Suchergebnisse
Filter
Format
Medientyp
Sprache
Weitere Sprachen
Jahre
3425 Ergebnisse
Sortierung:
Niemieckie sądownictwo administracyjne w ujęciu prawnoporównawczym ; The German Administrative Jurisdiction in European Comparative Law
This study is devoted to analysing the structural decisions related to the administrative jurisdiction in Germany in comparison with other European countries. It focuses, in particular, on the institutional structure of the administrative jurisdiction and the functions associated with it to it. Different understanding of the scope of the administrative jurisdiction pre-determine how individual regulations of administrative procedural law are designed, for example, regulations concerning access to courts and the judicial powers of the administrative courts. Therefore, the article aims to demonstrate – from a comparative legal perspective – the processes of mutual interaction, namely how the structural decisions made about the administrative jurisdiction have been received, and to highlight the different developmental trends characteristic of individual countries. ; pracowanie poświęcone jest analizie decyzji strukturalnych dotyczących sądownictwa administracyjnego w Niemczech na tle innych krajów europejskich. Koncentruje się w szczególności na strukturze instytucjonalnej sądownictwa administracyjnego i związanych z nim funkcjach. Odmienne rozumienie zakresu sądownictwa administracyjnego przesądza o kształcie poszczególnych przepisów administracyjnego prawa procesowego, np. regulacji dotyczących dostępu do sądów i kompetencji orzeczniczej sądów administracyjnych. Dlatego niniejszy artykuł ma na celu ukazanie – z perspektywy prawnoporównawczej – procesów wzajemnego oddziaływania, czyli sposobu przyjęcia decyzji strukturalnych dotyczących sądownictwa administracyjnego oraz zwrócenie uwagi na różne tendencje rozwojowe charakterystyczne dla poszczególnych krajów.
BASE
The German Administrative Jurisdiction in European Comparative Law ; Niemieckie sądownictwo administracyjne w ujęciu prawnoporównawczym
This study is devoted to analysing the structural decisions related to the administrative jurisdiction in Germany in comparison with other European countries. It focuses, in particular, on the institutional structure of the administrative jurisdiction and the functions associated with it to it. Different understanding of the scope of the administrative jurisdiction pre-determine how individual regulations of administrative procedural law are designed, for example, regulations concerning access to courts and the judicial powers of the administrative courts. Therefore, the article aims to demonstrate – from a comparative legal perspective – the processes of mutual interaction, namely how the structural decisions made about the administrative jurisdiction have been received, and to highlight the different developmental trends characteristic of individual countries. ; Opracowanie poświęcone jest analizie decyzji strukturalnych dotyczących sądownictwa administracyjnego w Niemczech na tle innych krajów europejskich. Koncentruje się w szczególności na strukturze instytucjonalnej sądownictwa administracyjnego i związanych z nim funkcjach. Odmienne rozumienie zakresu sądownictwa administracyjnego przesądza o kształcie poszczególnych przepisów administracyjnego prawa procesowego, np. regulacji dotyczących dostępu do sądów i kompetencji orzeczniczej sądów administracyjnych. Dlatego niniejszy artykuł ma na celu ukazanie – z perspektywy prawnoporównawczej – procesów wzajemnego oddziaływania, czyli sposobu przyjęcia decyzji strukturalnych dotyczących sądownictwa administracyjnego oraz zwrócenie uwagi na różne tendencje rozwojowe charakterystyczne dla poszczególnych krajów.
BASE
Krzywa Kuznetsa a wielość jurysdykcji fiskalnych
In: Studia z polityki publicznej: Public policy studies, Band 1, Heft 1, S. 57-79
ISSN: 2719-7131
Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is often used to illustrate differences in intensity of environmental externalities creation under various jurisdictions. From the point of view of environment exploitation those jurisdictions are usually arbitrary. As a result conclusions drawn from them may be incorrect and public policy based on them inaccurate (e.g. the territory where environmental regulations are applied does not match with the territory where they are needed). As a consequence, predictions based on statistical interpretation of EKC are unreliable and the policy based on them proves to be inefficient. Therefore, it seems that EKC should be used for predictions only for large jurisdictions or groups of jurisdictions.
