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The article discloses the most striking breaches of the constitutional requirements; these are the constitutional doctrine requirements to be met by the penal legislation. While working on the article, the authors analyzed some legal acts adopted by the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania and signed into law by the President of the Republic as of the year 2009. In the authors' opinion, in case of the penal legislation, the most often breached requirements are the ones deriving from the principle of the rule of law, such as: legal acts shall be clearly understandable so that the subjects of legal relationship are able to understand what requirements they have to meet according to the law; legal rules shall be stable and ensure legal certainty as well as predictability of legal decisions; the force of legal acts shall be directed to the future; the principle of equality shall be respected and the court shall have a possibility to personalize a sentence or penalty in every individual case, etc. In addition, the article provides insight into some objective and subjective factors which cause essential insufficiencies in penal legislation and considers possibilities of improving the quality of penal legal acts.

The article discloses the most striking breaches of the constitutional requirements; these are the constitutional doctrine requirements to be met by the penal legislation. While working on the article, the authors analyzed some legal acts adopted by the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania and signed into law by the President of the Republic as of the year 2009. In the authors' opinion, in case of the penal legislation, the most often breached requirements are the ones deriving from the principle of the rule of law, such as: legal acts shall be clearly understandable so that the subjects of legal relationship are able to understand what requirements they have to meet according to the law; legal rules shall be stable and ensure legal certainty as well as predictability of legal decisions; the force of legal acts shall be directed to the future; the principle of equality shall be respected and the court shall have a possibility to personalize a sentence or penalty in every individual case, etc. In addition, the article provides insight into some objective and subjective factors which cause essential insufficiencies in penal legislation and considers possibilities of improving the quality of penal legal acts.

After Lithuania was accepted to the NATO, considering that call-up to the army on the national level was relinquished, the primary goal of military capability transformation has become to fulfil commitments to the international partners. Lithuania's deterrence posture became depended on the NATO extended deterrence strategy. Lithuania, as the integrated part of the NATO collective defence system, during the stable security period did not see any threats, which could mean that collective defensive commitments of NATO partners would not be realized. The goal of this paper – to determine Lithuania's military deterrence doctrine transformation and the main causes of changes, during 2004 – 2019. When Lithuania became a member of NATO, additional expenditures to the national defence has not been planned. Insufficient military capabilities were covered by the participation in the international operations. This strategy has helped create an image of Lithuania as a reliable international partner. Close cooperation on the international level could be considered as the communication to the adversaries, that NATO members will follow their commitments, including Article 5. During 2004 – 2014 within Lithuania membership in NATO was considered as the reliable instrument in order to ensure military deterrence. Although, this strategy was formal, because there were any defence plans or actions planned in the NATO strategic documents in order to defend Baltic region. Military conflicts in Georgia and Ukraine was breaking point within Lithuania, changing security posture externally and internally. The Baltic states have started to demand concrete defence plans, which helped strengthen deterrence posture. After 2014, then the real war threat emerged, on the political level in Lithuania it was understood, that national security could be ensured not only through the NATO organization, but through additional actions and measures as well – Lithuania's military must be capable to react to the small conflicts, in Lithuania there must be deployed permanent NATO troops. Because of these changes, Lithuania's deterrence posture from the theoretical discussions became real strategy, which led to create concrete action plans. Additionally, military expenditures within Lithuania was increased, call-up on the national scale was renewed, two more brigades "Aukštaitija" and "Žemaitija" were created. In the region, NATO forefront military troops were deployed, military exercises started to happen periodically.

