmis orientacijomis liberalizmas ir konservatizmas yra vienas kito priešingybė, kyla klausimas, kaip galima juos suderinti ir sukurti integralų­jį liberalizmą kaip nuoseklią mąstymo ir veiklos sistemą. Įrodinėjama, kad galimybės suderinti liberalizmo ir konservatizmo sąlygas Kavolis ieško filo­sofinės antropologijos srityje. Mąstytojas žmogaus sampratą grindžia prie­laida, kad pamatinę žmogiškosios egzistencijos struktūrą sudaro aš kaip šis, konkretus, nepakartojamas, savarankiškas bei laisvas individas ir pasaulis, kurio centre – tautinė bendruomenė ir jos kultūrinė tradicija. Santykis tarp aš ir pasaulio apibrėžiamas dvejopai. Viena vertus, nei aš, nei pasaulis yra neredukuojami vienas į kitą. Jie yra savarankiški egzistencijos elementai. Antra vertus, aš ir pasaulis yra tarpusavyje susiję. Jie vienas kitą įgalina: bendruomenė ir jos kultūrinė tradicija suteikia aš turinį, kurio jis pats nepa­ jėgus susikurti, – prasmes, – o aš užtikrina bendruomenės ir jos kultūrinės tradicijos gyvavimą. Iš kavoliškosios žmogaus sampratos kyla atitinkama egzistencinė liberalizmo, konservatizmo ir integralaus liberalizmo ontologi­ja. Egzistencinį liberalizmo pagrindą sudaro aš, konservatizmo – pasaulis, o integralusis liberalizmas remiasi ne viena kuria pamatinės žmogiškosios egzistencijos struktūros dalimi, bet visa ja. Pamatiniu egzistencijos lygmeniu jokio liberalizmo ir konservatizmo konflikto nėra. Liberalizmo ir konserva­tizmo dermę, o kartu ir integraliojo liberalizmo, kaip nuoseklios mąstymo ir veiklos sistemos, galimybę užtikrina tai, kad jų reprezentuojami egzisten­cijos elementai yra ne tik atskiri, bet ir tarpusavyje susiję. Liberalizmo ir konservatizmo konfliktas kyla tada, kai jie suabsoliutinami ir juos siekiama paversti visa apimančiomis pasaulėžiūromis.

Defence date: 20 December 2016 ; Examining Board: Professor Luca Molà, European University Institute (Supervisor); Professor Fernando Marías, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and Real Academia de la Historia (External Supervisor); Professor Peter Cherry, Trinity College Dublin; Professor Simon Ditchfield, University of York ; Awarded the James Kaye Memorial Prize for the Best Doctoral Thesis in History and Visuality 2018 ; This dissertation explores the modes of representation used by the ecclesiastical elites of early modern Catholicism to negotiate their roles as religious leaders, political ministers, cultural patrons and members of the aristocracy in the European courts. It examines the religious and artistic patronage of Cardinal Bernardo de Sandoval y Rojas (Aranda de Duero, 1546 – Toledo, 1618) during the reign of Philip III of Spain. Archbishop of Toledo, Inquisitor General and uncle of the king's favourite minister, the Duke of Lerma, Sandoval was the leading ecclesiastic of the Spanish Monarchy and one of the richest and most powerful patrons of his time. Located at the crossroads between historical and art historical studies, this dissertation bridges this historiographical disjuncture by proposing an integrated approach that combines methodologies from the fields of art history, court studies and cultural history. The patronage of material and visual culture is here analysed as the result of the constant negotiation between Sandoval's individual self and the wider contexts to which he belonged. Six chapters scrutinize a rich array of visual and material sources, together with manuscript and printed documents collected from over thirty archives, reconstructing the socio-political and religious contexts in which Cardinal Sandoval operated. In examining the family conflicts and political tensions encountered by post-Tridentine prelates, I demonstrate how the patronage of sacred art, holy relics, monastic institutions and religious texts operated beyond their fundamentally devotional objectives. This dissertation contributes to our understanding of early modern political culture by showing how religious and artistic patronage was a fundamental practice for shaping the rhetoric of piety with which ecclesiastical patrons negotiated their reputation. ; Figures 8, 51-57, 147-149, 170-171, and 215-216 (corresponding with pages 402, 427-433, 489-491, 507, and 535-536), have been intentionally removed for copyright reasons. To view these images please refer to the printed version of this dissertation. Titles of the figures are below: • Figure 8. Alonso de la Fuente Montalbán, "Genealogía y Ascendencia del Illustrissimo señor don Bernardo de Sandoval y Rojas, Cardenal y Arçobispo de Toledo", anteequem 1608, fol. 11. Madrid, Real Academia de la Historia, 9-398. At page 402 • Figure 51. Portico of the Sagrario Chapel. ©Matilde Grimaldi. At page 427 • Figure 52. West wall of the Sagrario Chapel.©Matilde Grimaldi. At page 428 • Figure 53. North wall of the Sagrario Chapel.©Matilde Grimaldi. At page 429 • Figure 54. East wall of the Sagrario Chapel.