Johann Jacob Quandt (1686–1772) ist eine der hervorragendsten Persönlichkeiten Preussens im 18. Jahrhundert. In der litauischen Literatur- und Kulturgeschichte ist er als aktiver Anreger des litauischen Schrifttums, vor allem religiösen, bekannt. Die ersten Vertreter der Familie Quandt findet man in Preussen schon zur Zeit der Reformation. Johann Jacob Quandt studierte an der Königsberger Universität zu der Zeit, als Kurfürstentum Preussen zu einem Königreich wurde. Das war das wichtigste politische Erreigniss in diesem Lande seit der Einführung der Reformation. Demzufolge erlebte die alte Albertina ihre Wiedergeburt. Nach Königsberg drangten sich die Ideen der Aufklärung, die akademische Jugend wurde mit den Problemen der puren deutschen Spache konfrontiert, die Pfarrer der litauischen Gemeinden begannen die erste philologische Polemik wegen der Normierung der litauischen Schriftsprache. Der König von Preussen Friedrich der I. förderte die Herausgabe der litauischen religiösen Bücher, die zur Glaubensfestigung der Bevölkerung dienten. 1701–1706 erschienen fünf litauische Bücher. Unter den Theologiestudenten, den Altersgenossen von J. J. Quandt, fanden sich die der litauischen Sprache kundigen künftige Übersetzer der litauischen religiösen und weltlichen Bücher. Die schöpferische Kräfte waren dabei, der Bedarf an religiösem Schrifftum, insbesondere an der litauischen Bibel, wuchs, die Situation zur Herausgabe der Bücher angesichts der Preussischen Regierung war äußerst. [der volle Text, siehe weiter]
Johann Jacob Quandt (1686–1772) ist eine der hervorragendsten Persönlichkeiten Preussens im 18. Jahrhundert. In der litauischen Literatur- und Kulturgeschichte ist er als aktiver Anreger des litauischen Schrifttums, vor allem religiösen, bekannt. Die ersten Vertreter der Familie Quandt findet man in Preussen schon zur Zeit der Reformation. Johann Jacob Quandt studierte an der Königsberger Universität zu der Zeit, als Kurfürstentum Preussen zu einem Königreich wurde. Das war das wichtigste politische Erreigniss in diesem Lande seit der Einführung der Reformation. Demzufolge erlebte die alte Albertina ihre Wiedergeburt. Nach Königsberg drangten sich die Ideen der Aufklärung, die akademische Jugend wurde mit den Problemen der puren deutschen Spache konfrontiert, die Pfarrer der litauischen Gemeinden begannen die erste philologische Polemik wegen der Normierung der litauischen Schriftsprache. Der König von Preussen Friedrich der I. förderte die Herausgabe der litauischen religiösen Bücher, die zur Glaubensfestigung der Bevölkerung dienten. 1701–1706 erschienen fünf litauische Bücher. Unter den Theologiestudenten, den Altersgenossen von J. J. Quandt, fanden sich die der litauischen Sprache kundigen künftige Übersetzer der litauischen religiösen und weltlichen Bücher. Die schöpferische Kräfte waren dabei, der Bedarf an religiösem Schrifftum, insbesondere an der litauischen Bibel, wuchs, die Situation zur Herausgabe der Bücher angesichts der Preussischen Regierung war äußerst. [der volle Text, siehe weiter]
The aim of the thesis is to analyze theory, theoretical and built projects of an underground architecture and implement collected information in an architectural project. The reasoning for the design of an underground architecture usually lies in the context. Out of three types of context for an underground architecture – dense urban, historical and natural - highly sensitive natural context, Curonian Spit, is chosen. SPA center is designed in the territory of Kopgalis battery – the peaks of protective dune ridge are covered with the roof. Cavities are formed in the roof, through which the sand comes in and fill glass cones, designed according to the sand-fall studies. Sand-covered building not only preserves the landscape, gives meaning for the military heritage, but also conveys the most important feature of the Curonian Spit – its constant change, which manifests itself with the sand movement. Guidelines for the design of underground objects, visuality in architecture, the features of the Curonian Spit and sand features are also described in the analytical part.
