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The study of the early European colonial presence in Asia has been stimulated in recent years by a series of excellent works. These have been both of general and specialist nature, written not only by historians, but also by political scientists as well as specialists of international relations. The truly excellent study published in 2002 by Edward Keene, can be taken as a point in case. Central to his revisitation of seventeenth-century treaties of the United Dutch East India Company (VOC) with the Emperor of Kandy, is the notion of divided sovereignty expounded by Hugo Grotius around 1600-1610. It was against the backdrop of such concepts of divided sovereignty that the VOC could ultimately conclude its complex web of treaty relationships that broadly characterise the Dutch colonial empire in the East Indies up the advent of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. There is some legitimacy in contending that Keene's postulations effectively rework and reinterpret, at the level of international relations, what was once conveniently dubbed the 'Age of Partnership', i.e. an age characterised by trade-driven colonial empires that grew upon a complex, sometimes self-contradictory network of treaty relationships as well as formal and informal cooperation garnered from native elites. Admittedly such relations were often but not always based on unequal power and treaty relationships. Despite the uneven playing fields created by many such Euro-Asian treaties, especially those forged in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, the conclusion of treaties was assumed on the basis of the nominal co-equality of sovereigns and plenipotentiary agents acting on their behalf. European and Asian treaty partners were accepted as contracting equals, and this is particularly stunning given that the feudal world of European power politics at the time was, by comparison, probably more complex and legally structured than Asia. Certainly, the underlying power relations behind these early modern agreements were completely different from those imposed by the mature colonial powers on Asia at the zenith of nineteenth-century imperialism!

The geographical conditions of the Malay Peninsula as the trade traffic in the Southeast Asian region make this area a destination for shipping from various ethnic groups in the archipelago as well as from other parts of the world, including theBugispeople from the southern Sulawesi mainland. In its development, in addition to make a living, they gradually begin to jointhe government structure of theJohor-Riau-Lingga-PahangKingdom.Bugisexistence in the government structure experiences its own dynamics towards the kingdom which later changes its name to the Kingdom ofRiauLingga. This research is a historical study with a focus on the political dynamics andthe existence ofBugisin the Malay Kingdom in the 17th to 18th century. Besides changing the structure of government, thepositionas Yang Dipertuan Muda, which was held by descendants also gives changes tothe development ofthe kingdom. Even so, Yang Dipertuan Muda must face internal conflicts in the kingdom due to their dominancein the government administration. ; Kondisi geografis Semenanjung Melayu sebagai lalu lintas perdagangan kawasan Asia bagian Tenggara membuat daerah ini menjadi tujuan pelayaran dari berbagai etnis di Nusantara maupun dari belahan dunia lain, termasuk Orang Bugis yang berasal dari daratan Sulawesi bagian selatan. Dalam perkembangannya, selain untuk mencari penghidupan, lambat laun mereka mulai masuk ke dalam struktur pemerintahan Kerajaan Johor-Riau-Lingga-pahang. Kehadiran orang Bugis dalam struktur pemerintahan tersebut mengalami dinamika tersendiri terhadap kerajaan yang kelak berubah nama menjadi Kerajaan Riau Lingga. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian sejarah dengan fokus pada dinamika politik dan eksistensi orang Bugis dalam Kerajaan Melayu pada rentang abad ke-17 hingga 18. Selain merubah struktuur pemerintahan, posisi sebagai Yang Dipertuan Muda yang dijabat keturunan juga membawa perubahan terhadap perkembangan kerajaan tersebut. Sekalipun demikian, Yang Dipertuan Muda juga harus menghadapi konflik internal dalam kerajaan akibat dominasi mereka dalam usrusan pemerintahan. The geographical conditions of the Malay Peninsula as the trade traffic in the Southeast Asian region make this area a destination for shipping from various ethnic groups in the archipelago as well as from other parts of the world, including theBugispeople from the southern Sulawesi mainland. In its development, in addition to make a living, they gradually begin to jointhe government structure of theJohor-Riau-Lingga-PahangKingdom.Bugisexistence in the government structure experiences its own dynamics towards the kingdom which later changes its name to the Kingdom ofRiauLingga. This research is a historical study with a focus on the political dynamics andthe existence ofBugisin the Malay Kingdom in the 17th to 18th century. Besides changing the structure of government, thepositionas the Crown Prince, which was held by descendants also gives changes tothe development ofthe kingdom. Even so, the Crown Prince must face internal conflicts in the kingdom due to their dominancein the government administration.