©Matilde Grimaldi. At page 430 • Figure 55. South wall of the Sagrario Chapel. ©Matilde Grimaldi. At page 431 • Figure 56. Dome of the Sagrario Chapel. ©Matilde Grimaldi. At page 432 • Figure 57. General scheme of the pictorial decoration of the Sagrario Chapel. At page 433 • Figure 147. Giovanni Battista Mucanzio, "Smi. D. N. Papae Acomnium S. R. E. Cardinalium nunc viventium. Elogia",*1615, Rome, Archivio Segreto Vaticano, FB IV, 201. At page 489 • Figure 148. Giovanni Battista Mucanzio, "Smi. D. N. Papae Acomnium S. R. E. Cardinalium nunc viventium. Elogia",*1615, fol. 37r. Rome,Archivio Segreto Vaticano, FB IV, 201. At page 490 • Figure 149. Giovanni Battista Mucanzio, "Smi. D. N. Papae Acomnium S. R. E. Cardinalium nunc viventium. Elogia",*1615, fol. 36v. Rome, Archivio Segreto Vaticano, FB IV, 201. At page 491 • Figure 170. Cardinal Sandoval y Rojas, lead medal, 1616 Madrid, Museo Arqueológico Nacional, 1993_80_431e3eID001. Photo: Ángel Martínez Levas (N.I.(1993/80/431e3). At page 507 • Figure 171. Our Lady of El Sagrario, Lead medal, 1616. Madrid, Museo Arqueológico Nacional, 1993_80_431e3eID002. Photo: Ángel Martínez Levas((N.I.(1993/80/431e3). At page 507 • Figure 215. Angelo Nardi, The Crowning with Thorns, c. 1619-1620. Alcalá de Henares, San Bernardo. At page 535 • Figure 216. Angelo Nardi, The Miracle of the Five Loaves and Two Fishes, c. 1619-1620. Alcalá de Henares, San Bernardo. At page 536

Встановлено, що, на переконання Алена Бадью, зло проявляє себе в ході здійснення суб'єктом того чи іншого процесу істини, як антипод істини, як перешкода її здійснення. За словами Алена Бадью, зло – це переривання істини під тиском особливих чи особистісних інтересів. З'ясовано, що, за класифікацією Бадью, породжувати істини здатні чотири родові процедури – політичне винайдення, поема, матема та любов. За теорією Алена Бадью, у процесу істини є три основні виміри, кожному з яких відповідає своє «ім'я» чи «фігура» зла. Перший вимір – це подія, яка примушує з'явитися «щось інше», ніж поточні ситуації, думки чи застиглі знання. В рамках даного виміру зло проявляє себе як «личина чи терор», що полягає в тому, аби стверджувати, що стан, який передував виникненню вищеназваної події, був чимось цінним. Другий вимір – це вірність, яка полягає в тому, щоб слідувати «імперативу події». В рамках даного виміру зло виступає як «зрада» і полягає в тому, що не збережено вірність. Третій вимір – це власне істина, яка вибудовує вірність. У цьому вимірі зло виступає як «катастрофа» і полягає в абсолютизації сили істини. ; Alain Badiou's philosophical views study is an important philosophical task. This author is one of the most profound philosophers of our time. Especially important is the study of Badiou's ideas which helps to determine grounds of destructive phenomena in contemporary society. There is a number of researchers who are interested in Badiou's philosophy. For instance, Kathleen R. Kesson, James G. Henderson, Oliver Marchart, Hollis Phelps, Viktor Okorokov, Vitaliy Kosyhin, Svitlana Solovyova, and others. However, the researchers usually do not pay big attention to the study of Badiou's ideas about causes of evil. This article is aimed at the analysis and explication of such ideas. It has been proved that Badiou describes the idea that evil manifests itself as an obstacle in processes of the truth. Badiou considers that there are subjects of evil in society. According to Alain Badiou, the subjects of evil interrupt processes of the truth by their own personal interests. It has been shown in the article that Badiou believes in the existence of four procedures that produce the truth. It is politics, poem, math and love. In politics, the goodness is equality. In arts, it exemplifies the invention of new forms. In science, the goodness constitutes free thought. In love, the good means the understanding of the needs of other person. Badiou considers that a process of the truth has three dimensions. The event that caused the creation of something new is the first dimension of the process of the truth. At this dimension evil appears as 'mask or terror.' This kind of evil tries to prove that the new one is not better then the old one. According to Badiou, fidelity to the event is the second dimension of a process of the truth. In this dimension evil appears as 'betrayal.' The truth's strictly speaking is the third dimension of a process of the truth. In this dimension evil appears as 'catastrophe.' This kind of evil tries to identify the truth with a certain total power. Effective fight with the evil, by the opinion of A. Badiou, can only be based on that particular kind of truth, which is trying to discredit a particular kind of evil. According to Alain Badiou, the universal ideas like the ideas of human rights would be powerless to fight evil. The best mean for such fighting is to remain faithful to the truth. ; Установлено, что, по убеждению Алена Бадью, зло проявляет себя в ходе осуществления субъектом того или иного процесса истины, в качестве антипода истины, в качестве препятствия ее осуществления. По словам А. Бадью, зло–это прерывание истины под давлением особенных или личностных интересов. Выяснено, что, за классификацией Бадью, порождать истины способны четыре родовые процедуры – политическое изобретение, поэма, матема и любовь. По теории Алена Бадью, у процесса истины есть три основных измерения, каждому из которых соответствует свое «имя» или «фигура» зла. Первое измерение – это событие, которое заставляет появиться «нечто новое», по сравнению с текущей ситуацией, мыслью или знанием. В рамках данного измерения зло проявляет себя как «личина или террор», что состоит в том, чтобы утверждать, что состояние, которое предшествует возникновению вышеназванной истины, было чем-то ценным. Второе измерение – это верность, которая состоит в том, чтобы следовать «императиву события». В рамках данного измерения зло выступает в качестве «предательства» и состоит в том, что не сохраняется верность. Третье измерение – это собственно истина, которая выстраивает верность. В этом измерении зло выступает как «катастрофа» и состоит в абсолютизации силы истины.

