Suchergebnisse

12-й том «Архива» открывается исследованием Ефима Меламеда (Киев) об истории надзора сталинских спецслужб за еврейскими писателями в конце 1930-х — начале 1950-х годов, имевшего последствиями репрессии и физическое уничтожение многих из них. В приложении к его статье публикуется уникальный материал — донесения тайного агента, «освещавшего» деятельность «братьев-писателей». Григорий Кан (Москва) вносит очередную лепту в изучение «вечной» темы: евреи

В 13-й том «Архива еврейской истории» вошли избранные главы из воспоминаний выдающегося юриста начала ХХ века Бориса Гершуна, «простого человека» Анны Шойхет, «автобиография» которой охватывает первую половину прошлого века, воспоминания Геннадия и Елены Эстрайх об их попытках эмигрировать из СССР, начиная с конца 1970-х. Попытки завершились успехом уже в начале 1990-х. В раздел «исследования» вошли статьи об одном из малоизвестных членов знаменитого клана баронов Гинцбургов — Альфреде, сыне Горация и о народовольце Савелии Златопольском. Альфред Гинцбург был управляющим Ленскими золотыми приисками и внес существенный вклад в развитие российской золотодобывающей промышленности. И, разумеется, в благосостояние семейства. Статья о члене Исполнительного комитета «Народной воли» Савелии Златопольском является по существу первым исследованием об этом видном деятеле революционного движения. В приложении к статье публикуются показания Златопольского на следствии и письма из заключения. Завершают том публикации лагерных писем известного фольклориста и музыковеда Моисея Береговского и транскрипт интервью Бориса Каменко, чудом пережившего Холокост на Ставрополье. Все остальные члены его семьи были расстреляны нацистами. Материалы, публикуемые в настоящем томе, извлечены из архивов Москвы, Санкт-Петербурга, Нью-Йорка, а также из семейных архивов.

Understanding museum as a tool of mediation, premediation and remediation of cultural memory, I focus in this article on two case studies — the Jewish Museum in Sarajevo and Jewish Historical Museum in Belgrade. While the Jewish Museum in Sarajevo positiones the city of Sarajevo as the first center of Jewish life in Balkans, the Jewish Historical Museum in Belgrade claims to be the only museum in ex-Yugoslavia presenting the history of Jews in the entire region. Both museums, therefore, claim to be the most important museums on this topic in the region, and certainly in a way compete to each other. What are the real stories hidden under these narratives, and which political and historical circumstances influence the fact that these two museums represent such contrasting stories? With the help of content analysis of the museum exhibitions, I detalize the narratives presented in the both case studies. In the focus of my interest is contextualization of Jewish history in the region and juxtaposition of the ways it is presented in the chosen museums. Obviously, Jewish Historical Museum in Belgrade still represents the unifying Yugoslavian narrative, serving as an umbrella museum for the entire region. In case of Sarajevo, close connection between ongoing process of victimization of the recent past of the city and mythologization of preYugoslavian life in Sarajevo, together with idealization of Bosnian-Jewish relations can be observed. Additionally, I look into the way of representation of the topic of the Holocaust. In the both case studies, the way of narration of the Holocaust is closely linked to the dominant historical narrative of the country, and the museum exposition serves as yet another justification of it. In both cases, the narrative of the Holocaust is shadowed by the previously existing historical tradition — in Yugoslavian times, the Holocaust was predominantly connected to the Ustasha regime and was symbolized by Jasenovac. Nevertheless, within current political realities, the Holocaust memory and the memory of Jewish life in Serbia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina undergoes certain changes and becomes instrumentalized in many contexts.

One of the most prominent and at the same time the most complicated storylines of Lithuanian history between two world wars — the conflict between Lithuania and Poland for Vilnius. It is important to note that dramatic events occurred in Vilnius and around it, which essentially determined the democratic relations between Lithuania and Poland in the interwar period, influenced not only Lithuanians and Poles, but also national minorities living there for many centuries, first of all — the most numerous and influential Jewish communities. Geopolitical changes, the loss of historical capital and proclamation of Provisional capital affect the new search of coexistence of Vilnius and Kaunas Jewish communities with the dominant nation and directly affects cultural, political development. This paper attempts to present how the Vilnius question influenced the positions and choices of the Kaunas Jewish community in interwar years. Kaunas Jews have survived the crisis of identity in a provisional capital. In this period, Kaunas Jews began to create a new system — the alternative "Jerusalem of Lithuania". Furthermore, Kaunas Jews joined the Vilnius liberation campaign in 1930s together with Lithuanians.

The article analyzes the "passportization" of the local, primarily Jewish, population of the Polish territories annexed to the USSR, particularly in Western Belorussia in 1940–1941. The Author considers this transformation not only as a measure of unification, but also as an important method of migration control, as well as "purification" of the social image of cities in the "new" border zone. In the focus of the article is the Jewish population. Since the majority of the Jews fitted at the same time to several paragraphs of the secret instructions on the issuance of passports "with restriction" (which in fact meant a ban on residence in the border town), they were particularly affected during the implementation of the "passportization".