General international law as grounds for award in international arbitration
In: Ius Inter Gentes 14
In: Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis no 3910
Międzynarodowa ochrona pracowników migrujących: Współczesne debaty prawne i perspektywy na przyszłość
In: Revista Europea de Derecho de la Navegación Marítima y Aeronáutica, Heft 30
Adjusting the legal status, and support policies for migrant workers is an issue on the agenda of international institutions for nearly a hundred years. The first efforts to protect foreign workers have been taken during the first session of the International Labour Conference in 1919. In the following decades ILO activities has led to the preparation of three international documents concerning this issue (non-binding ILO Convention No. 66 in 1939, and Convention No. 97 of 1949, and No. 143 of 1975). For many decades, the problem of the protection and assistance of migrant workers' rights was considered as a narrow issue of international labor law. Codification efforts, undertaken during seventies, has led to the adaptation of the UN document (International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families) in 1990, and inclusion this issue into more general area of international human rights law. Despite this fact, and the existence of several categories of documents concerning migrant workers within Council of Europe, the European Union, and even ASEAN, the protection of migrant workers has never been effectively functioning system. The aim of this article is the analysis of the codification of that issue, and the main obstacles to consensus on the protection of migrant workers' rights. The state parties of the UN Convention contains primarily countries of origin of migrants (such as Mexico, Morocco and the Philippines). It seems, therefore, that despite 46 ratifications the, UN convention does not have a global character, and activities of its monitoring body (Committee on Migrant Workers-CMW) reflects primarily demands of sending countries. The article closely examines particularly controversial provisions of the ILO and UN documents from the point of view of current labour migrations and policies of sending and host countries.
Establishing the Supremacy of European Law - The Making of an International Rule of Law in Europe
In: Politicka misao, Band 41, Heft 2, S. 192-195
Jane McAdam, Climate Change, Forced Migration, and International Law (Book review)
In: Revista Europea de Derecho de la Navegación Marítima y Aeronáutica, Band 28, S. 95-100
This book explores the issue of environmentally-induced migrations from the point of view of international human rights law, international humanitarian law, international refugee law and international law of statelessness. Last few years have become a period of unprecedented growth in the number of studies devoted to the forced migration caused by climate change. The book by professor Jane McAdam, published by Oxford University Press, differs significantly from previous studies in this area. The focus of the author became a state responsibility for the situation of climate-change induced displaced people with a particular focus on legal aspects of this problem. The basis of the author`s considerations are four particular areas of public international law: international human rights law, international humanitarian law, international refugee law and international law of statelessness. The issue of climate change-induced displacement is now becoming a growing challenge for public international law. The growing number of climate change migrants becomes a challenge for the international istitutions dealing with humanitarian assistance. Sea level rise become a factor of specific legal problems, such as climatic deterritorialization of the state, state succession on the new territory, the status of people forced to leave their country submerged under the waters of ocean (forced migrants?, refugees?, stateless people?, citizens of the former country continuing its status within a new territory?).
Međunarodnopravni aspekti suradnje država u borbi protiv krijumčarenja migranata morem ; International Law Aspects of Interstate Cooperation in Combating Migrant Smuggling by Sea
Svrha je rada upozoriti na osobitu važnost suradnje država u borbi protiv krijumčarenja migranata morem, napose u prostoru izvan područja suverenosti obalnih država. U radu se stoga objašnjava međunarodnopravni okvir za aktivnosti država u borbi protiv krijumčarenja migranata morem. Pritom je naglasak stavljen na jurisdikciju država za provođenje prisilnih mjera protiv brodova kojima se krijumčare migranti. Izlaganje polazi od općih pravila koja uređuju jurisdikciju država na otvorenom moru, a danas su kodificirana u Konvenciji Ujedinjenih naroda o pravu mora iz 1982. Potom je fokus usmjeren na posebna pravila u vezi s krijumčarenjem migranata na moru sadržanima u Protokolu protiv krijumčarenja migranata kopnom, morem i zrakom, prihvaćenu uz Konvenciju UN-a protiv transnacionalnog organiziranog kriminaliteta iz 2000., gdje je u