Suchergebnisse

"La réalité d'un état de droit dépend étroitement des potentialités pratiques d'un ordre juridique à communiquer avec son environnement sociopolitique -- plus précisément, à transformer des normes générales dans la phase de leur mise en œuvre en décisions concrètes. On mettra ainsi en lumière le pouvoir créateur du juge lorsqu'il applique des notions légales au contenu indéterminé, qui ne prennent sens que dans leur concrétisation, et qui font partie des notions les plus fréquentes et les plus importantes. Pour rendre ce pouvoir légitime, le juge requiert une certaine liberté argumentative, et il doit en faire usage de manière à convaincre la collectivité du bien-fondé de sa décision. Cette liberté doit s'inscrire à la fois dans l'ensemble complexe des savoirs juridiques qui constituent le droit comme système et dans l'ordre des valeurs, des expériences et des usages courants dans la société civile : satisfaire à cette double exigence permet d'assurer la communication entre le droit et son environnement et se substitue, autant que faire se peut, à la légitimité démocratique incomplète apportée par le législateur."-- Quatrième de couverture

Une des caractéristiques du 21e siècle serait la "judiciarisation" de la société. Cette notion renvoie à l'extension du pouvoir des juridictions, lesquelles sont amenées à traiter un nombre croissant de problèmes politiques et sociaux. Si elle était confirmée, la 'judiciarisation' serait-elle susceptible de remettre en cause les fondements classiques de notre approche occidentale de la démocratie? En effet, la judiciarisation ne conduit-elle pas, in fine, à transformer les juges en "producteurs de normes"? C'est autour de ces questions que les directeurs scientifiques de l'ouvrage ont demandé à des auteurs d'horizons scientifiques multiples (juristes, politologues, philosophes, chercheurs, magistrats constitutionnels et administratifs, avocats, etc.) et géographiques divers (Belgique, France, Canada, Luxembourg, Russie, etc.) d'interroger, dans une perspective comparative, les fonctions politiques des juges au niveau national et au niveau européen

Defence data: 28 November 2017; Examining Board: Professor Loïc Azoulai, University of Paris (Supervisor); Professor Myriam Benlolo Carabot, Paris Nanterre University; Professor Jean-Yves Chérot, Aix-Marseille University; Professor Urška Šadl, European University Institute ; The thesis is awarded the Pierre-Henri Teitgen Prize 2018 ; By introducing the terms "citizens of the Union", the drafters of the Maastricht Treaty inscribed a new concept in European Union law. The denomination of the new concept coincides with that of national legal concepts and of a concept widely discussed in political theory. More than twenty years later, the legal concept of citizenship of the Union has been widely constructed by the case law of the European Court of Justice. This case law then offers a particularly rich field of study for the development of a new perspective on judicial activity. My thesis proposes an investigation on the judge and the work of legal concepts; that is, an investigation on the practice of the judge – the work on concepts – and on the role of concepts in legal reasoning – the concepts at work. This inquiry should be distinguished from classical studies on the judge, mainly dealing with interpretation, as well as from works focusing on power relations between legal actors. In this thesis, I argue that EU law must be understood in its own terms, through an inquiry on the conceptual practices of the judge and I propose a non-formalist account of legal forms.

The election is supposed to be saving grace or redemptive moment for people. It can however suddenly become an electoral demon infringing fundamental rights due to the attitude of the political actors, the legislator or the judge in charge of arbitrating the litigations relating to it. The responsibility of the judge as a main player in the electoral process is therefore serious. People call upon him and resort to him as a last bastion. The electoral judge can foster hope or crack it down. This is the interest of the study on the judicial control of the electoral process in Africa French speaking countries with emphasis on Senegal and Benin. The analysis of the case-law relating to electoral matters reveals in this process that the judge exercises both a strict 'regularity function' and an electoral 'regulation function'.The function of electoral regularity refers to the classic activity of the judge, by which he ensures that the actions of natural or legal persons, public or private, are subordinated to the electoral law. It may be before or after the election. Before the election, the regularity function includes the control of the normative and operational framework for running the election. After the election the regularity function corresponds to litigation based on the results. Extremely devoted, the post-election regularity function confers upon the judge full judicial powers of invalidation and reformation. However, the exercise of this function is retained or mitigated. The electoral judge does not relax. He designs an ingenious technique called control of sincerity which he substituted for strict electoral regularity.Furthermore, in the context of an electoral process that has been mishandled by exceptional circumstances, the judge uses an electoral regulation function based on his constitutional status as a regulator of the normal functioning of institutions and activities. Challenged with particular situations, the judge of the electoral regulation is in spite of a clear textual basis held to provide ...