Prior to the arrival of Captain James Cook in 1788, approximately 250 Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander languages with 600 to 800 dialects were spoken throughout modern-day Australia; however, from the late-eighteenth to mid-nineteenth century, these languages began to become extinct due to the colonists' diseases, massacres of ATSI people, and various assimilation policies. Today, the majority of these languages are no longer in existence; in fact, just twenty are considered by linguists to be strong. There is great value in supporting the maintenance of ATSI languages, both for ATSI people, whose culture is intrinsically linked to language, and the wider Australian community, who benefit from the knowledge passed down through these languages. Since the late 1980s, the Australia Federal Government has addressed the loss of ATSI languages at the national level through its national ATSI languages policy. This policy has evolved from three policy texts: National Policy on Languages (NPL), 1987: As its name suggests, the NPL addressed a number of languages; however, it did contain a section directed at ATSI languages. Dr. Joseph Lo Bianco, a language specialist and author of the NPL, outlined five actions to be taken by the Government to help maintain ATSI languages. Although Prime Minister Hawke announced the Government's full endorsement of the NPL, it appears that the Government as a whole was only slightly committed to addressing the loss of ATSI languages. However, due to the Government's prior lack of maintenance programs, the NPL still managed to have a significant positive impact on the Government's efforts to address the loss of ATSI languages. Australian Language and Literacy Policy (ALLP), 1991: The ALLP was the culmination of an extensive consultation process with academics and other interested groups - including ATSI organizations - conducted by the Hon. John Dawkins, then-Minister for Employment, Education, and Training, at the request of Cabinet. It stated that five actions would be taken by the Government to support A TSI languages maintenance. While three of these five actions were ultimately implemented, the ALLP still had a significant positive impact on the Government's efforts to address the loss of ATSl languages. Furthermore, it appears that the Government as a whole was much more committed to addressing this loss than it had been in the late 1980s. Indigenous Languages - A National Approach, 2009: This policy text, also known as the National Indigenous Languages Policy (NILP), was the first to specifically address A TSI languages. Although the NILP Indi cated a renewed Government commitment to ATSI languages maintenance, these words have not been matched with actions. Of the fourteen actions presented in the NILP, just four were implemented. Moreover, the Government had already committed to implementing these actions prior to the release of the NILP. Thus, the NILP has had no effect on the Government's efforts to address the loss of ATSI languages. While the Government's overall level of commitment to ATSI languages maintenance has fluctuated over the years, several of its programs have produced positive outcomes. The limited information that is available regarding the operation of these programs suggests that a high level of commitment on the part of the implementer is an important factor in their success. Funding has also been proven to have a direct impact on positive program outcomes. Given the current status of ATSI languages and the apparent waning political interest in their maintenance, their future looks grim; however, this can be changed if either the Government as a whole or select members of Government who wish to address the loss of ATSI languages choose to take action. In particular, there is a need to: • Review the current implementation status of the NILP in order to determine which actions have and have not been taken and why; • Indentify and evaluate the outcomes of the actions implemented under the NILP to determine what changes, if any, should be made to increase positive outcomes; • Update the NILP to reflect the actions currently being taken by the Government; and • Assign the task of implementing the NILP to a person, or group of people, who is committed to addressing the loss of ATSI languages. While there are a number of ways in which these needs could be addressed, it is suggested that they would most effectively be met through an inquiry conducted by the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs (HRSCATSIA).