čl. 7. Protokola podcrtana upravo dužnost suradnje država stranaka "na sprječavanju i suzbijanju krijumčarenja migranata morem, u skladu s međunarodnim pravom mora". Protokol protiv krijumčarenja migranata u svome članku 17., štoviše, potiče države ugovornice na "sklapanje dvostranih ili regionalnih sporazuma ili operativnih dogovora ili suglasnosti" radi njegove bolje implementacije. U tom su smislu prikazani i evaluirani oblici bilateralne i multilateralne regionalne suradnje država s naglaskom na Mediteran, uzimajući napose u obzir suradnju država članica Europske unije preko Agencije za europsku graničnu i obalnu stražu (Frontex). K tomu, dan je osvrt na Rezoluciju Vijeća sigurnosti UN-a br. 2240 (2015) koja državama članicama UN-a daje izvanredne jurisdikcijske ovlasti na otvorenom moru pred obalama Libije, a služi kao pravni temelj za djelovanje mornaričke operacije EU-a EUNAVFOR Med "Sophia" u okviru Zajedničke sigurnosne i obrambene politike. ; The aim of the paper is to highlight the particular importance of interstate cooperation in combating migrant smuggling by sea, notably in waters beyond the sovereignty of coastal states. In explaining the international legal framework for the activities of states in combating migrant smuggling by sea, emphasis is put on the jurisdiction of states to take enforcement measures against vessels that are engaged in migrant smuggling. First, the general rules concerning the jurisdiction of states on the high seas are discussed, which are codified today in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982. Thereafter, the focus is on the special rules regarding migrant smuggling by sea, as comprised in the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air of 2000, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. Article 7 of the Protocol indeed emphasizes the duty of states parties to "cooperate to the fullest extent possible to prevent and suppress the smuggling of migrants by sea, in accordance with the international law of the sea." Article 17 of the Migrant Smuggling Protocol furthermore encourages states parties to "consider the conclusion of bilateral or regional agreements or operational arrangements or understandings" with a view to enhancing the Protocol's implementation. In that respect the paper examines and evaluates forms of bilateral and regional cooperation between states with an emphasis on the Mediterranean, and especially considers the cooperation between the member states of the European Union via the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex). In addition, the UN Security Council Resolution 2240 (2015) is analyzed, since it grants the UN member states exceptional jurisdictional powers on the high seas off the Libyan coast and serves as the legal basis for the activities of EUNAVOR Med Sophia, an EU naval operation in the framework of the Common Security and Defence Policy.
BASE
Trajna neutralnost u suvremenom međunarodnom pravu ; Permanent Neutrality in Contemporary International Law
Ovaj rad se sastoji od pet poglavlja. U prvom poglavlju rad se bavi pregledom pojma neutralnosti, povijesnog razvoja instituta trajne neutralnosti, glavnih razlika između privremene i trajne neutralnosti te modusa osnivanja trajne neutralnosti na međunarodnom polju. U drugom poglavlju rada analiziraju se prava i dužnosti neutralnih država uz poseban naglasak na postojanje distinkcije između onih prava i dužnosti koje se odnose kako na trajno neutralne tako i na privremeno neutralne države te onih koji vrijede isključivo za trajno neutralne države. Fokus trećeg poglavlja sastoji se u obradi pitanja članstva u međunarodnim organizacijama, naročito analize problematike glede članstva trajno neutralnih država u organizacijama s ustrojenim sustavima kolektivne sigurnosti. U ovom poglavlju daje se pregled različitih reakcija i stajališta koje su pojedine trajno neutralne države zauzimale prilikom odlučivanja o pristupanju pojedinim međunarodnim organizacijama te se daje osvrt na njihov današnji položaj unutar međunarodne zajednice. Četvrto poglavlje prvenstveno se bavi Švicarskom, Austrijom i Maltom kao primjerima trajno neutralnih država. U ovom poglavlju analizira se povijesni kontekst stjecanja svojstva trajne neutralnosti, njegov razvoj, specifičnosti te prava i obveze koje vežu ove tri države. Konačno, u posljednjem petom poglavlju daje se osvrt na ulogu trajno neutralnih država u očuvanju mira i stabilnosti u međunarodnoj zajednici uslijed sve kompliciranijih odnosa između subjekata međunarodnog prava. ; This thesis consist of of five chapters. In the first chapter the thesis examines the concept of neutrality, the historical development of the institute of permanent neutrality, the main differences between temporary and permanent neutrality, and the mode of establishment of permanent neutrality in the international field. In the second chapter of the paper the rights and duties of neutral states are analyzed with special emphasis on the existence of a distinction between those rights and duties that apply to ...
