Suchergebnisse

The position of victims on international criminal scene has considerably progressed since the first international militaries tribunals were created in 1945. Even if the victims don't properly have the status of « parties » in international criminal trial, their participation in trial is henceforth a guarantee, with substantial rights. The scale of these rights, at different steps of the procedure, clarifies the way the international criminal judge interpreted the proportional dispositions of international positive laws. The role of victims is more, at the first time, to « confirm » international « public action » than exercise themselves this action to establish accused guilty or not. Their role is finally reinforced during the presentation of civil claims, by supplementary way of intervention, and more widely in search of full satisfaction. At that moment, victims become real « civil parties » with full international juridical capacity to claim their right. So, because of their actions, the victims appear in a "double" posture, vindicatory (repression) and repairing (compensation). The targeted and achieved aim was to show today what was the place of the victims in front of the international penal jurisdictions. ; La position des victimes sur la scène pénale internationale a considérablement évolué depuis la mise en place des tous premiers tribunaux militaires internationaux en 1945. Même si les victimes n'ont pas, à proprement parler, le statut de « partie » au procès pénal international, leur participation au procès est désormais une garantie, avec des droits substantiels. L'étendue de ces droits, aux différentes phases de la procédure, clarifie la manière dont les dispositions correspondantes du droit positif international sont interprétées par le juge pénal international. La fonction des victimes tient, dans un premier temps, davantage à « corroborer l'action publique » internationale qu'à pouvoir déclencher par elles-mêmes cette action destinée à établir la culpabilité ou non des personnes, objets du ...

The position of victims on international criminal scene has considerably progressed since the first international militaries tribunals were created in 1945. Even if the victims don't properly have the status of « parties » in international criminal trial, their participation in trial is henceforth a guarantee, with substantial rights. The scale of these rights, at different steps of the procedure, clarifies the way the international criminal judge interpreted the proportional dispositions of international positive laws. The role of victims is more, at the first time, to « confirm » international « public action » than exercise themselves this action to establish accused guilty or not. Their role is finally reinforced during the presentation of civil claims, by supplementary way of intervention, and more widely in search of full satisfaction. At that moment, victims become real « civil parties » with full international juridical capacity to claim their right. So, because of their actions, the victims appear in a "double" posture, vindicatory (repression) and repairing (compensation). The targeted and achieved aim was to show today what was the place of the victims in front of the international penal jurisdictions. ; La position des victimes sur la scène pénale internationale a considérablement évolué depuis la mise en place des tous premiers tribunaux militaires internationaux en 1945. Même si les victimes n'ont pas, à proprement parler, le statut de « partie » au procès pénal international, leur participation au procès est désormais une garantie, avec des droits substantiels. L'étendue de ces droits, aux différentes phases de la procédure, clarifie la manière dont les dispositions correspondantes du droit positif international sont interprétées par le juge pénal international. La fonction des victimes tient, dans un premier temps, davantage à « corroborer l'action publique » internationale qu'à pouvoir déclencher par elles-mêmes cette action destinée à établir la culpabilité ou non des personnes, objets du ...

The position of victims on international criminal scene has considerably progressed since the first international militaries tribunals were created in 1945. Even if the victims don't properly have the status of « parties » in international criminal trial, their participation in trial is henceforth a guarantee, with substantial rights. The scale of these rights, at different steps of the procedure, clarifies the way the international criminal judge interpreted the proportional dispositions of international positive laws. The role of victims is more, at the first time, to « confirm » international « public action » than exercise themselves this action to establish accused guilty or not. Their role is finally reinforced during the presentation of civil claims, by supplementary way of intervention, and more widely in search of full satisfaction. At that moment, victims become real « civil parties » with full international juridical capacity to claim their right. So, because of their actions, the victims appear in a "double" posture, vindicatory (repression) and repairing (compensation). The targeted and achieved aim was to show today what was the place of the victims in front of the international penal jurisdictions. ; La position des victimes sur la scène pénale internationale a considérablement évolué depuis la mise en place des tous premiers tribunaux militaires internationaux en 1945. Même si les victimes n'ont pas, à proprement parler, le statut de « partie » au procès pénal international, leur participation au procès est désormais une garantie, avec des droits substantiels. L'étendue de ces droits, aux différentes phases de la procédure, clarifie la manière dont les dispositions correspondantes du droit positif international sont interprétées par le juge pénal international. La fonction des victimes tient, dans un premier temps, davantage à « corroborer l'action publique » internationale qu'à pouvoir déclencher par elles-mêmes cette action destinée à établir la culpabilité ou non des personnes, objets du ...