Extrait du corpus d'Orléans, réalisé dans le cadre de l'Enquête SocioLinguistique à Orléans à la fin des années 1960. ; Entretien très riche sur l'enseignement, la formation des professeurs, les classes sociales à Orléans ; 01 depuis 7 ans, Dauphinois d'origine03 raisons pour lesquelles il s'y plaîtT1 RR finit sa maîtrise d'enseignement en tant qu'étudiant physique-chimie et en tant qu'enseignant maître auxiliaire qui enseigne maths modernes, maths classiques, la chimie et la technologie ; il a fait 4 ans en Faculté, a appris beaucoup de formules, mais absolument pas son métier de professeur T2 RR journée de travail - 2 vies - à Chateauroux dans un tout petit village - détails de sa journée ; à Orléans travail, en Faculté, travail personnel, sorties, cinéma, mouvements de jeunesseT3 ce qui lui plaît ou lui déplaît dans son travailT4 autant que possible un métier de contact humain - avant à penser à être ingénieur, veut s'exprimer en milieu d'êtres vivantsT5 franchement pourL1 ce qu'il fait de son temps libre, lecture tant qu'il peut, mouvements de jeunesse, scoutisme, soirées, samedi, dimanche, photo, enregistrement, camper etc. L2 repos avec un amiL3 partira avec un groupe de jeunesL4 lectureE1 apprendre à apprendre - apprendre à résoudre problèmes eux-mêmesE2 ce qu'il a fait lui-mêmeE3 RR dans civilisation actuelle il y a 3 matières : la langue française, surtout ses expressions, français écrit et parlé ; les maths absolument inséparables du français - mode d'expression ; les langues vivantes, mieux d'en savoir une et avoir de bonnes notions en 2 autres que de savoir 5-6 malE4 RR enfants qui n'ont aucun contact avec le monde extérieur à part la TV ; enfants de 15 ans qui ont 300 mots de vocabulaire - cela vient des parents et de l'éducation nationale ; ses idées sur la démocratisation de l'enseignement - influence de la TV, pas exploitée comme il fautE5 faudrait qu'on arrive à 18 ans ; on aura de moins en moins besoin d'ouvriers, de plus en plus besoin de cerveauxE7 RR théoriquement les mêmes jusqu'à la 3ième, classes, programmes, professeurs; en réalité il y a ségrégation - aux lycées vont les fils de riches et aux CEG, CES les autres - différences entre élèvesE8 toujours de bons, mauvais et moyens professeursE9 raisonsE10 raisons pour lesquelles il choisirait une école libreE12 oui si c'est une vraie participationE13 RR certainement la formation des enseignantsP1 ce qu'on fait, les problèmes, etc.P2 l'équipe dirigeante, le conseil municipal, les autoritésP3 oui, sur le plan local - préfecture régionaleP4 détails sur ce qui s'est passé à Orléans - explication : certain malaise dans le pays, comparaison avec l'Allemagne et l'ItalieP5 a des idées qui ne correspondent pas à celles de la majorité - vote pour le candidat qui lui plaît le plus ou lui dépâît le moins - au premier tour on a le choix, au deuxième tour c'est un vote négatifP6 les 2 systèmes se défendentP7 comment on décide la deuxième foisP8 il a des idées de gauche - la Nouvelle GaucheP9 RR structure verticale - manoeuvre/PDG ; structure horizontale - l'Orléanais de souche/l'autre (péjoratif) ; on ne se mélange pas entre les classes sociales sur le plan vertical, mais ça commence à se faire, heureusement ; castes existent encore ; sur le plan horizontal, on n'acueille pas, par principe, quelqu'un qui arrive qui arrive dans la ville ; exemples vendeuses etc.; la jeunesse : séparation nette et brutale entre groupes au lycéesexemples : allez dans un magasin, on n'a pas envie de vendre ; si c'est un vieux client : oui - autres détails amusantssur le plan de la jeunesse, il y a le lien de réunion des fils du bourgeois et le lien de réunion de fils de l'ouvrierQuestionnaire sociolinguistiqueQuestionnaire ferméBranche langue et culture ; Identifiant du témoin : RF 211 Homme, 22 ans (né en 1947 à Entre-Deux-Guiers ; Isère), élève professeur. Enregistré par James Mallinsonle 30 ocotbre 1969 au Centre Régional de Documentation Pédagogique. Questionnaires enregistrés : questionnaire sociolinguistique questionnaire ouvert , branche langue et culture (questions 01 ; 03-04 ; T1-T5 ; L1-L4 ; E1-E9 ; E12 ; P1 ; P4 ; P9-P10) ; questionnaire fermé. Classe politique du témoin : peut-être la Nouvelle Gauche. Remarque : intérêt pédagogique : témoin s'exprime très bien ; très riche sur l'enseignement, la formation des professeurs, les classes sociales à Orléans. Acoustique : exellente. ; Discourse type: dialogue