BASE
Zasada aequitas a orzecznictwo podatkowe sądownictwa administracyjnego ; The principle of aequitas and the tax jurisdiction of the administrative courts
Z opodatkowaniem wiążą się nie tylko złożone problemy prawne, lecz także etyczne. Uwidaczniają się one w procesie stosowania przepisów prawa. Zdarza się, że prawo podatkowe przeradza się w swoje przeciwieństwo, gdy rygoryzm w wykonywaniu litery prawa przestaje się liczyć z kontekstem społecznym. Właśnie wtedy, z uwagi na złośliwe tłumaczenie prawa (Cyceron), szczególna rola przypada sędziom sądu administracyjnego.Ochrona przed bezprawnym działaniem organów podatkowych wynika z wysokiej wiedzy interpretacyjnej sędziów, sędziowskiej dociekliwości i wnikliwości, moralnej wrażliwości sędziów na prawo, solidności kontroli instancyjnej.Pojawia się też problem relacji norm etycznych wywodzących się z wartości aksjologicznych do norm prawnych. Te relacje są następujące: normy prawne powinny posiadać legitymację aksjologiczną, natomiast normy etyczne legitymacji jurydycznej nie potrzebują. A to oznacza, że niesporne wartości aksjologiczne (dobro, godność, sprawiedliwość, równość, wolność) obowiązują niezależnie od umownie przyjętych w danym czasie konwencji stanowienia prawa. Zawsze więc stają się częścią systemu prawa w państwie. Prawo pozytywne jest wynikiem kompromisu sił politycznych i sił społecznych, które w życiu publicznym odgrywają istotną, ważną rolę. Dlatego też prawo pozytywne nie może być pełnym odbiciem uniwersalnych wartości aksjologicznych. I stąd właśnie pochodzą różnice zakresów pomiędzy obowiązującym systemem prawa a systemem norm etycznych wynikających z uniwersalnych wartości aksjologicznych. ; Taxation is not only associated with complex legal problems but also with ethical ones which become apparent in the process of applying legal regulations. When the rigorous application of the letter of the law ignores the social context taxation law degenerates into its opposite. In such situations, owing to malicious legal explanations (Cicero), a vital role is played by the judges of the administrative courts.Protection against the unlawful actions of tax institutions derives from the great interpretative knowledge of the judges, their inquisitiveness and insight, their moral sensitivity to legal issues as well as the soundness of the control processes of the courts.The problem arises here of the relationship between ethical norms which derive from axiological values and legal norms. This relationship can be defined as follows: legal norms ought to have axiological legitimacy but ethical norms do not require judicial legitimacy. This means that undisputedaxiological values (such as good, dignity, justice, equality, freedom) are valid independently of the legal conventions of law making applying at a given time. They are always incorporated into the legal system of a state. Positive law is a consequence of a compromise between the political and social forces which play an important and vital role in public life. This is why positive law cannot be a full reflection of universal axiological values. This explains why there are differences of scope between the legal system in force and the system of ethical norms which derive from universal axiological values.
BASE
Prawnomiędzynarodowe uwarunkowania ochrony krajobrazu w Unii Europejskiej i w jej państwach członkowskich
In: Studia z polityki publicznej: Public policy studies, Band 4, Heft 1, S. 25-44
ISSN: 2719-7131
The European Union does not have an autonomous and self-standing public policy concerning the protection of landscape. Instead, it adopts fragmentary and incidental measures meant to protect landscape. These measures are adopted within the frameworks of other EU policies, most importantly the EU environmental policy as well as other policies which are integrated with it (such as agricultural policy or policy concerned with special planning). In all these realms, the EU shares its powers with its member states. In some important areas, such as e.g. the property regime, the member states retained their exclusive competences. This particular distribution of powers makes the implementation of the extra-EU international law instruments rather difficult and not sufficiently effective to produce a worthwhile impact. These obligations have a limited influence because most of them are obligations of "a diligent pursue" rather than "firm result". As such, they are unlikely to give rise to direct application of respective conventional provisions. Notwithstanding, their importance is much more pronounced in the area of legal reasoning, where even the EU or domestic measures have to be interpreted in the light of the EU and/or its member states' obligations arising from international conventions on landscape protection.