The aim of the thesis is to analyze theory, theoretical and built projects of an underground architecture and implement collected information in an architectural project. The reasoning for the design of an underground architecture usually lies in the context. Out of three types of context for an underground architecture – dense urban, historical and natural - highly sensitive natural context, Curonian Spit, is chosen. SPA center is designed in the territory of Kopgalis battery – the peaks of protective dune ridge are covered with the roof. Cavities are formed in the roof, through which the sand comes in and fill glass cones, designed according to the sand-fall studies. Sand-covered building not only preserves the landscape, gives meaning for the military heritage, but also conveys the most important feature of the Curonian Spit – its constant change, which manifests itself with the sand movement. Guidelines for the design of underground objects, visuality in architecture, the features of the Curonian Spit and sand features are also described in the analytical part.
The article analyzes the 17th -18th century steppe territory problem from the point of view of historical geography and historical cartography. Steppes are considered to be complex, multifaceted natural phenomena that determine the specific social and political development of their territories. The aim of this research is to recognise the territorial visualization of the steppe in 17th -18th c. maps intended for Eastern and Central Eastern Europe, Asia, and Ukraine in particular. The research centers on the works of French (Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan, Nicolas Sanson d'Abbeville, Joseph-Nicolas Delisle, Guillaume Delisle), Italian (Giovanni-Antonio Rizzi-Zannoni), German (Johann Baptist Homann), and Austrian (Franz Johann Joseph von Reilly) cartographers. Their investigation discloses that in the maps of the period under consideration the steppes had already been mapped out not only as natural systems, but as socio-geographic and socio-economical structures as well. The main elements of the map contents, showing the steppe's territorial absorptive direction, development, and rates, were the cartography of the land road net, the defense systems as well as bridges, banks/ mounds, trenches, single fortified villages, and other minor-scale objects. These objects best reflect the links that tied the inhabitants and the whole state to the colonized space and also allow the consideration of human mobility in a particular territory, and of the possibilities of movement in general. The totality of natural, socio-economic, and military defensive attributes featured in the maps supports the idea that primacy was accorded to the military colonization aspect: the establishment of territorial structures was primarily based on the formation of a network of fortified villages/settlements and fort systems.
The article analyzes the 17th -18th century steppe territory problem from the point of view of historical geography and historical cartography. Steppes are considered to be complex, multifaceted natural phenomena that determine the specific social and political development of their territories. The aim of this research is to recognise the territorial visualization of the steppe in 17th -18th c. maps intended for Eastern and Central Eastern Europe, Asia, and Ukraine in particular. The research centers on the works of French (Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan, Nicolas Sanson d'Abbeville, Joseph-Nicolas Delisle, Guillaume Delisle), Italian (Giovanni-Antonio Rizzi-Zannoni), German (Johann Baptist Homann), and Austrian (Franz Johann Joseph von Reilly) cartographers. Their investigation discloses that in the maps of the period under consideration the steppes had already been mapped out not only as natural systems, but as socio-geographic and socio-economical structures as well. The main elements of the map contents, showing the steppe's territorial absorptive direction, development, and rates, were the cartography of the land road net, the defense systems as well as bridges, banks/ mounds, trenches, single fortified villages, and other minor-scale objects. These objects best reflect the links that tied the inhabitants and the whole state to the colonized space and also allow the consideration of human mobility in a particular territory, and of the possibilities of movement in general. The totality of natural, socio-economic, and military defensive attributes featured in the maps supports the idea that primacy was accorded to the military colonization aspect: the establishment of territorial structures was primarily based on the formation of a network of fortified villages/settlements and fort systems.
The article analyzes the 17th -18th century steppe territory problem from the point of view of historical geography and historical cartography. Steppes are considered to be complex, multifaceted natural phenomena that determine the specific social and political development of their territories. The aim of this research is to recognise the territorial visualization of the steppe in 17th -18th c. maps intended for Eastern and Central Eastern Europe, Asia, and Ukraine in particular. The research centers on the works of French (Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan, Nicolas Sanson d'Abbeville, Joseph-Nicolas Delisle, Guillaume Delisle), Italian (Giovanni-Antonio Rizzi-Zannoni), German (Johann Baptist Homann), and Austrian (Franz Johann Joseph von Reilly) cartographers. Their investigation discloses that in the maps of the period under consideration the steppes had already been mapped out not only as natural systems, but as socio-geographic and socio-economical structures as well. The main elements of the map contents, showing the steppe's territorial absorptive direction, development, and rates, were the cartography of the land road net, the defense systems as well as bridges, banks/ mounds, trenches, single fortified villages, and other minor-scale objects. These objects best reflect the links that tied the inhabitants and the whole state to the colonized space and also allow the consideration of human mobility in a particular territory, and of the possibilities of movement in general. The totality of natural, socio-economic, and military defensive attributes featured in the maps supports the idea that primacy was accorded to the military colonization aspect: the establishment of territorial structures was primarily based on the formation of a network of fortified villages/settlements and fort systems.
