Suchergebnisse

12-й том «Архива» открывается исследованием Ефима Меламеда (Киев) об истории надзора сталинских спецслужб за еврейскими писателями в конце 1930-х — начале 1950-х годов, имевшего последствиями репрессии и физическое уничтожение многих из них. В приложении к его статье публикуется уникальный материал — донесения тайного агента, «освещавшего» деятельность «братьев-писателей». Григорий Кан (Москва) вносит очередную лепту в изучение «вечной» темы: евреи

В 13-й том «Архива еврейской истории» вошли избранные главы из воспоминаний выдающегося юриста начала ХХ века Бориса Гершуна, «простого человека» Анны Шойхет, «автобиография» которой охватывает первую половину прошлого века, воспоминания Геннадия и Елены Эстрайх об их попытках эмигрировать из СССР, начиная с конца 1970-х. Попытки завершились успехом уже в начале 1990-х. В раздел «исследования» вошли статьи об одном из малоизвестных членов знаменитого клана баронов Гинцбургов — Альфреде, сыне Горация и о народовольце Савелии Златопольском. Альфред Гинцбург был управляющим Ленскими золотыми приисками и внес существенный вклад в развитие российской золотодобывающей промышленности. И, разумеется, в благосостояние семейства. Статья о члене Исполнительного комитета «Народной воли» Савелии Златопольском является по существу первым исследованием об этом видном деятеле революционного движения. В приложении к статье публикуются показания Златопольского на следствии и письма из заключения. Завершают том публикации лагерных писем известного фольклориста и музыковеда Моисея Береговского и транскрипт интервью Бориса Каменко, чудом пережившего Холокост на Ставрополье. Все остальные члены его семьи были расстреляны нацистами. Материалы, публикуемые в настоящем томе, извлечены из архивов Москвы, Санкт-Петербурга, Нью-Йорка, а также из семейных архивов.

У статті звертається увага на історію розвитку юдаїки в нашому краї у період ХІХ-ХХІ ст. Окремо розглядаються персоналії вчених-ізраілезнавців та їх внесок у вітчизняну юдаїку. Наводяться приклади видань, у тому числі і періодичних, що виходили друком в Одесі і мають важливе значення у становленні єврейської писемності Півдня України, а також розвитку івриту та ідишу. Наукова юдаїка розглядається у тісному взаємозв'язку із політичними та соціальними подіями у країні різних періодів. ; В статье обращается внимание на историю развития иудаики в нашем крае в период ХІХ–ХХІ вв. Отдельно рассматриваются персоналии ученых-израилеведов и их вклад в отечественную иудаику. Приводятся примеры изданий, в том числе и периодических, которые печатались в Одессе, и играют важную роль в становлении еврейской письменности Юга Украины, а также развитии иврита и идиш. Научная иудаика рассматривается в тесной взаимосвязи с политическими и социальными событиями в стране разных периодов. ; The article aims at the history of the development of Jewish studies in our region in the course of the 19th-21 centuries. The special attention is paid to the personalities of the scholars studying Israel and their contribution to the Jewish studies of our country. The author gives examples of the editions printed in Odesa including periodicals which played an important role in the formation of the Jewish written language in the South of Ukraine as well as in the development of Hebrew and Yiddish. Scientific Judaica is considered in close connection with political and social events occurred in the country in different periods.

Understanding museum as a tool of mediation, premediation and remediation of cultural memory, I focus in this article on two case studies — the Jewish Museum in Sarajevo and Jewish Historical Museum in Belgrade. While the Jewish Museum in Sarajevo positiones the city of Sarajevo as the first center of Jewish life in Balkans, the Jewish Historical Museum in Belgrade claims to be the only museum in ex-Yugoslavia presenting the history of Jews in the entire region. Both museums, therefore, claim to be the most important museums on this topic in the region, and certainly in a way compete to each other. What are the real stories hidden under these narratives, and which political and historical circumstances influence the fact that these two museums represent such contrasting stories? With the help of content analysis of the museum exhibitions, I detalize the narratives presented in the both case studies. In the focus of my interest is contextualization of Jewish history in the region and juxtaposition of the ways it is presented in the chosen museums. Obviously, Jewish Historical Museum in Belgrade still represents the unifying Yugoslavian narrative, serving as an umbrella museum for the entire region. In case of Sarajevo, close connection between ongoing process of victimization of the recent past of the city and mythologization of preYugoslavian life in Sarajevo, together with idealization of Bosnian-Jewish relations can be observed. Additionally, I look into the way of representation of the topic of the Holocaust. In the both case studies, the way of narration of the Holocaust is closely linked to the dominant historical narrative of the country, and the museum exposition serves as yet another justification of it. In both cases, the narrative of the Holocaust is shadowed by the previously existing historical tradition — in Yugoslavian times, the Holocaust was predominantly connected to the Ustasha regime and was symbolized by Jasenovac. Nevertheless, within current political realities, the Holocaust memory and the memory of Jewish life in Serbia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina undergoes certain changes and becomes instrumentalized in many contexts.