The application of the criminal international jurisdiction in the Pinochet case left an important precedent in the area of the fight against impunity, as shown by the procedure brought into play by the Spanish Audiencia Nacional and also by the Cour d'Assises of Paris, with the enforcement of the passive personality principle. Actually, with the international arrest warrant for extradition issued by the Spanish judicial authorities, which made possible the arrest of Pinochet in London; the denial of his immunity by the House of Lords and the judgment in absentia in France of his military organization, the international law has a before and an after. The international criminal law is under lined as the juridical foundation of the extraterritorial jurisdiction of the legal authorities of a state. It allows the application as well of the universal jurisdiction principle as of the passible personality principle, both used, in this precise case, with the objective to exercise an international justice. ; L'application de la compétence internationale pénale dans l'affaire Pinochet à laissé un précédent important dans le domaine de la lutte contre l'impunité, comme le démontre la procédure mise en œuvre par l'Audiencia Nacional d'Espagne, ainsi que par la Cour d'Assises de Paris avec application du principe de la personnalité passive. En effet, avec le mandat d'arrêt international aux fins d'extradition émis par les autorités judiciaires espagnols, qui a permis l'arrestation de Pinochet à Londres, la négation de son immunité par la chambre des Lords et le jugement par défaut en France de son administration militaire, le droit international connait un avant et in après. Le droit international pénal est ainsi mis en exergue en tant que fondement juridique de la compétence extra-territoriale des Etats. Il permet d'utiliser tant le principe de la compétence universelle que celui. Il permet d'utiliser tant le principe de la compétence universelle que celui de la personnalité passive, toutes deux appliquées, dans cette ...

The establishment of exclusive jurisdiction rules in civil and commercial matters is widely accepted in comparative private international law. These rules are generally presented as being based on the implication of State sovereignty, either because its territory is physically involved or because the dispute concerns the functioning of the State public services. In addition to these legal arguments there is a series of practical considerations that support the justification of the court's exclusive jurisdiction, such as the necessary coincidence between the forum and the jus. However, an open question is whether the arguments, put forward to explain the adoption of these rules of jurisdiction, are really convincing, especially in a highly integrated judicial area, based on mutual trust and cooperation, such as the European Union. The rationality of exclusive fora is indeed criticized in some of the concerned areas, since the preponderance of the state element in a matter does not require the adoption of an exclusive jurisdiction rule. Moreover, the rules on exclusive jurisdiction may give rise to practical problems when implemented, and we are witnessing a profound change, at European level, of the exclusive forum provided in intellectual property matters. Under these conditions, it is appropriate to question the future and even the relevance of the survival of these rules. An alternative system of jurisdiction, based on cooperation and fluid dialogue between judges, is conceivable in the European judicial area, making it possible to avoid the court's exclusive jurisdiction in certain targeted matters. ; La consécration des règles de compétence exclusive en matière civile et commerciale est largement admise en droit international privé comparé. Elles sont généralement présentées comme étant fondées sur l'implication de la souveraineté de l'État, soit parce que son territoire est physiquement en cause soit parce que le litige concerne le fonctionnement des services publics de l'État. À ces arguments juridiques, ...

The establishment of exclusive jurisdiction rules in civil and commercial matters is widely accepted in comparative private international law. These rules are generally presented as being based on the implication of State sovereignty, either because its territory is physically involved or because the dispute concerns the functioning of the State public services. In addition to these legal arguments there is a series of practical considerations that support the justification of the court's exclusive jurisdiction, such as the necessary coincidence between the forum and the jus. However, an open question is whether the arguments, put forward to explain the adoption of these rules of jurisdiction, are really convincing, especially in a highly integrated judicial area, based on mutual trust and cooperation, such as the European Union. The rationality of exclusive fora is indeed criticized in some of the concerned areas, since the preponderance of the state element in a matter does not require the adoption of an exclusive jurisdiction rule. Moreover, the rules on exclusive jurisdiction may give rise to practical problems when implemented, and we are witnessing a profound change, at European level, of the exclusive forum provided in intellectual property matters. Under these conditions, it is appropriate to question the future and even the relevance of the survival of these rules. An alternative system of jurisdiction, based on cooperation and fluid dialogue between judges, is conceivable in the European judicial area, making it possible to avoid the court's exclusive jurisdiction in certain targeted matters. ; La consécration des règles de compétence exclusive en matière civile et commerciale est largement admise en droit international privé comparé. Elles sont généralement présentées comme étant fondées sur l'implication de la souveraineté de l'État, soit parce que son territoire est physiquement en cause soit parce que le litige concerne le fonctionnement des services publics de l'État. À ces arguments juridiques, ...