The master's degree thesis consists of 51 pages, 5 tables, 18 figures, 41 references, 8 annexs, the work has been written in Lithuanian. The object of the research is a four-kilometre stretch of the Baltic Sea coast from the northern pier to Giruliai. The aim of the research is to identify the changes of the Baltic Sea coast (from the northern pier to Giruliai) during the seven-year time period, by revising and supplementing the Baltic Sea coast spatial dataset of 2008-2013. The objectives: 1. To analyze the Baltic Sea and the Curonian Lagoon coastal changes and their causes; 2. To analyze the organization procedures of the Baltic Sea coastal measurements carried out in the territory of Lithuania in 2008-2013; 3. To perform the revision of the Baltic Sea coastline of 2014-2015 in the stretch from the northern pier to Giruliai and to prepare the Baltic Sea coastline plan; 4. To supplement the Baltic Sea coast spatial dataset of 2008-2013 with revised spatial data of 2014-2015 and identify the Baltic Sea coastal changes from the northern pier to Giruliai; 5. To find out the solutions of the Baltic Sea coastal erosion problems in Lithuania and Poland. The paper summarizes the research of the Baltic Sea coastal changes by Lithuanian and foreign authors. The Baltic Sea countries undertake to adopt, individually or collectively, all appropriate legislative, administrative or other appropriate measures to prevent and eliminate pollution in order to support the environmental restoration of the Baltic Sea area and to maintain its ecological balance. During the research, the Baltic Sea coastal measurement data of 2008-2013 obtained from the Lithuanian Maritime Safety Administration was used. After supplementing of the Baltic Sea coast spatial dataset of 2008-2013 with the revised spatial data of 2014-2015 it was found that 4 km stretch of the Baltic Sea coast (from the northern pier to Giruliai) decreased by 3.7075 hectares during the seven-year period. The mathematical comparative analysis of changes in the measured coast was carried out. The southern half of the investigated stretch is dominated by erosive processes, and the northern part by both erosive and accumulative. The causes of the changes are swell, prevailing winds, extreme climatic phenomena, movement of underwater currents. It was noticed during the analysis of the Baltic Sea coast that supplementing of the beaches with sand, reinforcement of the dunes and renewal of berths is needed to reduce the changes.
The master's degree thesis consists of 51 pages, 5 tables, 18 figures, 41 references, 8 annexs, the work has been written in Lithuanian. The object of the research is a four-kilometre stretch of the Baltic Sea coast from the northern pier to Giruliai. The aim of the research is to identify the changes of the Baltic Sea coast (from the northern pier to Giruliai) during the seven-year time period, by revising and supplementing the Baltic Sea coast spatial dataset of 2008-2013. The objectives: 1. To analyze the Baltic Sea and the Curonian Lagoon coastal changes and their causes; 2. To analyze the organization procedures of the Baltic Sea coastal measurements carried out in the territory of Lithuania in 2008-2013; 3. To perform the revision of the Baltic Sea coastline of 2014-2015 in the stretch from the northern pier to Giruliai and to prepare the Baltic Sea coastline plan; 4. To supplement the Baltic Sea coast spatial dataset of 2008-2013 with revised spatial data of 2014-2015 and identify the Baltic Sea coastal changes from the northern pier to Giruliai; 5. To find out the solutions of the Baltic Sea coastal erosion problems in Lithuania and Poland. The paper summarizes the research of the Baltic Sea coastal changes by Lithuanian and foreign authors. The Baltic Sea countries undertake to adopt, individually or collectively, all appropriate legislative, administrative or other appropriate measures to prevent and eliminate pollution in order to support the environmental restoration of the Baltic Sea area and to maintain its ecological balance. During the research, the Baltic Sea coastal measurement data of 2008-2013 obtained from the Lithuanian Maritime Safety Administration was used. After supplementing of the Baltic Sea coast spatial dataset of 2008-2013 with the revised spatial data of 2014-2015 it was found that 4 km stretch of the Baltic Sea coast (from the northern pier to Giruliai) decreased by 3.7075 hectares during the seven-year period. The mathematical comparative analysis of changes in the measured coast was carried out. The southern half of the investigated stretch is dominated by erosive processes, and the northern part by both erosive and accumulative. The causes of the changes are swell, prevailing winds, extreme climatic phenomena, movement of underwater currents. It was noticed during the analysis of the Baltic Sea coast that supplementing of the beaches with sand, reinforcement of the dunes and renewal of berths is needed to reduce the changes.