Purpose – The aim of the paper is to analyse the development aspects of e-government interoperability as dynamic, multidimensional and context-based organisational capability and to propose a conceptual framework for contextualisation of e-government interoperability development research and practice. Design/methodology/approach – Methods of systemic analysis along with the comparative analysis and generalisation were used to define the concept of e-government interoperability, classify the leading methods applied in its development and determine the contextual factors that might impact e-government interoperability research and practice. Findings – To meet the requirements of the implementation processes of contemporary e-government solutions, interoperability is understood and examined as the mix of dynamic, multidimensional and context-dependant dynamic capabilities of diverse public sector organisations to reach common goals through alliance and integration of their business processes and technological systems. The conceptual framework for context-based e-government interoperability development is proposed in this paper. It integrates three contextual layers important for dynamic capabilities such as processes, asset position and path-dependency with the main contextual factors that has been indicated as highly important in the recent e-government research. Research limitations/implications – This paper is a theoretical study of the essential e-government interoperability aspect – its context-dependability – that determines not only the adaptability level of various related political, managerial and technological methods, but also the rigour of research in the field. However, the presented conceptual framework for contextbased e-government interoperability development is of the high abstraction level and integrates only the main perspectives, principles and elements of interoperability contextualisation. It should be further supplemented with concrete operationalisational context factors extracted from the empirical research in the domain. Practical implications – The proposed conceptual framework for context-based e-government interoperability development suggests policy makers, public managers and related private sector organisations to assess technical and evolutionary fitness of dynamic organisational capabilities for interoperability before starting any cross-organisational e-government initiative or adopting any leading method for interoperability enforcement taken from different than its deployment context. It should be done through the analysis of related processes, asset position and path-dependency factors of all participating parties. It is also recommended to incorporate these principles of context analysis in the research of e-government interoperability phenomena and its enforcement methods. Originality/Value – This research addresses a complex issue of e-government interoperability contextualization and offers a conceptual framework which not only embraces the main context factors identified in the previous e-government research, but also integrates the contextualization approach from the theory of dynamic organizational capabilities that are the core of contemporary e-government interoperability concept. ; Kontekstas yra vienas iš svarbiausių e. valdžios sąveikumo elementų, ir tinkamas jo poveikio įvertinimas lemia ne tik susijusių politinių, vadybinių bei technologinių metodų efektyvumą, bet ir mokslinių tyrimų, atliekamų šioje srityje, rezultatų patikimumą. Šiame straipsnyje, taikant sisteminės analizės, palyginamosios analizės ir apibendrinimo metodus, išanalizuoti esminiai e. valdžios sąveikumo, kaip dinaminių, daugiamačių ir itin nuo konteksto priklausomų organizacijos gebėjimų komplekso, plėtros proceso bruožai bei taikomos priemonės, ir pasiūlytas konceptualus e. valdžios sąveikumo plėtros konteksto analizės modelis. Jame svarbiausi dinaminių organizacijos gebėjimų teorijoje naudojami konteksto lygmenys yra sujungiami su kritiniais e. valdžios moksliniuose tyrimuose vertinamais išorinės ir vidinės aplinkos kriterijais. Siūlomas konceptualus e. valdžios sąveikumo plėtros konteksto analizės modelis pasižymi aukštu abstrakcijos lygmeniu, todėl ateityje, remiantis šioje srityje atliekamais empirinių tyrimų rezultatais, reikėtų jį detalizuoti konkrečiais ir tiksliai pamatuojamais konteksto faktoriais. Modelis yra orientuotas tiek į e. valdžios sąveikumo politiką kuriančius bei įgyvendinančius viešojo ir privataus sektoriaus atstovus, tiek ir į šį tyrimų lauką formuojančią mokslinę bendruomenę. Jo pagrindu rekomenduojama verinti techninį bei evoliucinį dinaminių organizacijos sąveikumo gebėjimų tinkamumą tiek prieš inicijuojant tarp-organizacinius e. valdžios sprendimų projektus, tiek ir planuojant adaptuoti priešakinius e. valdžios sąveikumą įgalinančius metodus valstybėse ar organizacijose, kurių e. valdžios plėtros procesas dar nėra pakankamai susiformavęs. Šis vertinimas turėtų apimti visų suinteresuotųjų grupių procesų, resursų bei formavimosi trajektorijų analizę, įtraukiant ir tokias e. valdžios sričiai svarbias perspektyvas kaip institucinė sandara, valstybės išsivystymo lygis bei įvairūs organizaciniai faktoriai. Į šiuos e. valdžios sąveikumo konteksto analizės principus derėtų atsižvelgti ir atliekant e. valdžios sąveikumo reiškinio bei jį įgalinančių metodų mokslinius tyrimus.