The establishment of exclusive jurisdiction rules in civil and commercial matters is widely accepted in comparative private international law. These rules are generally presented as being based on the implication of State sovereignty, either because its territory is physically involved or because the dispute concerns the functioning of the State public services. In addition to these legal arguments there is a series of practical considerations that support the justification of the court's exclusive jurisdiction, such as the necessary coincidence between the forum and the jus. However, an open question is whether the arguments, put forward to explain the adoption of these rules of jurisdiction, are really convincing, especially in a highly integrated judicial area, based on mutual trust and cooperation, such as the European Union. The rationality of exclusive fora is indeed criticized in some of the concerned areas, since the preponderance of the state element in a matter does not require the adoption of an exclusive jurisdiction rule. Moreover, the rules on exclusive jurisdiction may give rise to practical problems when implemented, and we are witnessing a profound change, at European level, of the exclusive forum provided in intellectual property matters. Under these conditions, it is appropriate to question the future and even the relevance of the survival of these rules. An alternative system of jurisdiction, based on cooperation and fluid dialogue between judges, is conceivable in the European judicial area, making it possible to avoid the court's exclusive jurisdiction in certain targeted matters. ; La consécration des règles de compétence exclusive en matière civile et commerciale est largement admise en droit international privé comparé. Elles sont généralement présentées comme étant fondées sur l'implication de la souveraineté de l'État, soit parce que son territoire est physiquement en cause soit parce que le litige concerne le fonctionnement des services publics de l'État. À ces arguments juridiques, ...

This paper gives an overview of the new rules introduced by the Code of Private International Law (Act of 16 July 2004) in the field of jurisdiction (when do Belgian courts have jurisdiction) and recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. ; Cette contribution fait le point sur les règles introduites par le Code de droit international privé (Loi du 16 juillet 2004) à propos des règles de compétence internationale (tant générales que spéciales) et du statut des jugements étrangers (reconnaissance et exécution des jugements étrangers)

Mode of access: Internet. ; French, English, German, Italian. ; "Servant d'organe à l'International law association."

In regard to the principle of separation of powers, the distribution of competences between the administrative and the ordinary courts is based on the nature of the litigations. If the matter concerns the public law, the administrative court is competent. Whereas the ordinary court would have jurisdiction whenever the litigation in question is related to a matter of private law. However, this principle is not absolute. The French and Lebanese laws admit that there are cases where the judicial court would have competence in administrative litigations. This jurisdiction may be by nature when the litigation is related to infringement of private rights or individual liberty when the litigation concerns the personal status. The competence of the civil judge can also be by accessory when it's basically the competence of the administrative judge but is given exceptionally to the judicial judge. This is the case of public utilities managed by private management such as industrial and commercial utilities or concerning the litigation related to the management of the private domain of the government who behaves like a normal person. This judicial competence is at its height when the judicial judge interprets and appreciates by himself the legality of the administrative acts. The competence of the judicial judge in administrative acts is not only the result of the jurisprudence since the legislator interferes in many cases and grants competence to judicial judge in litigations that fall normally under the competence of administrative judge. If this competence is in most cases justified by the concern of good administration of justice, there are cases where there is no judicial nor legal reason for not granting competence to administrative judge who is the normal judge in administrative matters. ; En vertu du principe de séparation des autorités, la répartition de compétence entre le juge administratif et le juge judiciaire se base sur la nature des matières en cause. Si les matières visées concernent le droit public, c'est ...

The issue of procedure in private international law seems simple, at first glance, to solve as the jurisdiction of the law of the forum is imbued with evidence. This is from the perspective of private international law methods - especially the conflict method and method of the substantive rules - as part of the action of the European Union that reflection has been developed. The position of the last in the first two sources justifies this position. The evidence of the rule above quickly felt. It conducts to douter the relevance of the use of conflict method to solve the difficulties that regional institution intends to annihilate in disputes involving a foreign element. But the difficulties of definition of the category procedure quickly hold the attention also. It thus appears a first field of action of the Union, already explored, but must be completed. However, the construction of the European judicial area – because there is the objective - seems to require, by the admission of the European authorities, contain procedural disparities. These are the substantive rules themselves that appear often ask questions in cross-border disputes by making it dificult in particular the free movement of judgments. So it is to this second method of private international law that the European Union had to turn. The vocation of the Union to act having been established, and a quick inventory of the achievement have been drawn up, it could be sought substantive rules that seemed necessary. Beyond these, the conflict method ensures the completeness of the system. ; La question de la procédure en droit international privé parait de prime abord simple à résoudre tant la compétence de la loi du for est empreinte d'évidence. C'est sous l'angle des méthodes du droit international privé – et particulièrement la méthode conflictuelle et la méthode des règles matérielles – dans le cadre de l'action de l'Union européenne que la réflexion a été développée. La place de cette dernière dans les sources des deux premières justifie cette ...