According to the World Tourism Organization, tourism is becoming increasingly popular around the world and Portugal is one of those popular countries, where 3.7 million of tourists visited in 2016 and it is 3.9% more than in 2015. There is no doubt that tourism has significant economic benefits and usually it is the main economic driver of regions. Algarve region is precisely the place, where abandonment of tourism would make the majority of population unemployed and the region would suffer from an economic downturn, and therefore maintaining and developing tourism is vitally important. Despite economic benefits of tourism, researchers have found that large tourist flows strongly affect ecosystems, destroy natural landscape, cause habitat fragmentation and also have a negative social and cultural impact. The question of the conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities is of increasing concern. Conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities are the questions which are of great concern. Unfortunately, tourism growth has not been sufficiently organized, accurately planned and predicted long-term future forecasts. In addition, climate change has a major impact on the coast, and also on tourism and one of the most aggressive consequences is sea level rising, resulting in reduction of sandy beach carrying capacity and intensified coastal erosion. More and more legislation is being issued globally and at European level with countries committing to develop sustainable coastal management aimed at preserving ecosystems and reducing climate change. However, researches have found that there are many barriers to meeting those targets. Portugal is one of those countries where integrated coastal management is not fully implemented due to certain obstacles. In face of negative effects of tourism and the threats of climate change, it is necessary to assess the present quality of the beaches and to identify priorities for sustainable beach management. Objective – to assess the quality of coastal zones and tourism and to identify priorities and measures to improve sustainable tourism management. Object – four different types of beaches in Algarve region, Portugal: urban beach "Praia dos Pescadores", resort "Praia de Santa Eulalia", rural "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" beach and remote "Praia de Falesia" beach. The methodology for assessing beach quality and management priorities has been compiled and comprised of three methods: initial SWOT analysis, which evaluates the internal strengths, weaknesses and external opportunities, threats. Following BARE (Bath Area Registration and Evalaution) analysis, which evaluates five parameters of each beach (safety, water quality, litter, landscape and facilities). For obtaining quantitive data, 50 questionnaires at each beach are conducted in order to get objective opinion of beach users. A detailed analysis of the scientific literature was carried out, which assessed: the current coastal situation on coasts of Algarve region; an overview of the implementation of sustainable coastal development strategies in Portugal, as well as an overview of the legal acts applicable to coastal protection and the implementation of sustainable development strategies; researches and the most commonly used methodologies for assessing beach quality. SWOT analysis was performed, where overcrowding, increasingly coastal urbanization, ecosystem and dunes degradation, coastal erosion and reduced beach carrying capacity due to sea level rising emerged as main future threats. After followed the evaluation of the beach quality by using Bathing Area Registration and Evaluation framework (BARE), where "Praia dos Pescadores", "Praia de Santa Eulalia" and "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" obtained three-star ratings and Praia de Falesia site obtained four-star rating. The quantitative research data obtained through administration of 50 questionnaires per beach and respondents expressed the need for public toilets, showers, trails and broadwalks, garbage facilities, renewable energy, clean sand and vegetation health. The average age of respondents was 47,7 years and the majority (85%) were international tourists. After conducting SWOT, BARE and beach user questionnaires, one of conclusions was done that solar panel system need to be installed on beach objects. It was calculated that solar panel system on restaurant in urban beach (with government support (50%)) would cost 11 361 Eur and would pay off within 5 years, while calculations for the restaurant in resort showed that price of solar panel system would be 13 773 Eur and would pay off within 6 years. The paper presents recommendations for beach managers and municipalities: pay more attention to raising public education and awareness, combine beach nourishment with maritime structures, control urbanization on the coast by releasing a minimum distance law, set up wooden stairs and paths for tourists to walk, use solar energy in ships / restaurants, restrict light use during the night, integrate biofilic design into the interior and exterior of buildings, enter beach entry fees and fees for toilets and showers usage, use advertisements for waste prevention, recruite officers of dog control, plant shrubs and trees on beaches / slopes, increase cooperation with stakeholders.