A microscale built environment was the focus in this cross-sectional study which aimed to investigate the associations between platescapes, foodscapes, and meal energy intake among subjects. A total of 133 subjects (54 male, 79 female) with mean age 36.8 ± 7.3 years completed a self-administered questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics, platescapes, and foodscape preferences. For platescapes, a plate mapping method was used, where subjects were required to place various sizes of food models on two different sized plates (23 cm and 28 cm) based on their preferences. For foodscape preferences, subjects were given a 23-cm plate and various food models differentiated by shapes and colours. Then, 24-h daily recalls (for one weekday and one weekend day) were obtained using interviews. Significant differences were observed in meal energy intake (p < 0.05) between males (1741 ± 339 kcal) and females (1625 ± 247 kcal) and also between age groups (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference (p < 0.0001) in terms of subjects' meal energy intake when comparing 23-cm plates (419 ± 124 kcal) and 28-cm plates (561 ± 143 kcal). The bigger plate (28 cm) (p < 0.01) was significantly associated with subjects' meal energy intakes, but this was not so for the 23-cm plate. There were significant differences in subjects' meal energy when comparing white rice and multicoloured rice (p < 0.0001), unicoloured and multicoloured proteins (p < 0.0001), and unicoloured and multicoloured vegetables (p < 0.0001). There was a significant difference found between round- and cube-shaped proteins (p < 0.05). The colours of rice (p < 0.01), protein (p < 0.05), and vegetables (p < 0.05) were significantly associated with subjects' meal energy. Only the shape of carrots in vegetables (p = 0.01) was significantly associated with subjects' meal energy. Subconsciously, platescapes and foodscapes affect an individual's energy intake, and thus these elements should be considered in assessing one's dietary ...

A microscale built environment was the focus in this cross-sectional study which aimed to investigate the associations between platescapes, foodscapes, and meal energy intake among subjects. A total of 133 subjects (54 male, 79 female) with mean age 36.8 ± ; 7.3 years completed a self-administered questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics, platescapes, and foodscape preferences. For platescapes, a plate mapping method was used, where subjects were required to place various sizes of food models on two different sized plates (23 cm and 28 cm) based on their preferences. For foodscape preferences, subjects were given a 23-cm plate and various food models differentiated by shapes and colours. Then, 24-h daily recalls (for one weekday and one weekend day) were obtained using interviews. Significant differences were observed in meal energy intake (p < ; 0.05) between males (1741 ± ; 339 kcal) and females (1625 ± ; 247 kcal) and also between age groups (p < ; 0.05). There was a significant difference (p < ; 0.0001) in terms of subjects&rsquo ; meal energy intake when comparing 23-cm plates (419 ± ; 124 kcal) and 28-cm plates (561 ± ; 143 kcal). The bigger plate (28 cm) (p < ; 0.01) was significantly associated with subjects&rsquo ; meal energy intakes, but this was not so for the 23-cm plate. There were significant differences in subjects&rsquo ; meal energy when comparing white rice and multicoloured rice (p < ; 0.0001), unicoloured and multicoloured proteins (p < ; 0.0001), and unicoloured and multicoloured vegetables (p < ; 0.0001). There was a significant difference found between round- and cube-shaped proteins (p < ; 0.05). The colours of rice (p < ; 0.01), protein (p < ; 0.05), and vegetables (p < ; 0.05) were significantly associated with subjects&rsquo ; meal energy. Only the shape of carrots in vegetables (p = 0.01) was significantly associated with subjects&rsquo ; meal energy. Subconsciously, platescapes and foodscapes affect an individual&rsquo ; s energy intake, and thus these elements should be considered in assessing one&rsquo ; s dietary consumption.

This paper will discuss the role of corporate waqf Johor Corporation (JCorp) and its contribution in fulfilling the Islamic social responsibility in Malaysia. As a government-owned corporations (GLCs), JCorp through its subsidiaries namely Waqaf An-Nur Corporation Berhad (WANCorp) is seen to have its own approach in contributing to society as a Islamic social responsibility in this country. Through waqf, JCorp not only managed to introduce a form of contemporary waqf, known as corporate waqf but was able to implement various welfare programs to the Muslim community through the profit dividend of units of donated exclusively. This study aims to review the extent to which the implementation of corporate waqf JCorp has contributed to the Muslim community as a socially responsible company in the country. To meet this goal, this study used two main research methods namely data collection methods and data analysis methods. The study found that in December 2010, totaling over RM3.6 million has been donated through implementation of waqf with three main programs as welfare and charity, human development, education and entrepreneurship capital, and special projects.The study concludes with several recommendations for improvements to strengthen the implementation of JCorp corporate waqf based on its great contribution to the Muslim community in Malaysia.