In regard to the principle of separation of powers, the distribution of competences between the administrative and the ordinary courts is based on the nature of the litigations. If the matter concerns the public law, the administrative court is competent. Whereas the ordinary court would have jurisdiction whenever the litigation in question is related to a matter of private law. However, this principle is not absolute. The French and Lebanese laws admit that there are cases where the judicial court would have competence in administrative litigations. This jurisdiction may be by nature when the litigation is related to infringement of private rights or individual liberty when the litigation concerns the personal status. The competence of the civil judge can also be by accessory when it's basically the competence of the administrative judge but is given exceptionally to the judicial judge. This is the case of public utilities managed by private management such as industrial and commercial utilities or concerning the litigation related to the management of the private domain of the government who behaves like a normal person. This judicial competence is at its height when the judicial judge interprets and appreciates by himself the legality of the administrative acts. The competence of the judicial judge in administrative acts is not only the result of the jurisprudence since the legislator interferes in many cases and grants competence to judicial judge in litigations that fall normally under the competence of administrative judge. If this competence is in most cases justified by the concern of good administration of justice, there are cases where there is no judicial nor legal reason for not granting competence to administrative judge who is the normal judge in administrative matters. ; En vertu du principe de séparation des autorités, la répartition de compétence entre le juge administratif et le juge judiciaire se base sur la nature des matières en cause. Si les matières visées concernent le droit public, c'est la juridiction administrative qui est compétente. En revanche, le juge judiciaire serait compétent en cas où le litige en cause est lié à une matière de droit privé. Toutefois, ce principe n'est pas absolu. La jurisprudence française ainsi que libanaise, admet qu'il existe des cas où le juge judiciaire serait compétent en matière administrative, au motif, entre autres, d'une bonne administration de la justice. Cette compétence judiciaire peut être par nature lorsque le litige concerne des droits liés à la personne comme par exemple en cas d'atteinte à la propriété privée ou à une liberté individuelle, ou encore s'il s'agit d'un litige relatif à l'état des personnes. Cette compétence serait par accessoire lorsqu'on est en présence d'une matière où le juge administratif est principalement compétent et la compétence du juge judiciaire n'existe qu'exceptionnellement. C'est le cas par excellence des services publics à gestion privée, comme les services publics industriels et commerciaux, où il y a une grande marge de compétence attribuée au juge judiciaire. Le juge judiciaire aura également compétence dans les litiges relatifs à la gestion du domaine privé de l'Administration, où cette dernière se comporte comme un simple particulier gérant sa propriété. Cette compétence judiciaire par accessoire trouve son apogée dans le cas où le juge judiciaire interprète et apprécie lui-même la légalité des actes administratifs. Cette compétence du juge judiciaire en matière administrative n'est pas uniquement l'œuvre de la jurisprudence. Le législateur intervient parfois pour octroyer compétence à la juridiction judiciaire dans des matières qui devraient normalement relever de la compétence du juge administratif. Si cette compétence est, dans la plupart des cas, justifiée par un souci de bonne administration de la justice, il existe des cas où il n'y a aucune raison juridique ni légale de ne pas attribuer compétence au juge administratif, qui est le juge naturel en matière administrative.

In an area essentially and by their nature reserved for the government, such as foreign affairs, Members' written questions are a privileged tool for scrutinising and informing MPs and senators of the work carried out by the Executive. In view of the growing number of questions asked, it is clear that parliamentarians have gradually invested in the field of foreign affairs, marked in the contemporary period by two major developments: the rise of EU law and human rights. As a result, questions relating to France's international relations are almost absorbed by questions relating to European Union law, whose competences encroach on France's internal and external sovereignty rights, and by human rights issues, which relate to the sovereignty rights of third countries. This contribution therefore seeks to highlight these two trends, of which Members' written questions are revealing, drawing in particular on recent international issues, such as the repatriation of jihadists from the Iraqi/Syrian zone and the fate of the Uyghur minority by the Chinese government. ; International audience In a field which is essentially and by nature reserved for the government, such as foreign affairs, written questions from parliamentarians are a privileged instrument for overseeing and informing members of parliament and senators about action taken by the executive. In view of the number of questions asked, which has continued to grow, it is clear that parliamentarians have gradually entered the field of foreign affairs, which has been marked in recent times by two major developments: the growing importance of European Union law and human rights. As a result, questions concerning France's international relations have been all but absorbed by questions relating to European Union law, whose jurisdiction encroaches on France's internal and external sovereignty rights, and by questions relating to human rights, which relativise the sovereignty rights of third States. This article therefore aims to highlight these two trends, on which ...

This text gives a general overview of the Code of Private International Law (Act of 16 July 2004, published in the Official Gazette on 27th July 2004), which entered into force on 1st of October 2004. The text focuses primarily on the aspects of the Code which are useful for notaries, such the law of estate and the law of matrimonial property. The text also gives an overview of the general rules of the Code of Private International law, with specific attention to the innovations (such as the escape clause to be found in Article 19).

primauté du droit international et du droit européen en droit fiscal belge / Primacy of international and EU Law in Belgian tax law ; Peer reviewed