After Lithuania was accepted to the NATO, considering that call-up to the army on the national level was relinquished, the primary goal of military capability transformation has become to fulfil commitments to the international partners. Lithuania's deterrence posture became depended on the NATO extended deterrence strategy. Lithuania, as the integrated part of the NATO collective defence system, during the stable security period did not see any threats, which could mean that collective defensive commitments of NATO partners would not be realized. The goal of this paper – to determine Lithuania's military deterrence doctrine transformation and the main causes of changes, during 2004 – 2019. When Lithuania became a member of NATO, additional expenditures to the national defence has not been planned. Insufficient military capabilities were covered by the participation in the international operations. This strategy has helped create an image of Lithuania as a reliable international partner. Close cooperation on the international level could be considered as the communication to the adversaries, that NATO members will follow their commitments, including Article 5. During 2004 – 2014 within Lithuania membership in NATO was considered as the reliable instrument in order to ensure military deterrence. Although, this strategy was formal, because there were any defence plans or actions planned in the NATO strategic documents in order to defend Baltic region. Military conflicts in Georgia and Ukraine was breaking point within Lithuania, changing security posture externally and internally. The Baltic states have started to demand concrete defence plans, which helped strengthen deterrence posture. After 2014, then the real war threat emerged, on the political level in Lithuania it was understood, that national security could be ensured not only through the NATO organization, but through additional actions and measures as well – Lithuania's military must be capable to react to the small conflicts, in Lithuania there must be deployed permanent NATO troops. Because of these changes, Lithuania's deterrence posture from the theoretical discussions became real strategy, which led to create concrete action plans. Additionally, military expenditures within Lithuania was increased, call-up on the national scale was renewed, two more brigades "Aukštaitija" and "Žemaitija" were created. In the region, NATO forefront military troops were deployed, military exercises started to happen periodically.

After Lithuania was accepted to the NATO, considering that call-up to the army on the national level was relinquished, the primary goal of military capability transformation has become to fulfil commitments to the international partners. Lithuania's deterrence posture became depended on the NATO extended deterrence strategy. Lithuania, as the integrated part of the NATO collective defence system, during the stable security period did not see any threats, which could mean that collective defensive commitments of NATO partners would not be realized. The goal of this paper – to determine Lithuania's military deterrence doctrine transformation and the main causes of changes, during 2004 – 2019. When Lithuania became a member of NATO, additional expenditures to the national defence has not been planned. Insufficient military capabilities were covered by the participation in the international operations. This strategy has helped create an image of Lithuania as a reliable international partner. Close cooperation on the international level could be considered as the communication to the adversaries, that NATO members will follow their commitments, including Article 5. During 2004 – 2014 within Lithuania membership in NATO was considered as the reliable instrument in order to ensure military deterrence. Although, this strategy was formal, because there were any defence plans or actions planned in the NATO strategic documents in order to defend Baltic region. Military conflicts in Georgia and Ukraine was breaking point within Lithuania, changing security posture externally and internally. The Baltic states have started to demand concrete defence plans, which helped strengthen deterrence posture. After 2014, then the real war threat emerged, on the political level in Lithuania it was understood, that national security could be ensured not only through the NATO organization, but through additional actions and measures as well – Lithuania's military must be capable to react to the small conflicts, in Lithuania there must be deployed permanent NATO troops. Because of these changes, Lithuania's deterrence posture from the theoretical discussions became real strategy, which led to create concrete action plans. Additionally, military expenditures within Lithuania was increased, call-up on the national scale was renewed, two more brigades "Aukštaitija" and "Žemaitija" were created. In the region, NATO forefront military troops were deployed, military exercises started to happen periodically.

After Lithuania was accepted to the NATO, considering that call-up to the army on the national level was relinquished, the primary goal of military capability transformation has become to fulfil commitments to the international partners. Lithuania's deterrence posture became depended on the NATO extended deterrence strategy. Lithuania, as the integrated part of the NATO collective defence system, during the stable security period did not see any threats, which could mean that collective defensive commitments of NATO partners would not be realized. The goal of this paper – to determine Lithuania's military deterrence doctrine transformation and the main causes of changes, during 2004 – 2019. When Lithuania became a member of NATO, additional expenditures to the national defence has not been planned. Insufficient military capabilities were covered by the participation in the international operations. This strategy has helped create an image of Lithuania as a reliable international partner. Close cooperation on the international level could be considered as the communication to the adversaries, that NATO members will follow their commitments, including Article 5. During 2004 – 2014 within Lithuania membership in NATO was considered as the reliable instrument in order to ensure military deterrence. Although, this strategy was formal, because there were any defence plans or actions planned in the NATO strategic documents in order to defend Baltic region. Military conflicts in Georgia and Ukraine was breaking point within Lithuania, changing security posture externally and internally. The Baltic states have started to demand concrete defence plans, which helped strengthen deterrence posture. After 2014, then the real war threat emerged, on the political level in Lithuania it was understood, that national security could be ensured not only through the NATO organization, but through additional actions and measures as well – Lithuania's military must be capable to react to the small conflicts, in Lithuania there must be deployed permanent NATO troops. Because of these changes, Lithuania's deterrence posture from the theoretical discussions became real strategy, which led to create concrete action plans. Additionally, military expenditures within Lithuania was increased, call-up on the national scale was renewed, two more brigades "Aukštaitija" and "Žemaitija" were created. In the region, NATO forefront military troops were deployed, military exercises started to happen periodically.