One of the most prominent and at the same time the most complicated storylines of Lithuanian history between two world wars — the conflict between Lithuania and Poland for Vilnius. It is important to note that dramatic events occurred in Vilnius and around it, which essentially determined the democratic relations between Lithuania and Poland in the interwar period, influenced not only Lithuanians and Poles, but also national minorities living there for many centuries, first of all — the most numerous and influential Jewish communities. Geopolitical changes, the loss of historical capital and proclamation of Provisional capital affect the new search of coexistence of Vilnius and Kaunas Jewish communities with the dominant nation and directly affects cultural, political development. This paper attempts to present how the Vilnius question influenced the positions and choices of the Kaunas Jewish community in interwar years. Kaunas Jews have survived the crisis of identity in a provisional capital. In this period, Kaunas Jews began to create a new system — the alternative "Jerusalem of Lithuania". Furthermore, Kaunas Jews joined the Vilnius liberation campaign in 1930s together with Lithuanians.

The article analyzes the "passportization" of the local, primarily Jewish, population of the Polish territories annexed to the USSR, particularly in Western Belorussia in 1940–1941. The Author considers this transformation not only as a measure of unification, but also as an important method of migration control, as well as "purification" of the social image of cities in the "new" border zone. In the focus of the article is the Jewish population. Since the majority of the Jews fitted at the same time to several paragraphs of the secret instructions on the issuance of passports "with restriction" (which in fact meant a ban on residence in the border town), they were particularly affected during the implementation of the "passportization".

The article makes an attempt to compare handwritten texts of local correspondence received by the newspaper "Bezbozhnik" in the 1920s–1930s, and citizens' letters published in the newspaper. I consider «a letter to the editorial office of the newspaper "Bezbozhnik'» as the situation of social interaction "here and now" and discuss the roles of the participants, editors and correspondents, in this situation. As a research method, I use the language analysis of texts, its form and content. I review two cases: the implicit editors' struggle against anti-Semitism in the newspaper and five unpublished letters from Odessa demanding the closure of synagogues. The chosen approach allows me to make some observations about the social and cultural attitudes of Jews in the USSR in the 1920s–1930s: their relation to a cultural and family memory, social responsibility, power and time. These attitudes, expressed in the letters language, I guess, had consequences in the further social and, in particular, anti-religious processes in the USSR.

In the article, we consider such language realities as abbreviations that were found at the Beshenkovichi cemetery in Belarus during the field expedition which was conducted by the "Sefer" Center in 2016. The goal of all the abbreviations is to reduce space on the material and to speed writing. The article describes in detail all kinds of abbreviations (alphabetic, sound and spelling) found in the epitaphs as well as general tendencies and peculiarities of their use on tombstones are revealed. For example, the most common abbreviations are the abbreviations "Here rests" ("Pei-Nun") and "Tantzevah" ("ה''תנצב — ("the final blessing. They are traditional for the region, but relate to two different types of abbreviations, alphabetic and sound respectively. Per contra, the use of the abbreviation "modest woman" ("שהצנו(י)הא ,("which does not occur in other burials of Eastern Belarus, is a characteristic feature of the cemetery epitaphs. Its peculiarity is in the fact that both words are written together, and the connecting part represented with the letter "hey" ("-ה ,("- which semantically is perceived the ending of the feminine gender of the word "woman" (Hebrew האשה (as well as a definite article to the adjective "modest" agreed with it (Hebrew הצנועה.( Thus, the abbreviations found in the epitaphs of the Beshekovichi cemetery were identified and described in the article together with the potential reasons for their use in the texts indicated. However, it is difficult to draw a conclusion on the interpretation of such phenomena (at the same time, both traditional abbreviations and explicit features of the cemetery). This may require further study of the funerary culture of the region.