This report provides an overview of the current and projected Community Infrastructure for the residents within Shire of Broome. More specifically this report focuses on the use of Community Infrastructure by residents within the township of Broome, and the demand for this infrastructure by communities in the Shire. This report details the results of the Community Survey undertaken by Creative Communities Australia Pty Ltd and is complimented with the results of consultation undertaken by researchers at James Cook University that addressed the needs and aspirations of Social Inclusion groups in Broome. The results of this report can be used to inform the calculations that underpin the Community Infrastructure Development Contributions for future development in Broome. The Vision Statement that emerged from the results of consultation for the purposes of this report is consistent with the Shire of Broome's Forging Ahead Strategic Plan, namely - A liveable community that has access to a diverse range of infrastructure, facilities and services that contribute to the health and wellbeing of Broome residents and creates additional social and cultural capital. Five distinct themes related to the provision of Community Infrastructure emerged from the data analysis. These are as follows: 1. Protecting and Enhancing the Broome Lifestyle. The Broome lifestyle is typified through the shared appreciation of the natural landscape and in particular the coastal areas to the south of the township. All demographics enjoy these areas irrespective of age, ability, gender and culture. A threat to an ongoing association with the natural coastal landscape would have a significant impact on the identity of the community and to their leisure time. To ensure that the Broome lifestyle is protected and enhanced, development must be sensitive to the values on the coastal landscape and impacts must be proactively mitigated. 2. Opportunities for social connections Social capital is created through social contacts and networks. Whereas cultural capital is created through shared community experiences such as festivals and events. Accessing open spaces, community meeting places, third spaces (shopping centres), attending community festivals and the participation in sport and recreation provides opportunities to meet people and develop friendships and social networks. These types of capital are facilitated through the provision of community infrastructure such as cycle and pedestrian networks that are connected to safe open space and recreation. Most of the unstructured recreation activity that takes place in Broome is undertaken with family and friends and in undeveloped natural settings. 3. Cultural Understanding and shared experiences Understanding cultural traditions and providing knowledge about other cultures through events, festivals, public art and performing arts assists in facilitating cross cultural learning. This cross cultural learning is essential to creating bridging capital between different groups of people that possess different heritage within a community. Cultural capital is created through shared experiences such as traditions, customs, values, heritage, identity and history. The manner in which these shared experiences are facilitated can vary and will typically include at least one of the following if not a combination: • a space (infrastructure, open space and beaches) to gather and celebrate, • a theme (history, literature, specific to a nationality) to frame the experience • a medium to communicate the sharing of the experience (song, art, festival) 4. Collaborative Governance and Strong Leadership Collaborative governance refers to a shared responsibility between the Local government administration and the communities to develop alternatives, identify preferred solutions, and make decisions that create liveable communities. To achieve collaborative governance requires strong leadership, a commitment to the principles of social equity, open and transparent decision making processes and an informed community that understands the governance structures that Council are bound by. Shire of Broome will assist the community to be resourceful, innovative and resilient to enable the ability to adapt to change and manage community based services. 5. Diversity of services As the population increases, the demographic characteristics will change and the demand for a more diverse range of social and community facilities, infrastructure and services may ensue. The demand for the range of services to be delivered within the facilities and infrastructure may vary over time which will in turn affect short and long term efficiencies. This will require monitoring and evaluation of the demand for services and the utilisation of community infrastructure according to benchmarks. The Action Strategies from the table below emerged from the data analysis and focus on creating a means to which the community may access facilities, infrastructure and services that increase their health and wellbeing and that creates additional social and cultural capital.

