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This study is devoted to analysing the structural decisions related to the administrative jurisdiction in Germany in comparison with other European countries. It focuses, in particular, on the institutional structure of the administrative jurisdiction and the functions associated with it to it. Different understanding of the scope of the administrative jurisdiction pre-determine how individual regulations of administrative procedural law are designed, for example, regulations concerning access to courts and the judicial powers of the administrative courts. Therefore, the article aims to demonstrate – from a comparative legal perspective – the processes of mutual interaction, namely how the structural decisions made about the administrative jurisdiction have been received, and to highlight the different developmental trends characteristic of individual countries. ; pracowanie poświęcone jest analizie decyzji strukturalnych dotyczących sądownictwa administracyjnego w Niemczech na tle innych krajów europejskich. Koncentruje się w szczególności na strukturze instytucjonalnej sądownictwa administracyjnego i związanych z nim funkcjach. Odmienne rozumienie zakresu sądownictwa administracyjnego przesądza o kształcie poszczególnych przepisów administracyjnego prawa procesowego, np. regulacji dotyczących dostępu do sądów i kompetencji orzeczniczej sądów administracyjnych. Dlatego niniejszy artykuł ma na celu ukazanie – z perspektywy prawnoporównawczej – procesów wzajemnego oddziaływania, czyli sposobu przyjęcia decyzji strukturalnych dotyczących sądownictwa administracyjnego oraz zwrócenie uwagi na różne tendencje rozwojowe charakterystyczne dla poszczególnych krajów.

This study is devoted to analysing the structural decisions related to the administrative jurisdiction in Germany in comparison with other European countries. It focuses, in particular, on the institutional structure of the administrative jurisdiction and the functions associated with it to it. Different understanding of the scope of the administrative jurisdiction pre-determine how individual regulations of administrative procedural law are designed, for example, regulations concerning access to courts and the judicial powers of the administrative courts. Therefore, the article aims to demonstrate – from a comparative legal perspective – the processes of mutual interaction, namely how the structural decisions made about the administrative jurisdiction have been received, and to highlight the different developmental trends characteristic of individual countries. ; Opracowanie poświęcone jest analizie decyzji strukturalnych dotyczących sądownictwa administracyjnego w Niemczech na tle innych krajów europejskich. Koncentruje się w szczególności na strukturze instytucjonalnej sądownictwa administracyjnego i związanych z nim funkcjach. Odmienne rozumienie zakresu sądownictwa administracyjnego przesądza o kształcie poszczególnych przepisów administracyjnego prawa procesowego, np. regulacji dotyczących dostępu do sądów i kompetencji orzeczniczej sądów administracyjnych. Dlatego niniejszy artykuł ma na celu ukazanie – z perspektywy prawnoporównawczej – procesów wzajemnego oddziaływania, czyli sposobu przyjęcia decyzji strukturalnych dotyczących sądownictwa administracyjnego oraz zwrócenie uwagi na różne tendencje rozwojowe charakterystyczne dla poszczególnych krajów.

Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is often used to illustrate differences in intensity of environmental externalities creation under various jurisdictions. From the point of view of environment exploitation those jurisdictions are usually arbitrary. As a result conclusions drawn from them may be incorrect and public policy based on them inaccurate (e.g. the territory where environmental regulations are applied does not match with the territory where they are needed). As a consequence, predictions based on statistical interpretation of EKC are unreliable and the policy based on them proves to be inefficient. Therefore, it seems that EKC should be used for predictions only for large jurisdictions or groups of jurisdictions.

Adjusting the legal status, and support policies for migrant workers is an issue on the agenda of international institutions for nearly a hundred years. The first efforts to protect foreign workers have been taken during the first session of the International Labour Conference in 1919. In the following decades ILO activities has led to the preparation of three international documents concerning this issue (non-binding ILO Convention No. 66 in 1939, and Convention No. 97 of 1949, and No. 143 of 1975). For many decades, the problem of the protection and assistance of migrant workers' rights was considered as a narrow issue of international labor law. Codification efforts, undertaken during seventies, has led to the adaptation of the UN document (International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families) in 1990, and inclusion this issue into more general area of international human rights law. Despite this fact, and the existence of several categories of documents concerning migrant workers within Council of Europe, the European Union, and even ASEAN, the protection of migrant workers has never been effectively functioning system. The aim of this article is the analysis of the codification of that issue, and the main obstacles to consensus on the protection of migrant workers' rights. The state parties of the UN Convention contains primarily countries of origin of migrants (such as Mexico, Morocco and the Philippines). It seems, therefore, that despite 46 ratifications the, UN convention does not have a global character, and activities of its monitoring body (Committee on Migrant Workers-CMW) reflects primarily demands of sending countries. The article closely examines particularly controversial provisions of the ILO and UN documents from the point of view of current labour migrations and policies of sending and host countries.