This paper analyzes the impact of technological evolution to the transformation of Chinese military doctrine. According to a widely accepted opinion, the modernization process of military system is best implemented by using the principle of "learning by doing" or "learning by fighting". However, China's case is different and unique because China learns from other countries' wars and is executing military modernization during peace time. The lack of direct military experience forms a thinking according to which China is most likely executing a full copying process of foreign militaries' management, integration of military theory and adaptation of technologies. Nevertheless, the research based on the analysis model of qualitative case studies has justified the main statement which tells that the lessons from other, foreign wars create a distinctive and unique model of Chinese military doctrinal changes. After implementing a chronological analysis of Chinese military doctrines' development and a practical analysis of two military conflicts (the first Persian Gulf War 1990, Kosovo War 1999), it can be stated that the process of technological evolution is really visible in the tranformation of China's military doctrine. While the technological evolution really changed some important aspects of Chinese military thinking, however China did not execute a full copying process of foreign militaries. PLA (People's Liberation Army) tried to overtake, understand and integrate the most suitable practices and technologies which would operate in the cooperation system of modern warfare and traditional Chinese military mind. What is more, the analysis carried out in this paper has uncovered different areas of technological influence. Some of these areas are transformation of operational doctrine; technocratic culture broadening inside the PLA structure; innovation process of specific military weaponry; technological influence on the changes of geopolitical situation. The analytical research of all these processes proved that China gradually created a distinctive and unique model of doctrinal changes.

This paper analyzes the impact of technological evolution to the transformation of Chinese military doctrine. According to a widely accepted opinion, the modernization process of military system is best implemented by using the principle of "learning by doing" or "learning by fighting". However, China's case is different and unique because China learns from other countries' wars and is executing military modernization during peace time. The lack of direct military experience forms a thinking according to which China is most likely executing a full copying process of foreign militaries' management, integration of military theory and adaptation of technologies. Nevertheless, the research based on the analysis model of qualitative case studies has justified the main statement which tells that the lessons from other, foreign wars create a distinctive and unique model of Chinese military doctrinal changes. After implementing a chronological analysis of Chinese military doctrines' development and a practical analysis of two military conflicts (the first Persian Gulf War 1990, Kosovo War 1999), it can be stated that the process of technological evolution is really visible in the tranformation of China's military doctrine. While the technological evolution really changed some important aspects of Chinese military thinking, however China did not execute a full copying process of foreign militaries. PLA (People's Liberation Army) tried to overtake, understand and integrate the most suitable practices and technologies which would operate in the cooperation system of modern warfare and traditional Chinese military mind. What is more, the analysis carried out in this paper has uncovered different areas of technological influence. Some of these areas are transformation of operational doctrine; technocratic culture broadening inside the PLA structure; innovation process of specific military weaponry; technological influence on the changes of geopolitical situation. The analytical research of all these processes proved that China gradually created a distinctive and unique model of doctrinal changes.

This paper analyzes the impact of technological evolution to the transformation of Chinese military doctrine. According to a widely accepted opinion, the modernization process of military system is best implemented by using the principle of "learning by doing" or "learning by fighting". However, China's case is different and unique because China learns from other countries' wars and is executing military modernization during peace time. The lack of direct military experience forms a thinking according to which China is most likely executing a full copying process of foreign militaries' management, integration of military theory and adaptation of technologies. Nevertheless, the research based on the analysis model of qualitative case studies has justified the main statement which tells that the lessons from other, foreign wars create a distinctive and unique model of Chinese military doctrinal changes. After implementing a chronological analysis of Chinese military doctrines' development and a practical analysis of two military conflicts (the first Persian Gulf War 1990, Kosovo War 1999), it can be stated that the process of technological evolution is really visible in the tranformation of China's military doctrine. While the technological evolution really changed some important aspects of Chinese military thinking, however China did not execute a full copying process of foreign militaries. PLA (People's Liberation Army) tried to overtake, understand and integrate the most suitable practices and technologies which would operate in the cooperation system of modern warfare and traditional Chinese military mind. What is more, the analysis carried out in this paper has uncovered different areas of technological influence. Some of these areas are transformation of operational doctrine; technocratic culture broadening inside the PLA structure; innovation process of specific military weaponry; technological influence on the changes of geopolitical situation. The analytical research of all these processes proved that China gradually created a distinctive and unique model of doctrinal changes.