According to the World Tourism Organization, tourism is becoming increasingly popular around the world and Portugal is one of those popular countries, where 3.7 million of tourists visited in 2016 and it is 3.9% more than in 2015. There is no doubt that tourism has significant economic benefits and usually it is the main economic driver of regions. Algarve region is precisely the place, where abandonment of tourism would make the majority of population unemployed and the region would suffer from an economic downturn, and therefore maintaining and developing tourism is vitally important. Despite economic benefits of tourism, researchers have found that large tourist flows strongly affect ecosystems, destroy natural landscape, cause habitat fragmentation and also have a negative social and cultural impact. The question of the conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities is of increasing concern. Conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities are the questions which are of great concern. Unfortunately, tourism growth has not been sufficiently organized, accurately planned and predicted long-term future forecasts. In addition, climate change has a major impact on the coast, and also on tourism and one of the most aggressive consequences is sea level rising, resulting in reduction of sandy beach carrying capacity and intensified coastal erosion. More and more legislation is being issued globally and at European level with countries committing to develop sustainable coastal management aimed at preserving ecosystems and reducing climate change. However, researches have found that there are many barriers to meeting those targets. Portugal is one of those countries where integrated coastal management is not fully implemented due to certain obstacles. In face of negative effects of tourism and the threats of climate change, it is necessary to assess the present quality of the beaches and to identify priorities for sustainable beach management. Objective – to assess the quality of coastal zones and tourism and to identify priorities and measures to improve sustainable tourism management. Object – four different types of beaches in Algarve region, Portugal: urban beach "Praia dos Pescadores", resort "Praia de Santa Eulalia", rural "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" beach and remote "Praia de Falesia" beach. The methodology for assessing beach quality and management priorities has been compiled and comprised of three methods: initial SWOT analysis, which evaluates the internal strengths, weaknesses and external opportunities, threats. Following BARE (Bath Area Registration and Evalaution) analysis, which evaluates five parameters of each beach (safety, water quality, litter, landscape and facilities). For obtaining quantitive data, 50 questionnaires at each beach are conducted in order to get objective opinion of beach users. A detailed analysis of the scientific literature was carried out, which assessed: the current coastal situation on coasts of Algarve region; an overview of the implementation of sustainable coastal development strategies in Portugal, as well as an overview of the legal acts applicable to coastal protection and the implementation of sustainable development strategies; researches and the most commonly used methodologies for assessing beach quality. SWOT analysis was performed, where overcrowding, increasingly coastal urbanization, ecosystem and dunes degradation, coastal erosion and reduced beach carrying capacity due to sea level rising emerged as main future threats. After followed the evaluation of the beach quality by using Bathing Area Registration and Evaluation framework (BARE), where "Praia dos Pescadores", "Praia de Santa Eulalia" and "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" obtained three-star ratings and Praia de Falesia site obtained four-star rating. The quantitative research data obtained through administration of 50 questionnaires per beach and respondents expressed the need for public toilets, showers, trails and broadwalks, garbage facilities, renewable energy, clean sand and vegetation health. The average age of respondents was 47,7 years and the majority (85%) were international tourists. After conducting SWOT, BARE and beach user questionnaires, one of conclusions was done that solar panel system need to be installed on beach objects. It was calculated that solar panel system on restaurant in urban beach (with government support (50%)) would cost 11 361 Eur and would pay off within 5 years, while calculations for the restaurant in resort showed that price of solar panel system would be 13 773 Eur and would pay off within 6 years. The paper presents recommendations for beach managers and municipalities: pay more attention to raising public education and awareness, combine beach nourishment with maritime structures, control urbanization on the coast by releasing a minimum distance law, set up wooden stairs and paths for tourists to walk, use solar energy in ships / restaurants, restrict light use during the night, integrate biofilic design into the interior and exterior of buildings, enter beach entry fees and fees for toilets and showers usage, use advertisements for waste prevention, recruite officers of dog control, plant shrubs and trees on beaches / slopes, increase cooperation with stakeholders.