This book explores the issue of environmentally-induced migrations from the point of view of international human rights law, international humanitarian law, international refugee law and international law of statelessness. Last few years have become a period of unprecedented growth in the number of studies devoted to the forced migration caused by climate change. The book by professor Jane McAdam, published by Oxford University Press, differs significantly from previous studies in this area. The focus of the author became a state responsibility for the situation of climate-change induced displaced people with a particular focus on legal aspects of this problem. The basis of the author`s considerations are four particular areas of public international law: international human rights law, international humanitarian law, international refugee law and international law of statelessness. The issue of climate change-induced displacement is now becoming a growing challenge for public international law. The growing number of climate change migrants becomes a challenge for the international istitutions dealing with humanitarian assistance. Sea level rise become a factor of specific legal problems, such as climatic deterritorialization of the state, state succession on the new territory, the status of people forced to leave their country submerged under the waters of ocean (forced migrants?, refugees?, stateless people?, citizens of the former country continuing its status within a new territory?).

This work analyzes the Agenda 2030 in its main potentiality to lead public policies and private actions towards a more sustainable path. At the same time it acknowledges its dependency on measurements and finance mechanisms for the Sustainable Development Goals implementation. The main argument is that public expectations face difficulties to be translated in public actions, due to, among other factors, the lack of measurement and finance mechanisms. With this purpose it starts describing what is the Agenda 2030, and how this United Nations lead international declaration is structured to be monitored and implemented by States and others multi stakeholders. Secondly it analyses the importance of the measurements to address critical social environmental challenges and to allow comparison between the achievements of each member state. Third it remarks the role-played by international financial institutions, by international investment and by the private sector in general. Forth, the article highlights the drawbacks the methodology of goals can represent when used to overcome collective challenges marked by moral issues and diffuse impacts, being highly dependent on measurements and finance tools. The methodology chosen was the descriptive and normative, the techniques used were documentary, legislative and bibliographic research.

Habermas discusses the chances for the establishment of world citizenship in contemporary society, marked by multiculturalism and the process of globalization. Habermas identifies the historical configuration of the post-national constellation, and from there themed the transition from international law to the law of citizens of the world, which aligns the concept of citizenship to the idea of ​​human rights. Habermas analyzes the Kantian idea of ​​a cosmopolitan state in which citizens are legal subjects of their respective States and members of a cosmopolitan entity. Kant elaborates on the concept of world republic, which Habermas disagrees with, but offers the example of the European Union for a discussion on the realization of a just and peaceful international order. Based on the Kantian orientation of constituting an order of world citizenship, Habermas discusses the conformation and viability of this idea in contemporary times. For Habermas, it is possible to spell out the idea of ​​cosmopolitan citizenship. From the European Union, cooperation between States and citizens shows that a cosmopolitan community is needed to complement an international community of States.

Z opodatkowaniem wiążą się nie tylko złożone problemy prawne, lecz także etyczne. Uwidaczniają się one w procesie stosowania przepisów prawa. Zdarza się, że prawo podatkowe przeradza się w swoje przeciwieństwo, gdy rygoryzm w wykonywaniu litery prawa przestaje się liczyć z kontekstem społecznym. Właśnie wtedy, z uwagi na złośliwe tłumaczenie prawa (Cyceron), szczególna rola przypada sędziom sądu administracyjnego.Ochrona przed bezprawnym działaniem organów podatkowych wynika z wysokiej wiedzy interpretacyjnej sędziów, sędziowskiej dociekliwości i wnikliwości, moralnej wrażliwości sędziów na prawo, solidności kontroli instancyjnej.Pojawia się też problem relacji norm etycznych wywodzących się z wartości aksjologicznych do norm prawnych. Te relacje są następujące: normy prawne powinny posiadać legitymację aksjologiczną, natomiast normy etyczne legitymacji jurydycznej nie potrzebują. A to oznacza, że niesporne wartości aksjologiczne (dobro, godność, sprawiedliwość, równość, wolność) obowiązują niezależnie od umownie przyjętych w danym czasie konwencji stanowienia prawa. Zawsze więc stają się częścią systemu prawa w państwie. Prawo pozytywne jest wynikiem kompromisu sił politycznych i sił społecznych, które w życiu publicznym odgrywają istotną, ważną rolę. Dlatego też prawo pozytywne nie może być pełnym odbiciem uniwersalnych wartości aksjologicznych. I stąd właśnie pochodzą różnice zakresów pomiędzy obowiązującym systemem prawa a systemem norm etycznych wynikających z uniwersalnych wartości aksjologicznych. ; Taxation is not only associated with complex legal problems but also with ethical ones which become apparent in the process of applying legal regulations. When the rigorous application of the letter of the law ignores the social context taxation law degenerates into its opposite. In such situations, owing to malicious legal explanations (Cicero), a vital role is played by the judges of the administrative courts.Protection against the unlawful actions of tax institutions derives from the great interpretative knowledge of the judges, their inquisitiveness and insight, their moral sensitivity to legal issues as well as the soundness of the control processes of the courts.The problem arises here of the relationship between ethical norms which derive from axiological values and legal norms. This relationship can be defined as follows: legal norms ought to have axiological legitimacy but ethical norms do not require judicial legitimacy. This means that undisputedaxiological values (such as good, dignity, justice, equality, freedom) are valid independently of the legal conventions of law making applying at a given time. They are always incorporated into the legal system of a state. Positive law is a consequence of a compromise between the political and social forces which play an important and vital role in public life. This is why positive law cannot be a full reflection of universal axiological values. This explains why there are differences of scope between the legal system in force and the system of ethical norms which derive from universal axiological values.