The article is based on the field studies carried out in 2018-2019. The authors tried to find assimilation of Jewish culture inside the experimental space of the Soviet period. However, after coming to the conclusion that the development of the settlements of the Jewish autonomous region had 'international' features, they turned their focus on the description of vernacular architecture (individual low-storey housing, customized governmental accommodation facilities in the form of barracks, etc.). The attempt to comprehend the specific features of the development of the artificially designed territory of the settlements with national Jewish colour in the context of Soviet industrial colonization of the Far East is an important key to understanding the regional identity and preservation of cultural heritage. ; Статья написана на основе полевых исследований 2018–2019 годов. Авторы пытались найти рецепции еврейской культуры внутри экспериментального пространства советской эпохи, но, убедившись в «интернациональном» характере застройки поселений Еврейской автономной области, сконцентрировались на описании народной архитектуры (индивидуальное малоэтажное строительство, кастомизируемые объекты государственного размещения в виде бараков и пр.). Попытка осмысления специфики развития искусственно проектируемой территории поселений с национальным еврейским колоритом в рамках советской индустриальной колонизации дальневосточного направления кажется нам важным ключом к пониманию региональной идентичности и сохранению культурного наследия.

This paper presents an article by Rabbi Dr. S. Levi published in 1921 in Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums about French Jewish army rabbis and Jewish praying books from World War One distributed among Jewish soldiers in French Army. Levi served himself as an Army Rabbi in German army. He used his own experience to highlight the most interesting and significant features of French approach toward Jewish military service in time of war. This article of Rabbi Levi serves as an example of continuation of the pre-war GermanJewish self-identification as both culturally German and religiously Jewish. However, it also presented an interesting depiction of the technical details about French Army praying book. In contrast to German Jewry, their French counterparts published praying book under the auspices of the Chief Rabbi of France and distributed in with the help of his office. Levi pointed out that these praying books reflect in their content the original war time religiosity, which was still important to reconstruct and to reflect about in the after war epoch. The Great Rabbi of France gave his sanctions for the publishing the Prayer for the War Time and Prayer for France, both prayers bore his name and originated in the years 1914-1915. Dr. Levi justly saw in the figure of the Great Rabbi a central authority for the Jews in the French uniform. The French praying book was designated not only for the French Jews of European origin who mostly had had Alsace and Lorraine roots, but also for the Sephardic Jews from the French colonies in North Africa (Morocco and Algiers). Because of this fact, this praying book was different in its content from both German Jewish praying books. It provided two versions of the Hebrew texts in accordance to Ashkenazi and Sephardic rites. Both versions, the Ashkenazi (and the German one as Dr. Levi called it) and the Sephardic were printed together. Dr. Levi thought that it was necessary to highlight the differences between these two Jewish rites. He found that there elements in general were of great importance whereas his Ashkenazi German readers would find it confusing to differentiate between ritual nuances with their Sephardic co-religionists, namely in the conducting the death-, burial- and mourning praying ceremonies. In accordance to the articles published in the Monatsschrift Jewish experiences during the First World War were positively evaluated by their German co-religionists.

The purpose of the article is to demonstrate an influence of Jewish salons of Berlin on the intellectual life of Prussia at the turn of the XVIII–XIX centuries. As a form of communication, salon is characterized with an active participation of women in «traditionally» men's discussions on politics, philosophy and literature. Woman, as a rule, an aristocrat, selected a public at her discretion and moderated a conversation. A blossom of salon culture in Prussia took place at the second quarter of the XVIII century. Influence of Jewish salons on intellectual life of the kingdom is consided to be a one of the topics-in-question for researchers in this field. Deborah Hertz, Petra Wilhelmy-Dollinger and Renata Fuchs are inclined to represent Jewish salons as a phenomenon of a great significance for both Prussian Jews' life and cultural climat of German- speaking space. Hannah Lund and Barbara Hahn assess Jewish salons as one of integrative channels at the turn of the XVIII–XIX centuries. The sourse base of this article is presented with a wide correspondense and memoires by actors of salon communication in Berlin, as well as with satirical writings. In this article, the most famous Jewish salons' hostesses — Henriette Herz and Rahel Levin — are presented. High social position of Jewish women's families, as well as their accomplishment and originality incited a great interest to them. Eminent German cultural activists were among the guests of Jewish salons. Intensive communication with Jewish women affected creativity of German authors. So, it is traced in the present article, how a friendship of Henriette Herz with Friedrich Schleiermacher influenced on his formation as a founder of the original religious concept. Also, a role of Dorothea Mendelsohn in Friedrich Schlegel's life and creativity is highlighted. A special attention is paid to the Jewish women's literary activity as an important component of cultural integration. On a Dorothea Mendelsohn's example, author makes an attempt to demonstrate that affiliation to salon circles gave Jewish women a possibility to start their literary activity. Author of the present article traces a reaction of Prussian conservative literary circles to a popularity of Jewish salons. On examples of Friedrich Nicolai and August Bernhardi is demonstrated, how a fear of feminization and Jewish integration are reflected in Prussian satire at the end of the XVIII century.