The application of Geographic Information System (GIS) and election is a study that stresses geospatial aspects which gives support to election boundaries, election information management system along with GIS analysis in election boundaries. This article, as a concept, explains the role and function of GIS and geopolitics as an introduction to examine the election pattern in Malaysia. This study was aimed at understanding the issue that influenced youth voters in DUN Nusajaya to cast their votes in General Election, thus charting new strategies for future election. In doing so, nine issues are carefully selected and analysed from a geographical perspective by using GIS method. Socio-demographic data, issues influenced and assessment of state political figure, are used to explore geographic variability in relationships between each variable at a detailed spatial level. Spatial analysis using geographically weighted regression (GWR) was employed, which enables the investigation of local variations in voting patterns. The results demonstrate that assessment of state political figures do vary over geographic space and some of the variables that are traditionally assumed affect certain locations.

The application of Geographic Information System (GIS) and election is a study that stresses geospatial aspects which gives support to election boundaries, election information management system along with GIS analysis in election boundaries. This article, as a concept, explains the role and function of GIS and geopolitics as an introduction to examine the election pattern in Malaysia. This study was aimed at understanding the issue that influenced youth voters in DUN Nusajaya to cast their votes in General Election, thus charting new strategies for future election. In doing so, nine issues are carefully selected and analysed from a geographical perspective by using GIS method. Socio-demographic data, issues influenced and assessment of state political figure, are used to explore geographic variability in relationships between each variable at a detailed spatial level. Spatial analysis using geographically weighted regression (GWR) was employed, which enables the investigation of local variations in voting patterns. The results demonstrate that assessment of state political figures do vary over geographic space and some of the variables that are traditionally assumed affect certain locations.

487International tribunals — Provisional measures of protection — International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 ("UNCLOS"), Article 290 — Requirements for order of provisional measures — Jurisdiction — UNCLOS Articles 283 and 288 — Obligation to exchange views regarding settlement of dispute by negotiation or other peaceful means — No precondition of exhaustion of diplomatic negotiations before dispute referred to TribunalSea — Territorial sea — Provisional measures — Claim to territorial sea as basis for prescription of provisional measures — Insufficient basis for ordering provisional measures — Interests — Right to natural resources within territorial sea — Estuary — Semi-enclosed sea — Right to integrity of marine environment — Right to be consulted with respect to major land reclamation works — Possible impact on maritime transit rightsEnvironment — Marine environment — Preservation of marine and coastal environment — Maritime access to coastline — Effect of land reclamation works on marine environmentComity — International cooperation — Duty to cooperate to prevent pollution of marine environment — UNCLOS Part XII

Private higher education in Malaysia has seen robust growth since the introduction of the Private Higher Education Institutions Act (1996) (Act 555), which legalized these institutions. To transform Malaysia into a global higher education hub, as first outlined by the National Higher Education Strategic Plan (2007–20), the government has sought to offer a wide range of courses and programmes through private universities and colleges as well as international branch campuses with competitive tuition fees. This paper examines the development of EduCity, an integrated learning hub situated in Iskandar Malaysia in the state of Johor. The idea for an integrated learning hub built around multiple universities was first hatched in 2007, and in 2011 the first institution moved in. In exploring the challenges and underlying issues involved, this paper aims to shed light on the private higher education sector in the country in general.

Family institutions are fundamental units of social importance in the process of human development, construction, and development, through the capacity of human capital formation. Physical development alone is meaningless if it is not accompanied by human development based on its natural nature. It is impossible to deal with internal conflicts and to challenge current family institutions because families cannot handle progressive social and economic development processes with simplicity and balance in the family. For example, when there is a disruption in family interaction, there is a loss of family relationships and non-compliance with the value system. Therefore, efforts to balance the demands of social and economic development must be consistent with strengthening relationships within family institutions, as emphasized in the Family Well-Being Index through the Family Relationships dimension. This effort is in line with the desire to create prosperity in family institutions which involves developing individuals and families in a balanced and holistic manner physically, spiritually, economically, socially and mentally. In line with that, a study aimed at testing the Family Well-Being Index was conducted on 319 respondents representing their families in the Pasir Gudang district, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, in 2017. For discussions in this study, the focus would be on the family relationships dimension in terms of Motivational Support, Togetherness, and Curiosity. Overall study findings indicate that the Family Well-Being Index for the Family Relationships dimension is at an excellent level, thus providing relevant interpretations of positive perceptions and practices among study respondents, through testing the Family Relationships domain in three main dimensions.