Professionals and Marginals in Slavic and Jewish Cultural Traditions is the annual publication of the Slavic & Jewish Cultures: Dialogue, Similarities, Differences's project for 2022. It includes papers from the international conference of the same name held in Moscow on December 1–3, 2021. The book includes twelve articles by Russian and Israeli scholars who work on the social and cultural role of professionals and marginals in various ethno-confessional traditions. The question of the perception of professionals in culture falls under the opposition "one's own/another's," where belonging to "one's own" or a "foreign community or class" becomes a defining marker. Traditionally, "social strangers," to which representatives of various professions belong, were assigned a special role in calendar, magical, and occasional rites. Thus, professionals and social marginals were not considered outcasts: society assigned them a particular place and role, delegating special cultural functions to them. Like previous publications in this series, Professionals and Marginals in Slavic and Jewish Cultural Traditions is notable for the large amount of field and archival material that it makes publically available for the first time.

The article makes an attempt to compare handwritten texts of local correspondence received by the newspaper "Bezbozhnik" in the 1920s–1930s, and citizens' letters published in the newspaper. I consider «a letter to the editorial office of the newspaper "Bezbozhnik'» as the situation of social interaction "here and now" and discuss the roles of the participants, editors and correspondents, in this situation. As a research method, I use the language analysis of texts, its form and content. I review two cases: the implicit editors' struggle against anti-Semitism in the newspaper and five unpublished letters from Odessa demanding the closure of synagogues. The chosen approach allows me to make some observations about the social and cultural attitudes of Jews in the USSR in the 1920s–1930s: their relation to a cultural and family memory, social responsibility, power and time. These attitudes, expressed in the letters language, I guess, had consequences in the further social and, in particular, anti-religious processes in the USSR.

The article is based on the field studies carried out in 2018-2019. The authors tried to find assimilation of Jewish culture inside the experimental space of the Soviet period. However, after coming to the conclusion that the development of the settlements of the Jewish autonomous region had 'international' features, they turned their focus on the description of vernacular architecture (individual low-storey housing, customized governmental accommodation facilities in the form of barracks, etc.). The attempt to comprehend the specific features of the development of the artificially designed territory of the settlements with national Jewish colour in the context of Soviet industrial colonization of the Far East is an important key to understanding the regional identity and preservation of cultural heritage. ; Статья написана на основе полевых исследований 2018–2019 годов. Авторы пытались найти рецепции еврейской культуры внутри экспериментального пространства советской эпохи, но, убедившись в «интернациональном» характере застройки поселений Еврейской автономной области, сконцентрировались на описании народной архитектуры (индивидуальное малоэтажное строительство, кастомизируемые объекты государственного размещения в виде бараков и пр.). Попытка осмысления специфики развития искусственно проектируемой территории поселений с национальным еврейским колоритом в рамках советской индустриальной колонизации дальневосточного направления кажется нам важным ключом к пониманию региональной идентичности и сохранению культурного наследия.

In the article, we consider such language realities as abbreviations that were found at the Beshenkovichi cemetery in Belarus during the field expedition which was conducted by the "Sefer" Center in 2016. The goal of all the abbreviations is to reduce space on the material and to speed writing. The article describes in detail all kinds of abbreviations (alphabetic, sound and spelling) found in the epitaphs as well as general tendencies and peculiarities of their use on tombstones are revealed. For example, the most common abbreviations are the abbreviations "Here rests" ("Pei-Nun") and "Tantzevah" ("ה''תנצב — ("the final blessing. They are traditional for the region, but relate to two different types of abbreviations, alphabetic and sound respectively. Per contra, the use of the abbreviation "modest woman" ("שהצנו(י)הא ,("which does not occur in other burials of Eastern Belarus, is a characteristic feature of the cemetery epitaphs. Its peculiarity is in the fact that both words are written together, and the connecting part represented with the letter "hey" ("-ה ,("- which semantically is perceived the ending of the feminine gender of the word "woman" (Hebrew האשה (as well as a definite article to the adjective "modest" agreed with it (Hebrew הצנועה.( Thus, the abbreviations found in the epitaphs of the Beshekovichi cemetery were identified and described in the article together with the potential reasons for their use in the texts indicated. However, it is difficult to draw a conclusion on the interpretation of such phenomena (at the same time, both traditional abbreviations and explicit features of the cemetery). This may require further study of the funerary culture of the region.

The article discusses the problem of social identity, its characteristics, conditions of formation. The theme of identity is the most relevant at the present stage of development of Russian society. This is due to the fact that the reforms being carried out in the country require active civic participation in their implementation, and this requires an understanding of the relationship in the socio-economic transformations to individual and social, subjective and group, national and personal, that is, there is reason for the formation of a multidimensional phenomenon of identity. The authors conclude that ignoring the process of identity formation poses a threat of failures in economic, political and cultural transformations, since new forms of socio-economic relations often conflict with the already existing concept of the individual "I" that embodies his life ideals, conditions and forms of life. It was established that under these conditions it is the formation of positive social
self-identification as a reflection of personal self-awareness that is the most important factor in the stable development of modern society and the leading motivating factor in combining people's efforts to solve socially significant problems. The article presents a theoretical analysis of the interpretations of the concepts of identity, identification, social identity, as well as an empirical analysis of the social identity of the inhabitants of the Jewish Autonomous Region. The study not only made it possible to establish the interests of the inhabitants of the study area, but also to make predictions regarding the content of their social activities, reactions to external events.