The article discusses the problem of social identity, its characteristics, conditions of formation. The theme of identity is the most relevant at the present stage of development of Russian society. This is due to the fact that the reforms being carried out in the country require active civic participation in their implementation, and this requires an understanding of the relationship in the socio-economic transformations to individual and social, subjective and group, national and personal, that is, there is reason for the formation of a multidimensional phenomenon of identity. The authors conclude that ignoring the process of identity formation poses a threat of failures in economic, political and cultural transformations, since new forms of socio-economic relations often conflict with the already existing concept of the individual "I" that embodies his life ideals, conditions and forms of life. It was established that under these conditions it is the formation of positive social
self-identification as a reflection of personal self-awareness that is the most important factor in the stable development of modern society and the leading motivating factor in combining people's efforts to solve socially significant problems. The article presents a theoretical analysis of the interpretations of the concepts of identity, identification, social identity, as well as an empirical analysis of the social identity of the inhabitants of the Jewish Autonomous Region. The study not only made it possible to establish the interests of the inhabitants of the study area, but also to make predictions regarding the content of their social activities, reactions to external events.

Досліджено праці В. Жаботинського, де викладається концепція єврейського національного будівництва. На прикладі поглядів лідера сіонізму в Україні виявлено кореляцію ідей, сформульованих єврейською та українською національними течіями доби модерну. Аналіз текстів В. Жаботинського свідчить про типологічну подібність проблемних питань, які порушують і намагаються вирішити ці рухи: буттєве значення національної ідентичності та факторів її формування; проблема національних маргіналів; важливість міжнаціонального порозуміння. Співзвучність висловлювань представника сіонізму й українських націєцентричних діячів дозволяє висновувати про формування цих ідеологій у діалозі та під впливом один одного. ; The aim of the paper is to analyze the concept of Jewish nation-building by V. Jabotinsky, who is considered to be a leader of the Zionist movement in Ukraine, in terms of correlation of ideas and interactions between Jewish and Ukrainian national modern movements.Research methodology. The author uses a comprehensive culturological approach to examine nationalism and national movements as a general methodological basis of this study. The study also draws on the methodological principles of M. Feller's Ukrainika Judaika (Ukrainian-Jewish studies) as an ethno-cultural science of Ukrainian Jewry in its deep relationship with the Ukrainians. Methods of comparative analysis, synthesis and historicism are also used.Results. Using V. Jabotinsky's (a Zionism leader in Ukraine) intellectual heritage as an example, the author analyzes three groups of issues directly connected with the objectives of the Ukrainian national movement at that time, namely: the issue of the existential importance of national identity and factors of its development; the issue of national fringe elements, deprived of their origins; a program of interethnic understanding, coexistence on a real political basis. The analysis of texts shows the examples of the typological similarity of a large part of the statements of Jewish nationalists and Ukrainian nation-centered leaders. This fact allows us to conclude that there is an interpenetration and mutual influence in the process of the development of the Zionist and Ukrainian national movements. The common features of the historical destinies of two stateless nations represent the similarity of their national existence, the mechanisms of self-preservation and the nation-building as well as the development of the project of the nation future.Novelty. Ukrainian-Jewish studies as an understanding of the productive ways and an insight into the fundamental levels of coexistence of the Ukrainians and the Jewish people do not belong to the traditional themes of Ukrainian culturological thought that results in the scientific novelty of this study.The practical significance. The results of this study can be used to teach normative courses, special courses, electives on the history of culture, the history of Ukrainian philosophy, philosophy of the national idea, Judaism, as well as in the further study of modern national movements in Ukraine in terms of cultural dialogue and mutual enrichment.