According to the World Tourism Organization, tourism is becoming increasingly popular around the world and Portugal is one of those popular countries, where 3.7 million of tourists visited in 2016 and it is 3.9% more than in 2015. There is no doubt that tourism has significant economic benefits and usually it is the main economic driver of regions. Algarve region is precisely the place, where abandonment of tourism would make the majority of population unemployed and the region would suffer from an economic downturn, and therefore maintaining and developing tourism is vitally important. Despite economic benefits of tourism, researchers have found that large tourist flows strongly affect ecosystems, destroy natural landscape, cause habitat fragmentation and also have a negative social and cultural impact. The question of the conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities is of increasing concern. Conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities are the questions which are of great concern. Unfortunately, tourism growth has not been sufficiently organized, accurately planned and predicted long-term future forecasts. In addition, climate change has a major impact on the coast, and also on tourism and one of the most aggressive consequences is sea level rising, resulting in reduction of sandy beach carrying capacity and intensified coastal erosion. More and more legislation is being issued globally and at European level with countries committing to develop sustainable coastal management aimed at preserving ecosystems and reducing climate change. However, researches have found that there are many barriers to meeting those targets. Portugal is one of those countries where integrated coastal management is not fully implemented due to certain obstacles. In face of negative effects of tourism and the threats of climate change, it is necessary to assess the present quality of the beaches and to identify priorities for sustainable beach management. Objective – to assess the quality of coastal zones and tourism and to identify priorities and measures to improve sustainable tourism management. Object – four different types of beaches in Algarve region, Portugal: urban beach "Praia dos Pescadores", resort "Praia de Santa Eulalia", rural "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" beach and remote "Praia de Falesia" beach. The methodology for assessing beach quality and management priorities has been compiled and comprised of three methods: initial SWOT analysis, which evaluates the internal strengths, weaknesses and external opportunities, threats. Following BARE (Bath Area Registration and Evalaution) analysis, which evaluates five parameters of each beach (safety, water quality, litter, landscape and facilities). For obtaining quantitive data, 50 questionnaires at each beach are conducted in order to get objective opinion of beach users. A detailed analysis of the scientific literature was carried out, which assessed: the current coastal situation on coasts of Algarve region; an overview of the implementation of sustainable coastal development strategies in Portugal, as well as an overview of the legal acts applicable to coastal protection and the implementation of sustainable development strategies; researches and the most commonly used methodologies for assessing beach quality. SWOT analysis was performed, where overcrowding, increasingly coastal urbanization, ecosystem and dunes degradation, coastal erosion and reduced beach carrying capacity due to sea level rising emerged as main future threats. After followed the evaluation of the beach quality by using Bathing Area Registration and Evaluation framework (BARE), where "Praia dos Pescadores", "Praia de Santa Eulalia" and "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" obtained three-star ratings and Praia de Falesia site obtained four-star rating. The quantitative research data obtained through administration of 50 questionnaires per beach and respondents expressed the need for public toilets, showers, trails and broadwalks, garbage facilities, renewable energy, clean sand and vegetation health. The average age of respondents was 47,7 years and the majority (85%) were international tourists. After conducting SWOT, BARE and beach user questionnaires, one of conclusions was done that solar panel system need to be installed on beach objects. It was calculated that solar panel system on restaurant in urban beach (with government support (50%)) would cost 11 361 Eur and would pay off within 5 years, while calculations for the restaurant in resort showed that price of solar panel system would be 13 773 Eur and would pay off within 6 years. The paper presents recommendations for beach managers and municipalities: pay more attention to raising public education and awareness, combine beach nourishment with maritime structures, control urbanization on the coast by releasing a minimum distance law, set up wooden stairs and paths for tourists to walk, use solar energy in ships / restaurants, restrict light use during the night, integrate biofilic design into the interior and exterior of buildings, enter beach entry fees and fees for toilets and showers usage, use advertisements for waste prevention, recruite officers of dog control, plant shrubs and trees on beaches / slopes, increase cooperation with stakeholders.