The election is supposed to be saving grace or redemptive moment for people. It can however suddenly become an electoral demon infringing fundamental rights due to the attitude of the political actors, the legislator or the judge in charge of arbitrating the litigations relating to it. The responsibility of the judge as a main player in the electoral process is therefore serious. People call upon him and resort to him as a last bastion. The electoral judge can foster hope or crack it down. This is the interest of the study on the judicial control of the electoral process in Africa French speaking countries with emphasis on Senegal and Benin. The analysis of the case-law relating to electoral matters reveals in this process that the judge exercises both a strict 'regularity function' and an electoral 'regulation function'.The function of electoral regularity refers to the classic activity of the judge, by which he ensures that the actions of natural or legal persons, public or private, are subordinated to the electoral law. It may be before or after the election. Before the election, the regularity function includes the control of the normative and operational framework for running the election. After the election the regularity function corresponds to litigation based on the results. Extremely devoted, the post-election regularity function confers upon the judge full judicial powers of invalidation and reformation. However, the exercise of this function is retained or mitigated. The electoral judge does not relax. He designs an ingenious technique called control of sincerity which he substituted for strict electoral regularity.Furthermore, in the context of an electoral process that has been mishandled by exceptional circumstances, the judge uses an electoral regulation function based on his constitutional status as a regulator of the normal functioning of institutions and activities. Challenged with particular situations, the judge of the electoral regulation is in spite of a clear textual basis held to provide ...

This article traces the controversy generated by the political enterprise to legislate against full veils in the public space in France. The decision made in 2010 by the Conseil Constitutionnel validating the law and putting an end to the constitutional controversy could be interpreted as the byproduct of both a legicentric tradition and the French assertive secularism. Yet, stating this tells nothing about how this decision was made possible. Delving into the law-making process, the article shows how seriously the constitutional law has been taken into account and follows the way political stakeholders and legal experts have disputed and adjusted with one another. It highlights the virtue of process-tracing analysis to understand, how constitutional law frames the political game and determines the path of the law, and conversely how political and legal stakeholders manage to enlist the law to their political enterprise, forcing it to speak against full veils. Adapted from the source document.

My PhD aims to set a method of analysis evaluating the manner in which national courts enforce international humanitarian law in light of the core principles of the international rule of law (which require courts to be independent, impartial, accessible and effective). This methodology offers a useful tool for understanding the function of national courts and provides a mapping of courts' rulings, within which each category can then be legally (and politically) justified or delegitimized in light of the principles of the rule of law. The scale according to which the court's function is assessed varies from apology to judicial activism, and it identifies four functional roles: (1) the apologist role of courts, in which they serve as a legitimating agency of the state's actions; (2) the avoiding role of courts, in which they, for policy considerations, avoid exercising jurisdiction over a case; (3) the normative application role of courts, in which they apply international humanitarian law as required by the rule of law. In that category, a deferral technique is identified – courts may defer back to the other branches of the government the find an appropriate remedy; and (4) the judicial activism role of courts, in which they introduce moral judgments in favour of the protection of the individual, beyond the requirements of the law. Revealing the court's function in order to situate a decision on the utopian-judicial activism scale is carried out by a critical analysis of the court ruling, in which both the legal argument and the political context are examined. This is done through a technique of deconstruction, which aims to reveal the political character of what appears a priori, to be a neutral application of objective rules. As the research shows, the functional role of the courts is a combination of contradictions and mixed attitudes – sometimes they play an apologist role, in other cases a normative, activist, or an avoiding one. It would appear that national courts are in the process of defining their own role as enforcing organs of IHL.