What is a Community Plan? A Community Plan is a planning document that looks at medium and long range community needs and aspirations. The Plan is used to inform all other Council planning processes, including corporate planning, strategic land use planning and infrastructure planning. The Local Government Act 2009 requires Council to create a Community Plan. There is no specific format or process that a Council must go through to create a Community Plan, each Council develops their own approach to meet the needs of the respective communities. The Cloncurry Community Plan The Cloncurry Shire is working with James Cook University (JCU) and the communities within the Shire to develop their Community Plan. This report summarises the demographic characteristics of the Cloncurry Shire. The demographic profile of the Cloncurry Shire community, illustrates that the community shares many demographic features common to communities where the predominant economic activity within the shire includes mining and mine support activities. These demographic features are a result of the presence of temporary workers and long distance commuters who are counted on Census nights, and whose presence invariably impacts upon the local community, affecting education, housing, household composition and employment to name a few. This demographic profile also tells us that the Cloncurry community is quite different to the Queensland community, and whilst performing better in some aspects such as unemployment, income and labour force participation, there are other aspects that Cloncurry should do better, in particular education and addressing socio-economic disadvantage. To briefly summarise a sample of the key findings: • Cloncurry is home to greater numbers of working age people and these people enjoy higher wages than their Queensland counterparts. There are many more males than females in all age cohorts from 5 years of age all the way to 84 years of age, leading to a large degree of gender imbalance in certain age cohorts. • Cloncurry's overall population is highly dependent upon mining activities occurring within the shire. Whilst population rise and fall cannot be directly attributed to certain mining activities such as construction and decommissioning, population change can generally be linked to mine expansion and contraction activities. These changes in the population from one Census period to the next roughly lie between 15 and 20 percent. It is expected that there will be minimal population growth to 2031. • Incomes are higher in Cloncurry than for Queensland, and incomes are higher in Cloncurry than in other smaller centres such as Dajarra. Higher incomes are not evenly distributed. For example males enjoy higher incomes than females because males are employed more commonly in mining and service related industries that support mining. The majority of weekly individual incomes in Dajarra are in the $150 to $249 bracket. The Census data suggests issues related to equality occurring across Cloncurry Shire – with opportunities to earn a good income limited for some. • Cloncurry scored low on indexes of Socio-Economic Disadvantage. Additional research is likely to uncover areas of extreme Socio-Economic Disadvantage given that the presence of temporary workers and long-distance commuters in the mining industry may be raising SEIFA scores to levels greater than what they would be (if such work arrangements were less common). • There is a significant drop in the age cohort 15 to 19 years, which is likely to be attributed to students leaving Cloncurry to complete their high school education outside of the shire. This in turn has impacts upon tertiary education rates and potentially population levels. Tertiary education rates are lower in Cloncurry than for Queensland and it is possible that these students who leave Cloncurry to complete their schooling may never return. • The percentage of family household types has fallen over time, and the percentage of couple families with children is the family household type that has decreased the most. These have been replaced with increases in non-family household types such as lone, group and other household types. • The housing market in the shire is small, and although real estate and Census statistics show no indication of housing stress and affordability issues, this is in conflict with primary data obtained as part of Community Plan surveying by the research team. It is known that a significant proportion of rental accommodation is subsidised in Cloncurry Shire and these subsidies aren't captured through available Census statistics.

It stands to reason that at the early stage of independence the five republics in the Central Asian region-Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan-previously closely linked to the Soviet economic and political systems, faced a number of challenges, most of which were inherited from the Czarist-Soviet regimes. Coping with the challenges posed by the transition period required foreign support, and all the republics, except Turkmenistan, have been engaged in active cooperation with global powers such as the U.S. Considering the main features of the Western powers' involvement in the post-Soviet arena, we can agree with Gertrude Schroeder, who defined the first years since 1991 as a period of "mutual learning." On the one hand, the leaders of the newly independent states have learned from their experience of establishing a market economy at the speed and with the specifics permitted by domestic reality. While on the other hand, international organizations and countries have obviously contributed enormously to this learning processand, through investment and bilateral assistance programs, also learned much about dealing with a previously unknown environment. Schroeder refers to this process as follows: "They [international organizations and countries] now have much more in-depth knowledge about physical and behavioral legacies from the old Soviet order, legacies that differ significantly among the post-Soviet states. They have learned that changing the habits and mind-sets of employees in the numerous government bureaucracies with which they must deal is a slow, painful, and frustrating business. They have learned that the specifics of reform policies and programs are usually highly controversial among domestic participants, even though consensus may exist on the desired goals and long-run outcomes. They now perceive that general 'textbook' solutions or those based directly on 'another country's' experience may require modification to take into account the peculiarities of the communist legacy in each state. Finally, they have learned, hopefully, to avoid some of the inevitable mistakes of the initial years of involvement. For instance, the perceived failure of donors, especially of technical aid, to involve the recipient country's experts in all phases of project development has been a frequent complaint, especially from local intellectuals." We will note the quite distinctive nature of American policy in Central Asia. In December 1991, Secretary of State James Baker announced that the U.S. "will work with those republics and any common entity which commit to responsible security policies, democratic political practices, and free market economies." Baker specified that some republics (Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Armenia, and Kyrgyzstan) seemed more prepared to take this course. Kazakhstan, like Russia and Ukraine, on this list was given priority in U.S. policy because it possessed nuclear weapons. While recognizing the sovereign status of all twelve former Soviet republics in 1991, the U.S. administration established diplomatic contacts with only five of the former states, plus Belarus, while omitting the Muslim republics of Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan from the list, "even though they had not been excluded for that reason [of being Muslim republics]." Even the establishment of diplomatic relations with the Kazakh and Kyrgyz sides does not signify immediate involvement of the U.S. As Olcott stated, it was rather "show than substance in these bilateral relationships." Actual interest grew considerably under George W. Bush with the announcement of the "war on terror" in 2001. Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan were among the most actively involved players in military cooperation with the U.S. by allowing the use of their airbases in Bishkek and Khanabad, respectively. On the American side, the U.S. Department of Defense has been among the most active players in defining the priorities and channeling huge military assistance to the region, which peaked in 2002-2003. It is important to specify an essential feature of American aid-conditionality. Particularly in the cases of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, the allocation of American aid (aid in Foreign Military Financing [FMF] and International Military Education and Training [IMET]) was linked to progress in the area of human rights. This paper focuses on analyzing the special features of U.S. Central Asian policy, especially regarding regional security and cooperation issues. I divide my analysis into two periods: the first period covers the years of early sovereignty between 1991 and 2001; and the second period starts from U.S. involvement after the 9/11 events until early 2010, including the policy of the Obama administration.