According to the World Tourism Organization, tourism is becoming increasingly popular around the world and Portugal is one of those popular countries, where 3.7 million of tourists visited in 2016 and it is 3.9% more than in 2015. There is no doubt that tourism has significant economic benefits and usually it is the main economic driver of regions. Algarve region is precisely the place, where abandonment of tourism would make the majority of population unemployed and the region would suffer from an economic downturn, and therefore maintaining and developing tourism is vitally important. Despite economic benefits of tourism, researchers have found that large tourist flows strongly affect ecosystems, destroy natural landscape, cause habitat fragmentation and also have a negative social and cultural impact. The question of the conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities is of increasing concern. Conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities are the questions which are of great concern. Unfortunately, tourism growth has not been sufficiently organized, accurately planned and predicted long-term future forecasts. In addition, climate change has a major impact on the coast, and also on tourism and one of the most aggressive consequences is sea level rising, resulting in reduction of sandy beach carrying capacity and intensified coastal erosion. More and more legislation is being issued globally and at European level with countries committing to develop sustainable coastal management aimed at preserving ecosystems and reducing climate change. However, researches have found that there are many barriers to meeting those targets. Portugal is one of those countries where integrated coastal management is not fully implemented due to certain obstacles. In face of negative effects of tourism and the threats of climate change, it is necessary to assess the present quality of the beaches and to identify priorities for sustainable beach management. Objective – to assess the quality of coastal zones and tourism and to identify priorities and measures to improve sustainable tourism management. Object – four different types of beaches in Algarve region, Portugal: urban beach "Praia dos Pescadores", resort "Praia de Santa Eulalia", rural "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" beach and remote "Praia de Falesia" beach. The methodology for assessing beach quality and management priorities has been compiled and comprised of three methods: initial SWOT analysis, which evaluates the internal strengths, weaknesses and external opportunities, threats. Following BARE (Bath Area Registration and Evalaution) analysis, which evaluates five parameters of each beach (safety, water quality, litter, landscape and facilities). For obtaining quantitive data, 50 questionnaires at each beach are conducted in order to get objective opinion of beach users. A detailed analysis of the scientific literature was carried out, which assessed: the current coastal situation on coasts of Algarve region; an overview of the implementation of sustainable coastal development strategies in Portugal, as well as an overview of the legal acts applicable to coastal protection and the implementation of sustainable development strategies; researches and the most commonly used methodologies for assessing beach quality. SWOT analysis was performed, where overcrowding, increasingly coastal urbanization, ecosystem and dunes degradation, coastal erosion and reduced beach carrying capacity due to sea level rising emerged as main future threats. After followed the evaluation of the beach quality by using Bathing Area Registration and Evaluation framework (BARE), where "Praia dos Pescadores", "Praia de Santa Eulalia" and "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" obtained three-star ratings and Praia de Falesia site obtained four-star rating. The quantitative research data obtained through administration of 50 questionnaires per beach and respondents expressed the need for public toilets, showers, trails and broadwalks, garbage facilities, renewable energy, clean sand and vegetation health. The average age of respondents was 47,7 years and the majority (85%) were international tourists. After conducting SWOT, BARE and beach user questionnaires, one of conclusions was done that solar panel system need to be installed on beach objects. It was calculated that solar panel system on restaurant in urban beach (with government support (50%)) would cost 11 361 Eur and would pay off within 5 years, while calculations for the restaurant in resort showed that price of solar panel system would be 13 773 Eur and would pay off within 6 years. The paper presents recommendations for beach managers and municipalities: pay more attention to raising public education and awareness, combine beach nourishment with maritime structures, control urbanization on the coast by releasing a minimum distance law, set up wooden stairs and paths for tourists to walk, use solar energy in ships / restaurants, restrict light use during the night, integrate biofilic design into the interior and exterior of buildings, enter beach entry fees and fees for toilets and showers usage, use advertisements for waste prevention, recruite officers of dog control, plant shrubs and trees on beaches / slopes, increase cooperation with stakeholders.