This paper analyzes the impact of technological evolution to the transformation of Chinese military doctrine. According to a widely accepted opinion, the modernization process of military system is best implemented by using the principle of "learning by doing" or "learning by fighting". However, China's case is different and unique because China learns from other countries' wars and is executing military modernization during peace time. The lack of direct military experience forms a thinking according to which China is most likely executing a full copying process of foreign militaries' management, integration of military theory and adaptation of technologies. Nevertheless, the research based on the analysis model of qualitative case studies has justified the main statement which tells that the lessons from other, foreign wars create a distinctive and unique model of Chinese military doctrinal changes. After implementing a chronological analysis of Chinese military doctrines' development and a practical analysis of two military conflicts (the first Persian Gulf War 1990, Kosovo War 1999), it can be stated that the process of technological evolution is really visible in the tranformation of China's military doctrine. While the technological evolution really changed some important aspects of Chinese military thinking, however China did not execute a full copying process of foreign militaries. PLA (People's Liberation Army) tried to overtake, understand and integrate the most suitable practices and technologies which would operate in the cooperation system of modern warfare and traditional Chinese military mind. What is more, the analysis carried out in this paper has uncovered different areas of technological influence. Some of these areas are transformation of operational doctrine; technocratic culture broadening inside the PLA structure; innovation process of specific military weaponry; technological influence on the changes of geopolitical situation. The analytical research of all these processes proved that China gradually created a distinctive and unique model of doctrinal changes.

The phenomenon of German neo-liberalism as a peculiar political–economic doctrine which became popular after World War II is analysed in the context of the ideology of neo-liberalism. Attempts have been made to show historical and cultural conditions which favoured the implementation of the ideas developed by W. Eucken, theoretician of the German neo-liberalism, and the representatives of the Freiburg school. The aim of the paper is to identify the peculiarities that make this economic thought different from classical neo-liberalism and have stimulated the development of the economy in post-war West Germany.

The phenomenon of German neo-liberalism as a peculiar political–economic doctrine which became popular after World War II is analysed in the context of the ideology of neo-liberalism. Attempts have been made to show historical and cultural conditions which favoured the implementation of the ideas developed by W. Eucken, theoretician of the German neo-liberalism, and the representatives of the Freiburg school. The aim of the paper is to identify the peculiarities that make this economic thought different from classical neo-liberalism and have stimulated the development of the economy in post-war West Germany.

The phenomenon of German neo-liberalism as a peculiar political–economic doctrine which became popular after World War II is analysed in the context of the ideology of neo-liberalism. Attempts have been made to show historical and cultural conditions which favoured the implementation of the ideas developed by W. Eucken, theoretician of the German neo-liberalism, and the representatives of the Freiburg school. The aim of the paper is to identify the peculiarities that make this economic thought different from classical neo-liberalism and have stimulated the development of the economy in post-war West Germany.

The phenomenon of German neo-liberalism as a peculiar political–economic doctrine which became popular after World War II is analysed in the context of the ideology of neo-liberalism. Attempts have been made to show historical and cultural conditions which favoured the implementation of the ideas developed by W. Eucken, theoretician of the German neo-liberalism, and the representatives of the Freiburg school. The aim of the paper is to identify the peculiarities that make this economic thought different from classical neo-liberalism and have stimulated the development of the economy in post-war West Germany.

The phenomenon of German neo-liberalism as a peculiar political–economic doctrine which became popular after World War II is analysed in the context of the ideology of neo-liberalism. Attempts have been made to show historical and cultural conditions which favoured the implementation of the ideas developed by W. Eucken, theoretician of the German neo-liberalism, and the representatives of the Freiburg school. The aim of the paper is to identify the peculiarities that make this economic thought different from classical neo-liberalism and have stimulated the development of the economy in post-war West Germany.