"Today, America faces security challenges that are exceedingly dynamic and complex, in part because of the ever changing mix and number of actors involved and the pace with which the strategic and operational environments change. To meet these new challenges more effectively, the Obama administration advocated strengthening civilian instruments of national power and enhancing America's whole-of-government (WOG) capabilities. Although the need for comprehensive integration and coordination of civilian and military, governmental and nongovernmental, national and international capabilities to improve efficiency and effectiveness of post-conflict stabilization and peacebuilding efforts is widely recognized, Washington has been criticized for its attempts at creating WOG responses to international crises and conflicts for overcommitment of resources, lack of sufficient funding and personnel, competition between agencies, ambiguous mission objectives, and undermining the military's primary purpose of defending the national interest. Presenting the results of an international Symposium held at Kennesaw State University in February 2011, this volume traces the genesis of WOG, critically examines current WOG practices, and draws lessons from the operational contexts of Iraq and Afghanistan. The first part of the book describes the overall global security context within which peacebuilding and stability operations are currently conducted, examines the merits of WOG approaches, and discusses their efficacy for responding to a range of emerging threats. The second part addresses some of the practical challenges of implementing WOG approaches to international conflict management and specifically to U.S. intervention in fragile states. The third and final part examines WOG efforts in the field and draws lessons learned from operational experiences in Afghanistan and Iraq to potential future interventions"--Publisher's website. ; "April 2012." ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 417-438). ; Introduction / Volker C. Franke and Robert H. Dorff -- Security sector reform : 12 central questions for responding to the security challenges of the 21st century / Robert Kennedy -- The puzzle of national security planning for the whole of government / Mary R. Habeck -- Development is destruction, and other things you weren't told at school / Michael Ashkenazi -- Where does whole of government meet whole of society? / Lisa Schirch -- Security system reform in weak or fragile states : a threefold challenge to the whole of government approach / Fouzieh Melanie Alamir -- A whole lot of substance or a whole lot of rhetoric? : a perspective on a whole of government approach to security challenges / Charles J. Dunlap, Jr. -- Whole of government in diplomacy and development : whole or hole? / James Stephenson -- The national security staff : what's missing in whole of government approaches to national security / Jack A. LeCuyer -- Lessons from Iraq and Afghanistan : looking from outside the box / Christopher Holshek -- Civil-military teaming : a solution? / William J. Flavin -- Ethical lessons of maximizing private contractor value in Afghanistan and Iraq / Doug Brooks and Mackenzie Duelge -- Multiethnic conflicts in U.S. military theaters overseas : intercultural imperatives / Gregory Paul P. Meyjes. ; "Today, America faces security challenges that are exceedingly dynamic and complex, in part because of the ever changing mix and number of actors involved and the pace with which the strategic and operational environments change. To meet these new challenges more effectively, the Obama administration advocated strengthening civilian instruments of national power and enhancing America's whole-of-government (WOG) capabilities. Although the need for comprehensive integration and coordination of civilian and military, governmental and nongovernmental, national and international capabilities to improve efficiency and effectiveness of post-conflict stabilization and peacebuilding efforts is widely recognized, Washington has been criticized for its attempts at creating WOG responses to international crises and conflicts for overcommitment of resources, lack of sufficient funding and personnel, competition between agencies, ambiguous mission objectives, and undermining the military's primary purpose of defending the national interest. Presenting the results of an international Symposium held at Kennesaw State University in February 2011, this volume traces the genesis of WOG, critically examines current WOG practices, and draws lessons from the operational contexts of Iraq and Afghanistan. The first part of the book describes the overall global security context within which peacebuilding and stability operations are currently conducted, examines the merits of WOG approaches, and discusses their efficacy for responding to a range of emerging threats. The second part addresses some of the practical challenges of implementing WOG approaches to international conflict management and specifically to U.S. intervention in fragile states. The third and final part examines WOG efforts in the field and draws lessons learned from operational experiences in Afghanistan and Iraq to potential future interventions"--Publisher's website. ; Mode of access: Internet.