After a particularly difficult judicial process, environmental associations obtained a criminal conviction of two vineyards by the BORDEAUX Court of Appeal, which, in a judgment of 18 November 2020, found against them the offence of inappropriate use of plant protection products. The decision is rare enough to raise the question of the effectiveness of repressive law as regards the standards intended to protect populations particularly exposed to pesticides ; International audience ; After a particularly difficult judicial process, environmental associations obtained a criminal conviction of two vineyards by the BORDEAUX Court of Appeal, which, in a judgment of 18 November 2020, found against them the offence of inappropriate use of plant protection products. The decision is rare enough to raise the question of the effectiveness of repressive law as regards the standards intended to protect populations particularly exposed to pesticides ; Au terme d'un parcours judiciaire particulièrement difficile, des associations de défense de l'environnement ont obtenu la condamnation pénale de deux domaines viticoles par la Cour d'appel de BORDEAUX qui, dans un arrêt du 18 novembre 2020, a retenu à leur encontre l'infraction d'utilisation inappropriée de produits phytopharmaceutiques. La décision est suffisamment rare pour poser la question de l'effectivité du droit répressif quant aux normes censées protéger les populations particulièrement exposées aux pesticides

This thesis studies the discourse of the European Union about the European Judicial Network between 1996 and 1999. Using discourse analysis and lexicometrics within the theoretical framework of argumentative semantics, it explores the meaning of words associated with the expression of « area of freedom, security and justice ». The research mainly aims at understanding how the discourse reappropriate universal values in order to construct, through argumentative processes, a European identity that embodies the European Judicial Network. After presenting the political context and the linguistic theories used in the analysis methods, the thesis examines the conditions of discourse production and its semantic particularities. It argues that the discourse constructs an identity based on the values (liberty, security and justice) conveyed by the three pillars of the European Judicial Network : institutions, organised crime and citizens. The thesis then puts forward the idea of a "discursive normalisation" that helps, through its linguistic forms, to legitimate the identity construction and its political issues. It also defines a process of "argumentative manipulation" resulting from this "discursive normalisation" implementing a very distinctive linguistic frame. According to those results, the research concludes that normalisation and manipulation generate circularity of the discourse, which is based on the conflict between two discursive orientations, on the one hand security and on the other hand democracy and the Rule of law. ; La recherche menée dans cette thèse traite du discours de l'Union européenne sur l'espace judiciaire européen entre 1996 et 1999. En convoquant l'analyse du discours et la lexicométrie dans un cadre théorique de la sémantique argumentative, elle analyse le sens des mots autour de l'expression « espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice ». L'objectif est de définir comment s'élabore la réappropriation de valeurs universelles au profit du discours et de l'identité européenne véhiculée par ...

This thesis aims at researching the system of administrative justice towards the reform of judicial system in Lao PDR through a study of administrative rules among the existing legislative texts. This thesis consists of two parts: Part I: The creation of Lao administrative law. The existence of Lao administrative law is considered as the beginning hypothesis which was allowed us to identify the development of an autonomy law. Then the current administrative procedures of administrative dispute settlement were studied basing on the data bases gained from the questionnaire which had been prepared for this study. Part II: To ensure the autonomy of Lao administrative law by creating of the administrative court. It was to study and analyze the experiences of foreign countries: France, Thailand and Vietnam on the establishment of administrative courts. Its aim was to know, on the one hand, how the administrative courts have been establishing in these countries, and on the other hand, to identify the characteristics of these courts by gaining good lessons and experiences in order to propose the most suitable model for Laos. ; La thèse a pour objectif d'étudier l'ordre administratif : vers une réforme du système judiciaire en RDP Lao à travers l'étude d'identification des règles de droit administratif parmi les textes législatifs existants. La thèse est divisée en deux parties : Première partie : La création d'un droit administratif laotien. L'existence d'un droit administratif laotien est une hypothèse départ qui a permis d'évoquer le développement d'un droit autonome. Puis, les procédures actuelles de résolutions des litiges administratifs ont été étudiées sur la base du questionnaire qui avait été élaboré pour cette étude. Deuxième partie : Pour l'autonomie du droit administratif laotien par la mise en place d'une justice administrative. Il s'agit d'analyser les expériences des pays étrangers : France, Thaïlande et Vietnam sur la création de juridictions administratives. Le but est de connaître comment les ...